1938 in Michigan

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1938
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Events from the year 1938 in Michigan.

Top stories[edit]

Major Michigan news stories during 1938 included:

  • In a shift of the pendulum away from Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, Michigan's Republican party dominated the November 8 elections, including Frank Fitzgerald's victory over incumbent Governor Frank Murphy, a sweep of state offices, and control of 23 of 32 seats in the State Senate and 74 of 100 seats in the lower house.
  • Sit-down strikes, bombings, and labor unrest in multiple industries.
  • The construction and October 8 opening of the Blue Water Bridge between Port Huron and Sarnia.
  • A power struggle in the United Auto Workers (UAW) and accusations of Communist control and graft exchanged between factions loyal to union president Homer Martin, on the one hand, and vice presidents Richard Frankensteen and Wyndham Mortimer, on the other hand.
  • The hanging by federal authorities of Tony Chebatoris at the Milan federal detention farm. Chabatoris is the only person to have been executed in Michigan since the state abolished the death penalty in 1846.
  • As news intensifies of German repression of Jews, Father Charles Coughlin sparks controversy with anti-Semitic comments, and Detroiters attend a rally to protest Germany's actions.

Major sports stories included:

Office holders[edit]

State office holders[edit]

Mayors of major cities[edit]

Federal office holders[edit]

Population[edit]

In the 1930 United States census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 4,842,325, ranking as the seventh most populous state in the country. By 1940, Michigan's population had increased by 8.5% to 5,256,106.

Cities[edit]

The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 20,000 based on 1930 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1920 and 1940 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.

1930
Rank 		City County 1920 Pop. 1930 Pop. 1940 Pop. Change 1930-40
1 Detroit Wayne 993,678 1,568,662 1,623,452 3.5%
2 Grand Rapids Kent 137,634 168,592 164,292 −2.6%
3 Flint Genesee 91,599 156,492 151,543 −3.2%
4 Saginaw Saginaw 61,903 80,715 82,794 2.6%
5 Lansing Ingham 57,327 78,397 78,753 0.5%
6 Pontiac Oakland 34,273 64,928 66,626 2.6%
7 Hamtramck Wayne 48,615 56,268 49,839 −11.4%
8 Jackson Jackson 48,374 55,187 49,656 −10.0%
9 Kalamazoo Kalamazoo 48,487 54,786 54,097 −1.3%
10 Highland Park Wayne 46,499 52,959 50,810 −4.1%
11 Dearborn Wayne 2,470 50,358 63,589 26.3%
12 Bay City Bay 47,554 47,355 47,956 1.3%
13 Battle Creek Calhoun 36,164 45,573 43,453 −4.7%
14 Muskegon Muskegon 36,570 41,390 47,697 15.2%
15 Port Huron St. Clair 25,944 31,361 32,759 4.5%
16 Wyandotte Wayne 13,851 28,368 30,618 7.9%
17 Ann Arbor Washtenaw 19,516 26,944 29,815 10.7%
18 Royal Oak Oakland 6,007 22,904 25,087 9.5%
19 Ferndale Oakland 2,640 20,855 22,523 8.0%

[1]

Counties[edit]

The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 50,000 based on 1930 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1920 and 1940 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases.

1930
Rank 		County Largest city 1920 Pop. 1930 Pop. 1940 Pop. Change 1930-40
1 Wayne Detroit 1,177,645 1,888,946 2,015,623 6.7%
2 Kent Grand Rapids 183,041 240,511 246,338 2.4%
3 Genesee Flint 125,668 211,641 227,944 7.7%
4 Oakland Pontiac 90,050 211,251 254,068 20.3%
5 Saginaw Saginaw 100,286 120,717 130,468 8.1%
6 Ingham Lansing 81,554 116,587 130,616 12.0%
7 Jackson Jackson 72,539 92,304 93,108 0.9%
8 Kalamazoo Kalamazoo 71,225 91,368 100,085 9.5%
9 Calhoun Battle Creek 72,918 87,043 94,206 8.2%
10 Muskegon Muskegon 62,362 84,630 94,501 11.7%
11 Berrien Benton Harbor 62,653 81,066 89,117 9.9%
12 Macomb Warren 38,103 77,146 107,638 39.5%
13 Bay Bay City 69,548 69,474 74,981 7.9%
14 St. Clair Port Huron 58,009 67,563 76,222 12.8%
15 Washtenaw Ann Arbor 49,520 65,530 80,810 23.3%
16 Ottawa Holland 47,660 54,858 59,660 8.8%
17 Houghton Houghton 71,930 52,851 47,631 −9.9%
18 Monroe Monroe 37,115 52,485 58,620 11.7%
19 Lenawee Adrian 47,767 49,849 53,110 6.5%

[2]

Sports[edit]

Baseball[edit]

American football[edit]

Basketball[edit]

Ice hockey[edit]

Other[edit]

Chronology of events[edit]

January[edit]

  • January 4 - Richard Reading took the oath as the new Mayor of Detroit.[28]
  • January 4 - Gertude Bennett, age 17 and the daughter of Ford personnel director Harry Bennett, disappeared, triggering a search. the next day, she was found to have eloped to be married in Indiana with a 21-year-old trap drummer and clog dancer.[29]
  • January 5 - The National Labor Relations Board rejected Ford Motor's request for a rehearing in its suit for unfair practices in violation of the Wagner Act.[30]
  • January 8 - Detroit automobile plants recalled 61,000 employees to work
  • January 9 - Governor Frank Murphy proposed a state income tax
  • January 13 - Deputies used tear gas to disperse 400 UAW pickets at the New Haven Foundry. Two Macomb County deputy sheriffs were injured when picketers hurled volleys of scrap iron and rocks.[31]
  • January 15 - The body of Detroit real estate broker Edna Mae Cummings was found in a field near Belleville, Michigan. Another real estate broker Julia Barker initially confessed to the killing and was arrested but later repudiated the confession, claiming that she acted in self defense after Cummings drew the gun and threatened to kill her. Both Cummings and Barker were under indictment in Kentucky for real estate fraud.[32][33][34] On June 2, Barker was found guilty of murder.[35] She was sentenced to 10–15 years in the Detroit House of Corrections.
  • January 25 - Governor Murphy declared an emergency after the worst blizzard since the 1890s struck the Upper Peninsula where drifts were reported at 30 feet.[36] On the morning of January 25, a fire fanned by high winds from the blizzard destroyed several business buildings in downtown Marquette.
  • January 29 - Franco Ghione signed a three-year contract extending his tenure as music director and conductor of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.[37]

February[edit]

  • February 2 - Former Michigan Attorney General Harry S. Toy announced his candidacy for the Republican gubernatorial nomination. He ultimately lost to former Governor Frank Fitzgerald.
  • February 4 - Approximately 150,000 UAW members conducted a demonstration in Detroit
  • February 6–7 - Heavy rains and melting snow in Kent, Mount Clemens, Saginaw, and Muskegon areas triggers flooding of homes and farmland, blocks highways, and washes out bridges.
  • February 9 - Fritz Crisler was hired as the head football coach at the University of Michigan. Crisler compiled a 71–16–3 record in 10 years as Michigan's coach.[38]
  • February 14 - Flooding in Mount Clemens required evacuation of hundreds of homes
  • February 16 - Mickey Cochrane announced his retirement as a player.
  • February 18 - The board of trustees of the Ford Brotherhood of America repudiates a vote of affiliation with the UAW.
  • February 20 - Two Owosso men drowned in an attempt to shoot the Shiawassee River falls in a canoe at the Parshall mill dam.

March[edit]

  • March 1 - Detroit Police deploy 150 officers to eject 38 sit-down strikers from a Consolidated Brass Company plant.
  • March 20 - The Detroit Red Wings concluded their season with a 4-3 win over the New York Rangers. A ceremony was held between periods honoring Larry Aurie in his final game. Aurie had played with the club since 1927.[39] Aurie's jersey No. 6 was retired after the season, the first Detroit player to be so honored.
  • March 26 - Gambling raids in Mount Clemens result in 271 arrests
  • March 26 - A raid in Bay City results in seizure of more than $25,000 in marijuana and the arrests of 10 Mexicans.
  • March 30 - A riot by striking workers at the Federal Screw Works in Detroit was triggered when police attempted to escort workers into the plant. The incident resulted in injuries to 40 persons, including 13 police officers.[40]

April[edit]

  • April 2 - Striking workers seized six utility plants in Jackson, Bay City, Flint, and Milwaukee. Governor Murphy urged the CIO leaders to withdraw from the plants.
  • April 12 - Mr. and Mrs. Henry Ford celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary with 700 guests at Independence Hall, Greenfield Village.
  • April 15 - Police seized $20,000 in marijuana in Muskegon and Maple Rapids.
  • April 16 - The Wright Brothers home and bicycle shop opened at Greenfield Village in a ceremony attended by Orville Wright and Henry Ford.
  • April 21 - Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace gave a speech at Michigan State College on the Nazis' racial theories.
  • April 22 - The Detroit Tigers lost to the Cleveland Indians in the home opener at the newly-expanded Briggs Stadium. The crowd of 54,500 was the largest to attend a baseball game in Detroit to that time.[41]
  • April 23 - UAW workers at the Buick and Chevrolet plants voted to strike in protest against the use of preferred lists in laying off men

May[edit]

  • May 2 - Mikhail Press, famed composer and Michigan State professor, confirmed that he had married a 23-year-old coed
  • May 3 - CIO workers at the Bay City Chevrolet plant took possession of the plant.
  • May 6 - A blackpowder bomb was detonated at the Cadillac Gingerale Co. plant at 9:40 p.m. on a Friday evening in downtown Detroit.
  • May 12 - Two Newberry men were held on charges of robbing and murdering Charles Toy, a 67-year-old Chinese laundryman. Both were convicted and sentenced to death.[42]
  • May 23 - A chemical explosion at the Dow Chemical laboratory in Midland killed five persons who were showered with molten metal.[43]
  • May 28 - A celebration was held and broadcast coast to coast in recognition of the joining of the American and Canadian sides of the Blue Water Bridge between Port Huron and Sarnia.
  • May 27 - Ford, GM, and Chrysler were indicted for alleged conspiracy to violate the Sherman Antitrust Act[44]

June[edit]

  • June 1 - 600 farmers protested in Adrian against reductions in their corn acreage allotments under a crop control program.
  • June 2 - Pitcher Schoolboy Rowe, suffering from arm trouble, was released by the Detroit Tigers to a minor league team in Beaumont, Texas
  • June 4 - Three men drowned at a bullfrog hunt in Cass County.
  • June 21 - Homer Martin, president of the UAW, pledged to purge the union of Communists.
  • June 22 - During a strike by workers at 350 Kroger grocery stores, bombs were thrown from cars at five Kroger stores on the west side of Detroit, all within 15 minutes shortly after midnight.[45]
  • June 22 - In the rematch of Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling, Detroit's Brown Bomber knocked out his German opponent in the first round before a crowd of 80,000 at Yankee Stadium in New York City.[46]

July[edit]

  • July 5 - The Republican Party celebrated its 84th anniversary with a rally under the Jackson Oaks in Jackson, Michigan.[47]
  • July 8 - Tony Chebatoris, Detroit gangster and convicted murderer and bank robber, was hanged at the Milan federal detention farm, the only execution in Michigan since 1846.[48]
  • July 26 – August 6 - The UAW executive board conducted a trial of four suspended international officers at the union's headquarters in Detroit. The ouster of the four officers, and their trial, was led by UAW president Homer Martin who charged that Richard Frankensteen, Wyndham Mortimer, Ed Hall, and Walter Wells were in league with the Communist Party. Attorney Maurice Sugar represented the defendants.[49] Sugar counter-charged that it was Martin's faction that was, in fact, under the control of former Communist Party leader Jay Lovestone.[50] Each side also accused the other of graft in connection with a group insurance program.[51] The trial ended on August 6 with the executive board expelling Frankensteen, Mortimer and Wells for attempting to turn the union over to the Communist Party.[52]
  • July 28 - Detroit's eight-story Imperial Hotel was rocked by a black powder bomb thrown through the window of the boiler room. John Anhut, president of the hotel, was a leader on behalf of local hotels in connection with labor disputes.[53]
  • July 30 - Henry Ford celebrated his 75th birthday on a day proclaimed as "Henry Ford Day". A banquet at the Masonic Temple capped a day of celebrations.[54]

August[edit]

  • August 2 - Dodge heir, Daniel Dodge, married the daughter of a Manitoulin Island tugboat captain.[55] He drowned in Georgian Bay while on his honeymoon on August 16.[56]
  • August 6 - After five years as manager of the Detroit Tigers, Mickey Cochrane was fired by team owner Walter Briggs Sr. and replaced with Del Baker.[57]
  • August 20 - In the wake of the UAW expulsion of Richard Frankensteen, and grass roots efforts to reinstate him, Frankensteen's garage was damaged by the explosion of a black powder bomb.[58]

September[edit]

  • September 12 - 50,000 Michigan auto workers were called back to work in preparation for new model season.
  • September 13 - In the Republican gubernatorial primary, Frank Fitzgerald defeated Harry Toy by almost 200,000 votes and a margin of approximately two-to-one.[59]
  • September 16 - A compromise plan between the warring factions of the UAW, brokered by John L. Lewis and other leaders of the CIO, was approved by the union's executive board. The CIO compromise plan was initially opposed by UAW president Homer Martin as an attack on the UAW's autonomy. The plan provided for a review of the August expulsion of four UAW officers.[60]
  • September 22 - Flint hosted its first Motor Festival. A crowd of 60,000 watched a Mardi Gras parade.[61]
  • September 27 - Hank Greenberg hit his 57th and 58th home runs of the season, leaving him two short of Babe Ruth's record with five games remaining in the season.[62]
  • September 30 - On the eve of the season's first football game, a crowd of approximately 1,200 University of Michigan students attempted to crash the gate at the Michigan Theater and then set fires in the streets of Ann Arbor. Ann Arbor police called in the State Police for assistance with the disturbance.[63]

October[edit]

  • October 1 - In the first game under new head coach Fritz Crisler, Michigan defeated Michigan State in football by a 14-0 score before a crowd of 82,500 in Ann Arbor. Michigan had lost five straight games to Michigan State prior to 1938.[64]
  • October 2 - On the final day of the baseball season, Hank Greenberg ended the season two short of Babe Ruth's home run record as Bob Feller struck out 18 Detroit batters to break his own new Major League record.[65]
  • October 4 - Four U.A.W. officers expelled in August, including Richard T. Frankensteen, Wyndham Mortimer, and Ed Hall were reinstated as part of the compromise settlement negotiated by the CIO.[66]
  • October 8 - Governor Frank Murphy and Ontario Premier Mitchell Hepburn dedicated the $3.25 million Blue Water Bridge connecting Port Huron and Sarnia, festivities included more than 30,000 pedestrians crossing the bridge, fireworks, banquets, an international boat parade, and a traditional parade in Port Huron[67]
  • October 8–15,000 workers walked off the job at the main Plymouth plant to protest to the decision to switch from a 32-hour week to a 40-hour week. The UAW sought the 32-hour work until all workers were recalled to work by the Big Three.
  • October 12 - Ernest G. Liebold, Ford Motor executive fervent anti-Semite received the order of merit of the Supreme Court of the German Eagle by order of Chancellor Adolf Hitler.
  • October 14 - Detroit Mayor Richard Reading ordered all departments to begin a search for Communists and to remove them from city jobs.[68]
  • October 17 - Fern Patricia Dull, blonde secretary and paramour, shot and killed former prosecuting attorney William Holbrook in front of the Benton Harbor municipal building[69] She was convicted of manslaughter on December 21.[70] She was sentenced to 14 to 15 years in the Detroit House of Corrections.
  • October 17 - Two planes collided over a golf driving range near Detroit's Motor City airport, killing five persons.[71]
  • October 18 - GM Chairman Alfred Sloan announced the rehiring of 35,000 workers due to the improved business trend.[72]
  • October 19 - More than 200 forest fires raged in the lower peninsula
  • October 23 - Mr. and Mrs. Wilfred Pichette, a couple from Dollar Bay, Michigan, killed their 19-year-old housekeeper in a purported effort to "cast out a devil". The husband choked the girl, breaking her neck, and beat her with a flatiron, while the wife struck the girl with a poker. The couple's seven-year-old daughter witnessed the slaying and helped remove the body.[73] Both pled guilty to murder on November 16.[74]
  • October 30 - Orson Welles' radio dramatization of "The War of the Worlds" was broadcast over WJR radio in Detroit, spreading hysteria in the city and causing a deluge of calls to police stations and newspaper offices.[75] An editorial in the Detroit Free Press condemned the broadcast as "childish smart aleckism", "evil sensationalism", and "a piece of inexcusable and unforgivable stupidity".[76]

November[edit]

  • November 1 - The Public Works Administration declared that the application for funding of a proposed Mackinac Straits bridge, estimated to cost $25-$30 million, was dead.[77]
  • November 8 - Republicans won their most sweeping victory in Michigan elections since 1930,[78][79] including the following:
District 6: Republican William W. Blackney (55.0%) defeated Democratic incumbent Andrew J. Transue (45.0%)
District 11: Republican Frederick Van Ness Bradley (51.4%) defeated Democratic incumbent John F. Luecke (48.6%)
District 13: Republican Clarence J. McLeod (50.6%) defeated Democratic incumbent George D. O'Brien (48.9%)
  • In elections for the Michigan Legislature, Republicans won 23 of 32 seats in the Senate and 74 of 100 seats in the lower house.
  • A ballot measure, State Amendment No. 3, passed by a wide margin requiring all revenue raises from weight taxes and license plates to be earmarked for good roads.
  • November 11 - The Detroit Automobile Show opened with 15,762 visitors in the first 12 hours.[80]
  • November 14 - General Motors Chairman Alfred Sloan announced two new benefits plans for 1939 designed to insure 60% of a full year's wages to 150,000 company employees.[81]
  • November 20 - Two weeks after Kristallnacht (the Nazi attack on German and Austrian Jews, their synagogues, and businesses), a protest meeting against Germany's persecution of Jews was held at the Detroit Naval Armory. Some 5,000 persons attended, including Governor Frank Murphy and labor leaders. A resolution was passed asking the United States to support resettlement of Jews and calling for a trade embargo against Germany until the persecution ended.[82]
  • November 20 - On his national radio broadcast, Father Charles Coughlin, referring to the millions of Christians killed by the Communists in Russia, said "Jewish persecution only followed after Christians first were persecuted."[83] After this speech, some radio stations, including those in New York City and Chicago, began refusing to air Coughlin's speeches without subjecting his scripts to prior review and approval. In New York City, his programs were cancelled by WINS and WMCA, and Coughlin broadcast only on the Newark part-time station WHBI.[84]
  • November 25 - A sit-down strike by 150 workers at the Chevrolet Gear and Axle Plant in Detroit, leaving 3,500 workers at the plant out of work.[85]
  • November 30 - After meeting with Rabbi Leo M. Franklin, Henry Ford issued a public statement criticizing Nazi persecution of Jews and favoring admission of European Jews to the United States under a selective quota system.[86] Father Coughlin claimed that Rabbi Franklin had written the statement and passed it off as that of Ford.[87]

December[edit]

  • December 1 - UAW president Homer Martin testified before the Dies Committee on Un-American Activities that virtually all strikes that slowed production in the automobile industry in the past two years were instigated by Communists.[88]
  • December 2 - The Southeastern Michigan Tourist and Publicity Association passed a resolution at its annual meeting advocating that Michigan be referred to as the Lake State rather than the Wolverine State, and describing the wolverine as "a cowardly, slothful and gluttonous beast".[89]
  • December 3 - Michigan guard Ralph Heikkinen and Michigan State halfback Johnny Pingel were named by the Associated Press to the All-America team.[90]
  • December 12 - The Public Works Administration rejected funding for a proposed $40 million subway system in Detroit.[91]
  • December 13 - Black Legion leader Roy Hepner was released from prison after two years for his activities in the white supremacist group.[92]
  • December 22 - The Department of Labor announced that the 2,975 plants in Michigan added 62,500 news jobs in November, an increase of 11.8% over the prior month.[93]

Births[edit]

Gallery of 1938 births[edit]

Deaths[edit]

Gallery of 1938 deaths[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Volume 1 Population. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1930. pp. 512–514.
  2. ^ Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Volume 1 Population. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1930. pp. 515–516.
  3. ^ "1938 Detroit Tigers Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  4. ^ "1938 AL Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  5. ^ "2012 University of Michigan Baseball Record Book" (PDF). University of Michigan. 2012. pp. 22, 69. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
  6. ^ 2012 Record Book, p. 13.
  7. ^ "1938 Detroit Lions Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  8. ^ "1938 Football Team". Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  9. ^ "1938 Michigan State Spartans Schedule and Results". SR/College Football. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
  10. ^ "Central Michigan 2015 Football Media Guide" (PDF). Central Michigan University. 2015. pp. 100, 109. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  11. ^ "2015 Eastern Michigan Football Digital Media Guide" (PDF). Eastern Michigan University Football. pp. 162, 170. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  12. ^ "1938 Detroit Mercy Titans Schedule and Results". SR/College Football. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  13. ^ "Football Records: Annual Results". Western Michigan University. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  14. ^ "2016 Football Media Guide" (PDF). Wayne State University. pp. 111, 114. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  15. ^ "1937-38 Detroit Mercy Titans Roster and Stats". SR/CBB. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  16. ^ "Detroit Fives Have Big Year". Detroit Free Press. March 20, 1938. p. Sport 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ "2015-16 Men's Basketball Media Guide". Wayne State University. p. 48. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  18. ^ "1937-38 Michigan Wolverines Roster and Stats". SR/CBB. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  19. ^ "John Townsend Sr. had been attorney, former professional basketball player". The Indianapolis Star. December 6, 2001. p. C10.
  20. ^ "1937-38 Michigan State Spartans Roster and Stats". SR/CBB. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  21. ^ "1937-38 Western Michigan Broncos Roster and Stats". SR/CBB. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  22. ^ "1937-38 Detroit Red Wings Roster and Statistics". Hockey-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  23. ^ "Michigan Team History". College Hockey News. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  24. ^ "Michigan Tech Team History". College Hockey News. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  25. ^ "Evening Star, Scratch Entry, Wins Mackinac Race". Port Huron Times Herald. July 19, 1938. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ^ "Stahl Cards Subpar 69 to Win State Open Title". Detroit Free Press. July 21, 1938. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ "Rossi Boosts Lap Record in Sweep of Gold Cup". Detroit Free Press. September 6, 1938. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ "Reading Promises City Fair Regime Built on Economy". Detroit Free Press. January 5, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ "Bennett's Daughter Elopes with College Drummer Boy". Detroit Free Press. January 5, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ "NLRB Denies Ford a Rehearing; Plans Immediate Suit for Order to Enforce Wagner Act Decision". Detroit Free Press. January 6, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ "Many Injured in Battle as U.A.W. Pickets Riot at New Haven Foundry". Detroit Free Press. January 14, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ "Edith M. Cummings Shot to Death as She and Julia Barker Struggle in Snow on Bank of Lonely Creek". Detroit Free Press. January 16, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^ "Murder Warrant for Mrs. Julia Barker in Death of Mrs. Cummings Due Today". Detroit Free Press. January 17, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ^ "Barker Case Is Rushed; Officers Prepare to Get Murder Warrant Today". Detroit Free Press. January 18, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^ "15 Years in Cell May Be the Lot of Mrs. Barker". Detroit Free Press. June 3, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ^ "Relief Forces Mobilized by State in Worst Blizzard Since 1890s; Zero Wave Sweeping on Detroit". Detroit Free Press. January 26, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  37. ^ "Ghione Signs New Contract with Detroit Symphony". Detroit Free Press. January 30, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ^ Tod Rockwell (February 10, 1938). "Crisler Accepts U. of M. Football Job". Detroit Free Press. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ^ "Aurie Honored as Wings Beat Rangers, 4 to 3". Detroit Free Press. March 21, 1938. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. ^ "40 Injured as Mob Attacks Policemen in Plant Strike Riot". Detroit Free Press. March 31, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ^ "Tigers Beaten as Crowd Sets a City Record". Detroit Free Press. April 23, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ^ "Torture Killers Get Life". Detroit Free Press. May 14, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. ^ "Explosion Kills Three at Dow Chemical Plant". Detroit Free Press. May 24, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. ^ "U.S. Indicts Auto Heads". Detroit Free Press. May 28, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ^ "5 Kroger Stores Bombed on West Side of Detroit, All Within 15 Minutes". Detroit Free Press. June 22, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  46. ^ Alan Gould (June 23, 1938). "Louis K.O's Schmeling in First, Flooring Maxie Three Times; Fight Lasts Only 2:04 Minutes". Detroit Free Press. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  47. ^ "Observe G.O.P. Founding Day". The News-Palladium. July 7, 1938. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  48. ^ a b "Trap Is Sprung on Chebatoris". Detroit Free Press. July 9, 1938. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. ^ "Guard Is Massed as U.A.W. Begins Trying Ex-Officers". Detroit Free Press. July 27, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  50. ^ "Ex-Red Chief in U.S. Called Martin's Boss". Detroit Free Press. August 4, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  51. ^ "U.A.W. Dispute Idles Down to Graft". Detroit Free Press. July 29, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  52. ^ "Three Are Ousted by U.A.W. Board". Detroit Free Press. August 7, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  53. ^ "Bomb Explodes in Hotel, Frightening Guests and Inflicting Heavy Damage". Detroit Free Press. July 29, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  54. ^ "Detroit Honors Genius of Ford, Its No. 1 Citizen". Detroit Free Press. July 31, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  55. ^ "Young Dodge Heir Marries Phone Girl at Surprise Rites". Detroit Free Press. August 3, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. ^ "Dodge Drowned on Honeymoon; Falls from Boat on Way to Doctor After Dynamite Blast Maims Him". Detroit Free Press. August 16, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. ^ "Mickey Cochrane Fired as Tiger Manager; Briggs Hires Del Baker Through '39 Season". Detroit Free Press. August 7, 1938. p. Sports 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  58. ^ "Bomb Perils Frankensteen". Detroit Free Press. August 11, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  59. ^ "G.O.P. Outpolls Democrats by Ratio of 2 to 1". Detroit Free Press. September 15, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  60. ^ "U.A.W. Board Approves Plan to End Dispute". Detroit Free Press. September 17, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  61. ^ "Motor Festival". Detroit Free Press. September 23, 1938. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  62. ^ "Hank Equals Foxx's Homers as He Nears Record". Detroit Free Press. September 28, 1938. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.
  63. ^ "Students of 'M' Defy Tear Gas, Light Up Town". Detroit Free Press. October 1, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  64. ^ "Kromer Scores Twice as 'M' Ends Spartan Reign, 14 to 0". Detroit Free Press. October 2, 1938. p. Sports 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  65. ^ "Hank's Homer Bid Fails---Feller Fans 18 for Record". Detroit Free Press. October 3, 1938. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
  66. ^ "U.A.W. Unified, Lewis Turns to New Objective". Detroit Free Press. October 5, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  67. ^ "Officials, People Dedicate Bridge To Peace". Port Huron Times Herald. October 9, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  68. ^ "Mayor Orders Reds Removed from City Jobs". Detroit Free Press. October 15, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. ^ "Atty. Wm. Holbrook Slain; Blonde Secretary Jailed". The News-Palladium. October 17, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  70. ^ "Mrs. Dull Guilty of Manslaughter; to Be Sentenced Today in Slaying of Lawyer, Her Boss and Lover". Detroit Free Press. December 22, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  71. ^ "Five Killed When Planes Collide in Air Above Golf Driving Range Near City". Detroit Free Press. October 17, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  72. ^ "G.M. To Rehire 35,000 and Restore Slashes in Salary for 30,000 More". Detroit Free Press. October 19, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  73. ^ "State Is Searching for Hidden Motive in 'Witch' Slaying". Detroit Free Press. October 25, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  74. ^ "'Witch' Killers in Guilty Pleas". Detroit Free Press. November 17, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  75. ^ "Air Sketch Spreads Fright Through Homes in Detroit". Detroit Free Press. November 1, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  76. ^ "Spankings In Order". Detroit Free Press. November 1, 1938. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  77. ^ "No Bridge Yet". The Escanaba Daily Press. November 2, 1938. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  78. ^ "Republicans Stage A Strong Comeback; Fitzgerald's Victory Margin Growing". The Lansing State Journal. November 9, 1938. pp. 1, 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  79. ^ "Republicans Stage Comeback by Winning 11 Governorships and 77 Congress Seats; Party Scores Sweep in Michigan Election". Detroit Free Press. November 10, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  80. ^ "Throngs View New Autos At Show Opening". Detroit Free Press. November 12, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  81. ^ "G.M. Will Launch System of Income Security for 1939". Detroit Free Press. November 15, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  82. ^ "5,000 Join Protest Meeting; City Churches Offer Prayer". Detroit Free Press. November 21, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  83. ^ Dollinger, Marc (2000). Quest for Inclusion. Princeton University Press. p. 66.
  84. ^ "Self-Regulation Move Comes From Inquiry" (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 15, no. 11. December 1, 1938. p. 15.
  85. ^ "Axle-Plant Closed by Stay-In Strike". Detroit Free Press. November 26, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  86. ^ "Ford Scores Nazi Terror". Detroit Free Press. December 1, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  87. ^ "Ford Statement Was Authorized". Detroit Free Press. December 5, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  88. ^ "Reds Start Auto Strikes, Martin Admits To Dies". Detroit Free Press. December 2, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  89. ^ "Crusade On To Stop Calling Michigan Wolverine State". Detroit Free Press. December 3, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  90. ^ ESPN College Football Encyclopedia. ESPN Books. 2005. p. 1174. ISBN 1401337031.
  91. ^ "PWA Scuttles City Program; Subway Is Out". Detroit Free Press. December 13, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  92. ^ "Black Legion 'Colonel' Is Given Parole". The News-Palladium. December 13, 1938. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
  93. ^ "Auto Plants Lead Re-Employment". Detroit Free Press. December 23, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  94. ^ "Francis McMath, Engineer and Astronomer, Is Dead". Detroit Free Press. February 14, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  95. ^ "Dick Whiting Song-Hit King from Detroit, Dies in West". Detroit Free Press. February 20, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  96. ^ "'The People's Choice': Second Stroke Proves Fatal to Fothergill at Age of 39; He Was One of the Most Popular Players Ever to Wear Tiger Uniform". Detroit Free Press. March 21, 1938. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  97. ^ "Hines, Good-Roads Pioneer, Dies Unexpectedly in Home". Detroit Free Press. June 5, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  98. ^ "Senator Copeland Is Dead; Overwork Caused Collapse". Detroit Free Press. June 18, 1938. pp. 1–2 – via Newspapers.com.
  99. ^ "Illness Is Fatal to W.P. Bradley". Detroit Free Press. June 27, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  100. ^ "Douglas Malloch Dies; His Poems Brought Fame". The News-Palladium. July 2, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  101. ^ "Wife of Chrysler Is Dead; Shared Fight for Success". Detroit Free Press. August 9, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  102. ^ "Goss, Co-Founder of G.M., Ends Life". Detroit Free Press. October 23, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  103. ^ "Noted Lawyer Weadock Dies". Detroit Free Press. November 19, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
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