1966 in science

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The year 1966 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration[edit]

February 3 – The unmanned Soviet Luna 9 spacecraft makes the first controlled rocket-assisted landing on the Moon.
March 1 – Venera 3 Soviet space probe crashes on Venus becoming the first spacecraft to land on another planet's surface.
March 16 – NASA spacecraft Gemini 8 (David Scott, Neil Armstrong) conducts the first docking in space, with an Agena target vehicle.
March 31 – The Soviet Union launches Luna 10 which later becomes the first spacecraft to enter orbit around the Moon.
April 3 – Luna 10 is the first manmade object to enter lunar orbit.
May 25 – Explorer program: Satellite Explorer 32 (Atmosphere Explorer-B) is launched from the United States.
July 18 – Gemini 10 (John Young, Michael Collins) is launched from the United States. After docking with an Agena target vehicle, the astronauts then set a world altitude record of 474 miles (763 km).
August 10 – Lunar Orbiter 1, the first U.S. spacecraft to orbit the Moon, is launched.
November 17 – Notable display of the Leonids over the Americas.^[1]
December 15 – Janus, one of the moons of Saturn, is identified by Audouin Dollfus (it had been first photographed on October 29).^[2]
December 18 – Epimetheus, another of the moons of Saturn, is discovered, but mistaken for Janus which shares its orbit and they are not distinguished until 1978.
Mullard Space Science Laboratory established in England.

Biology[edit]

The first live specimen of a mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus), Australia's only truly hibernating marsupial, previously known only from the fossil record, is discovered.^[3]
German entomologist Willi Hennig's Phylogenetic Systematics is published in English, advancing the study of cladistics.

Computer science[edit]

September 1 – While waiting at a bus stop Ralph H. Baer, an inventor with Sanders Associates in the United States, writes a four-page document that lays out the basic principles for creating a video game to be played on a television: the beginning of a multibillion-dollar industry.
Martin Richards designs the BCPL programming language.
Roger MacGowan and Frederick Ordway first suggest the concept of machine superorganisms in Intelligence in the Universe.

Earth science[edit]

Walter C. Pitman and James Heirtzler present the "magic" Eltanin marine magnetic anomaly profile that confirms the hypothesis of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges.^[4]

Mathematics[edit]

The Fabius function is published.^[5]
Chen Jingrun publishes Chen's theorem: every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of a prime and a semiprime.^[6]
David Mumford introduces Mumford–Tate groups.^[7]
Euler's sum of powers conjecture is disproven by L. J. Lander and T. R. Parkin when, through a direct computer search on a CDC 6600, they have found the counterexample 27⁵ + 84⁵ + 110⁵ + 133⁵ = 144⁵. Their paper^[8] announcing the result is one of the shortest published scientific articles ever published.

Pharmacology[edit]

Gynecologist John McLean Morris and biologist Gertrude Van Wagenen at the Yale School of Medicine report the successful use of oral high-dose estrogen pills for post-coital contraception in women and rhesus macaque monkeys respectively.^[9]^[10]
Salbutamol, a bronchodilator, is discovered by a team led by David Jack at the Allen & Hanburys laboratory in the UK; it is launched in 1969 under the trade name Ventolin.^[11]

Physiology and medicine[edit]

April 21 – An artificial heart is installed in the chest of Marcel DeRudder in a Houston, Texas, hospital.
Victor A. McKusick publishes the first edition of his catalogue of all known genes and genetic disorders, Mendelian Inheritance in Man.
Long-term potentiation (LTP), the putative cellular mechanism of learning and memory, is first observed by Terje Lømo in Oslo, Norway.
Andreas Rett first describes Rett syndrome.^[12]

Psychology[edit]

Human Sexual Response is published by Masters and Johnson.
On Aggression and Behind the Mirror are published by Konrad Lorenz.

Technology[edit]

January – First proposals for optical fiber communication presented by Charles K. Kao with George Hockham.^[13]
May 2 – Scottish inventor James Goodfellow obtains a UK patent for an automated teller machine using a plastic card and PIN.^[14]
October 16 – The "Caspian Sea Monster" ground-effect vehicle first flies in the Soviet Union.^[15]
Marie Van Brittan Brown originates the home security system in the United States.

Awards[edit]

Fermi Prize – Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn
Fields Medal in mathematics – Michael Atiyah, Paul Cohen, Alexander Grothendieck and Stephen Smale
Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Alfred Kastler
- Chemistry – Robert S. Mulliken
- Medicine – Peyton Rous, Charles Brenton Huggins
Turing Award – Alan Perlis

Births[edit]

February 23 – Didier Queloz, Swiss astronomer.
April 14 – Polina Bayvel, Ukrainian-born optical communications engineer.
April 21 – Chris Whitty, English epidemiologist, Chief Medical Officer for England.
May 17 – Adrian Owen, English neuroscientist.
June 13 – Grigori Perelman, Russian mathematician.
July 8 – Ralf Altmeyer, German virologist.
August 7 – Jimmy Wales, American internet entrepreneur.
September 10 – Carolyn Bertozzi, American winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.^[16]
September 30 – Shankar Balasubramanian, Indian-born British biochemist.
October 30 – Irene Tracey, English neuroscientist and academic administrator.
Undated – Victor Vescovo, American explorer.

Deaths[edit]

January 15 – Sergei Korolev (born 1907), Soviet space scientist.
March 1 – Fritz Houtermans (born 1903), Prussian-born Dutch physicist.
March 12 – Sydney Camm (born 1893), English aircraft designer.
March 26 – Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler (born 1883), American mathematician.
June 20 – Monsignor Georges Lemaître (born 1894), Belgian physicist.
July 7 – George de Hevesy (born 1885), Hungarian winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
August 10 – Felix Andries Vening Meinesz (born 1887), Dutch geophysicist.
October 1 – Mary Logan Reddick (born 1914), African American neuroembryologist.
October 3 – Rolf Maximilian Sievert (born 1896), Swedish physicist.

References[edit]

^ "Eye witness accounts of the 1966 Leonid Storm". P. Jenniskens/NASA-ARC. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
^ Gingerich, Owen (1967-01-03). "Probable New Satellite of Saturn" (discovery). IAU Circular. 1987. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
^ Turner, Vivienne; McKay, G. M. (1989). "27. Burramyidae". In Walton, D.W.; Richardson, B. J. (eds.). Fauna of Australia, Volume 1B: Mammalia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-06056-5.
^ Le Pichon, Xavier (Summer 2013). "The "revolution" of Plate Tectonics in earth sciences and the relationship between science, reason and truth" (PDF). Euresis Journal. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
^ Fabius, Jaap (1966). "A probabilistic example of a nowhere analytic $C \infty$ -function". Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete. 5 (2): 173–174. doi:10.1007/bf00536652. MR 0197656. S2CID 122126180.
^ Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
^ Mumford, David (1966), "Families of abelian varieties", Algebraic Groups and Discontinuous Subgroups (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. 9, Boulder, Colo., 1965), Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. 347–351, MR 0206003
^ Lander, L. J.; Parkin, T. R. (1966). "Counterexample to Euler's conjecture on sums of like powers". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 72 (6): 1079. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1966-11654-3.
^ "Birth Control: The Morning-After Pill". Time. 1966-05-06. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
^ "Postcoital contraception". IPPF Medical Bulletin. 1 (4): 3. 1967. PMID 12254703.
^ "Sir David Jack, who has died aged 87, was the scientific brain behind the rise of the pharmaceuticals company Glaxo". The Daily Telegraph. London. 2011-11-17. Archived from the original on 2011-11-25.
^ Rett, A. (September 1966). "On an unusual brain atrophy syndrome in hyperammonemia in childhood". Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 116 (37): 723–6. PMID 5300597.
^ Kao, K. C.; Hockham, G. A. (July 1966). "Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies". Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 113 (7): 1151–1158. doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0189.
^ UK Patent No.1,197,183. Brocklehurst, Steven (2017-06-27). "The man who really invented the cash machine". BBC News. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
^ Komissarov, Sergey (2002). Russia's Ekranoplans: the Caspian Sea Monster and other WiG craft. Hinkley: Midland Publishing. ISBN 978-1857801460.
^ "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022" (Press release). The Nobel Prize. 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-06.

[1] "Eye witness accounts of the 1966 Leonid Storm". P. Jenniskens/NASA-ARC. Retrieved 2011-10-13.

[2] Gingerich, Owen (1967-01-03). "Probable New Satellite of Saturn" (discovery). IAU Circular. 1987. Retrieved 2011-12-28.

[3] Turner, Vivienne; McKay, G. M. (1989). "27. Burramyidae". In Walton, D.W.; Richardson, B. J. (eds.). Fauna of Australia, Volume 1B: Mammalia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-06056-5.

[4] Le Pichon, Xavier (Summer 2013). "The "revolution" of Plate Tectonics in earth sciences and the relationship between science, reason and truth" (PDF). Euresis Journal. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2014-11-25.

[5] Fabius, Jaap (1966). "A probabilistic example of a nowhere analytic $C \infty$ -function". Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete. 5 (2): 173–174. doi:10.1007/bf00536652. MR 0197656. S2CID 122126180.

[6] Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.

[7] Mumford, David (1966), "Families of abelian varieties", Algebraic Groups and Discontinuous Subgroups (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. 9, Boulder, Colo., 1965), Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. 347–351, MR 0206003

[8] Lander, L. J.; Parkin, T. R. (1966). "Counterexample to Euler's conjecture on sums of like powers". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 72 (6): 1079. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1966-11654-3.

[9] "Birth Control: The Morning-After Pill". Time. 1966-05-06. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-01.

[10] "Postcoital contraception". IPPF Medical Bulletin. 1 (4): 3. 1967. PMID 12254703.

[11] "Sir David Jack, who has died aged 87, was the scientific brain behind the rise of the pharmaceuticals company Glaxo". The Daily Telegraph. London. 2011-11-17. Archived from the original on 2011-11-25.

[12] Rett, A. (September 1966). "On an unusual brain atrophy syndrome in hyperammonemia in childhood". Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 116 (37): 723–6. PMID 5300597.

[13] Kao, K. C.; Hockham, G. A. (July 1966). "Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies". Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 113 (7): 1151–1158. doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0189.

[14] UK Patent No.1,197,183. Brocklehurst, Steven (2017-06-27). "The man who really invented the cash machine". BBC News. Retrieved 2021-05-16.

[15] Komissarov, Sergey (2002). Russia's Ekranoplans: the Caspian Sea Monster and other WiG craft. Hinkley: Midland Publishing. ISBN 978-1857801460.

[16] "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022" (Press release). The Nobel Prize. 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-06.

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