ARM Cortex-A
| General information | |
|---|---|
| Designed by | ARM Holdings |
| Architecture and classification | |
| Instruction set | ARM, Thumb-2 (32-bit cores); ARMv7-A and ARMv8-A A64, A32, T32 (64-bit cores); ARMv8-A, ARMv8.1-A, ARMv8.2-A, ARMv9-A, ARMv9.2-A |
The ARM Cortex-A is a group of 32-bit and 64-bit RISC ARM processor cores licensed by Arm Holdings. The cores are intended for application use. The group consists of 32-bit only cores: ARM Cortex-A5, ARM Cortex-A7, ARM Cortex-A8, ARM Cortex-A9, ARM Cortex-A12, ARM Cortex-A15, ARM Cortex-A17 MPCore, and ARM Cortex-A32, 32/64-bit mixed operation cores: ARM Cortex-A35, ARM Cortex-A53, ARM Cortex-A55, ARM Cortex-A57, ARM Cortex-A72, ARM Cortex-A73, ARM Cortex-A75, ARM Cortex-A76, ARM Cortex-A77, ARM Cortex-A78, ARM Cortex-A710, and ARM Cortex-A510 Refresh, and 64-bit only cores: ARM Cortex-A34, ARM Cortex-A65, ARM Cortex-A510 (2021), ARM Cortex-A715, ARM Cortex-A520, and ARM Cortex-A720.
The 32-bit ARM Cortex-A cores, except for the Cortex-A32, implement the ARMv7-A profile of the ARMv7 architecture. The main distinguishing feature of the ARMv7-A profile, compared to the other two profiles, the ARMv7-R profile implemented by the ARM Cortex-R cores and the ARMv7-M profile implemented by most of the ARM Cortex-M cores, is that only the ARMv7-A profile includes a memory management unit (MMU).[1] Many modern operating systems require a MMU to run.
The 64-bit ARM Cortex-A cores as well as the 32-bit ARM Cortex-A32 implement the ARMv8-A profile of the ARMv8 architecture.
Overview[edit]
| 32-bit | |
|---|---|
| Year | Core |
| 2005 | Cortex-A8 |
| 2007 | Cortex-A9 |
| 2009 | Cortex-A5 |
| 2010 | Cortex-A15 |
| 2011 | Cortex-A7 |
| 2013 | Cortex-A12 |
| 2014 | Cortex-A17 |
| 2016 | Cortex-A32 |
| 32/64-bit | |
|---|---|
| Year | Core |
| 2012 | Cortex-A53 |
| Cortex-A57 | |
| 2015 | Cortex-A35 |
| Cortex-A72 | |
| 2016 | Cortex-A73 |
| 2017 | Cortex-A55 |
| Cortex-A75 | |
| 2018 | Cortex-A76 |
| 2019 | Cortex-A77 |
| 2020 | Cortex-A78 |
| 2021 | Cortex-A710 |
| 2022 | Cortex-A510 Refresh |
| 64-bit | |
|---|---|
| Year | Core |
| 2016 | Cortex-A34 |
| 2018 | Cortex-A65 |
| 2021 | Cortex-A510 |
| 2022 | Cortex-A715 |
| 2023 | Cortex-A520 |
| Cortex-A720 | |
ARM license[edit]
ARM Holdings neither manufactures nor sells CPU devices based on its own designs, but rather licenses the processor architecture to interested parties. ARM offers a variety of licensing terms, varying in cost and deliverables. To all licensees, ARM provides an integratable hardware description of the ARM core, as well as complete software development toolset, and the right to sell manufactured silicon containing the ARM CPU.
Silicon customization[edit]
Integrated device manufacturers (IDM) receive the ARM Processor IP as synthesizable RTL (written in Verilog). In this form, they have the ability to perform architectural level optimizations and extensions. This allows the manufacturer to achieve custom design goals, such as higher clock speed, very low power consumption, instruction set extensions, optimizations for size, debug support, etc. To determine which components have been included in an ARM IC chip, consult the manufacturer datasheet and related documentation.
Instruction sets[edit]
The Cortex-A5 / A7 / A8 / A9 / A12 / A15 / A17 cores implement the ARMv7-A architecture.[2] The Cortex-A32 / A34 / A35 / A53 / A57 / A72 / A73 cores implement the ARMv8-A architecture. ARMv8-A architecture provides exclusive loads and stores instructions as synchronization primitives.[3] The Cortex-A55 / A65 / A75 / A76 / A77 / A78 cores implement the ARMv8.2-A architecture. The Cortex-A510, A710 and A715 cores implement the ARMv9-A architecture. The Cortex-A520 and A720 cores implement the ARMv9.2-A architecture
Documentation[edit]
A typical top-down documentation tree is:
- IC Manufacturer's high-level marketing slides
- IC Manufacturer datasheet for the exact physical chip
- IC Manufacturer Reference Manuals — describes common peripherals and other aspects of physical chips within the same series
- ARM Core Reference Manuals — for the exact ARM core processor within the chip
- ARM Architecture Reference Manuals — includes detailed description of all instruction sets of the core[2]
IC Manufacturers usually have additional documents, including: evaluation board user manuals, application notes, getting started with development software, software library documents, errata, and more.
See also[edit]
- ARM architecture
- Comparison of ARMv7-A cores
- Comparison of ARMv8-A cores
- JTAG, SWD
- List of ARM microarchitectures and cores
References[edit]
- ^ "Cortex-A Series".
- ^ a b ARMv7-A Architecture Reference Manual; ARM Holdings.
- ^ "ARMv8-A Synchronization primitives". p. 6. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
External links[edit]
- ARM Cortex-A official documents
ARM
CoreBit
WidthARM
WebsiteARM Technical
Reference ManualARM Architecture
Reference ManualCortex-A5 32 Link Link ARMv7-A Cortex-A7 32 Link Link Cortex-A8 32 Link Link Cortex-A9 32 Link Link Cortex-A12 32 merged into A17 Cortex-A15 32 Link Link Cortex-A17 32 Link Link Cortex-A32 32 Link Link ARMv8-A Cortex-A34 64 Link Link Cortex-A35 32/64 Link Link Cortex-A53 32/64 Link Link Cortex-A55 32/64 Link Link ARMv8.2-A Cortex-A57 32/64 Link Link ARMv8-A Cortex-A510 64 (2021)
32/64 (2022)Link Link ARMv9-A Cortex-A520 64 Link Link ARMv9.2-A Cortex-A65 64 Link Link ARMv8.2-A Cortex-A72 32/64 Link Link ARMv8-A Cortex-A73 32/64 Link Link Cortex-A75 32/64 Link Link ARMv8.2-A Cortex-A76 32/64 Link Link Cortex-A77 32/64 Link Link Cortex-A78 32/64 Link Link Cortex-A710 32/64 Link Link ARMv9-A Cortex-A715 64 Link Link Cortex-A720 64 Link Link ARMv9.2-A
- Quick Reference Cards
- Instructions: Thumb (1), ARM and Thumb-2 (2), Vector Floating-Point (3) – arm.com
- Opcodes: Thumb (1, 2), ARM (3, 4), GNU Assembler Directives (5).
- Migrating
- Migrating from MIPS to ARM – arm.com
- Migrating from PPC to ARM – arm.com
- Migrating from SH-4 to Cortex-A – arm.com
- Migrating from IA-32 (x86-32) to ARM – arm.com