Auckland

Coordinates: 36°50′26″S 174°44′24″E / 36.84056°S 174.74000°E / -36.84056; 174.74000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Auckland
Tāmaki Makaurau (Māori)
Nicknames: 
City of Sails[1]
Queen City[2]
Auckland is located in New Zealand
Auckland
Auckland
Location in New Zealand
Auckland is located in Oceania
Auckland
Auckland
Location in Oceania
Auckland is located in Pacific Ocean
Auckland
Auckland
Location in the Pacific Ocean
Coordinates: 36°50′26″S 174°44′24″E / 36.84056°S 174.74000°E / -36.84056; 174.74000
CountryNew Zealand
IslandNorth Island
RegionAuckland
Settled by Māoric. 1350
Settled by Europeans1840
Named forGeorge Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland
NZ Parliament
Local boards
Government
 • BodyAuckland Council
 • MayorWayne Brown
 • Deputy MayorDesley Simpson
 • MPs
Area
 • Urban607.10 km2 (234.40 sq mi)
Highest elevation
196 m (643 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (June 2023)[4]
 • Urban
1,478,800
 • Urban density2,400/km2 (6,300/sq mi)
 • Regional/metro
1,739,300
 • Demonym
Aucklander
GDP
 • Regional/metroNZ$ 139.5 billion (2022)
 • Per capitaNZ$ 80,300 (2022)
Time zoneUTC+12:00 (NZST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+13:00 (NZDT)
Postcode(s)
0600–2699
Area code09
Local iwiNgāti Whātua, Tainui, Ngāti Ākarana (pan-tribal)
Websiteaucklandcouncil.govt.nz

Auckland (/ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd;[6] Māori: Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. It has an urban population of about 1,478,800 (June 2023).[4] It is located in the greater Auckland Region, the area governed by Auckland Council, which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf, and which has a total population of 1,739,300 as of June 2023.[4] It is the most populous city of New Zealand and the fifth largest city in Oceania. While Europeans continue to make up the plurality of Auckland's population, the city became multicultural and cosmopolitan in the late-20th century, with Asians accounting for 31% of the city's population in 2018.[7] Auckland has the fourth largest foreign-born population in the world, with 39% of its residents born overseas.[8] With its large population of Pasifika New Zealanders, the city is also home to the biggest ethnic Polynesian population in the world.[9] The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki Makaurau, meaning "Tāmaki desired by many", in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography.[10]

Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf to the east, the Hunua Ranges to the south-east, the Manukau Harbour to the south-west, and the Waitākere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west. The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with 53 volcanic centres that make up the Auckland Volcanic Field. The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitematā Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water.

The Auckland isthmus was first settled c. 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land. The Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans.[11] After a British colony was established in New Zealand in 1840, William Hobson, then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, chose Auckland as its new capital. He named the area after George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. Māori–European conflict over land in the region led to war in the mid-19th century. In 1865, Auckland was replaced by Wellington as the capital, but continued to grow, initially because of its port and the logging and gold-mining activities in its hinterland, and later because of pastoral farming (especially dairy farming) in the surrounding area, and manufacturing in the city itself.[12] It has been the nation's largest city throughout most of its history. Today, Auckland's central business district is New Zealand's leading economic hub. It also has a thriving culture that has influenced others across the world, built on its dynamic arts scene and a richly multicultural history.[13][14]

The University of Auckland, founded in 1883, is the largest university in New Zealand. The city's significant tourist attractions include national historic sites, festivals, performing arts, sports activities and a variety of cultural institutions, such as the Auckland War Memorial Museum, the Museum of Transport and Technology, and the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki. Its architectural landmarks include the Harbour Bridge, the Town Hall, the Ferry Building and the Sky Tower, which is the second-tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere after Thamrin Nine.[15] The city is served by Auckland Airport, which handles around 2 million international passengers a month. Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world,[16] Auckland is one of the world's most liveable cities, ranking third in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey and at first place in a 2021 ranking of the Global Liveability Ranking by The Economist.[17][18][19]

History[edit]

Early history[edit]

Aerial shot of Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill with Auckland city in the background, showing terraces of the Māori pā that were constructed by Ngāti Awa chief Tītahi in the 17th century.[20]

The Auckland isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many (fortified villages) were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks. By the early 1700s, Te Waiohua, a confederation of tribes such as Ngā Oho, Ngā Riki and Ngā Iwi, became the main influential force on the Auckland isthmus,[21][22] with major located at Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill, Māngere Mountain and Maungataketake.[23] The confederation came to an end around 1741, when paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki was killed in battle by Ngāti Whātua hapū Te Taoū chief Te Waha-akiaki.[24] From the 1740s onwards, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei became the major influential force on the Auckland isthmus.[21] The Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans.[25][26] The introduction of firearms at the end of the eighteenth century, which began in Northland, upset the balance of power and led to devastating intertribal warfare beginning in 1807, causing iwi who lacked the new weapons to seek refuge in areas less exposed to coastal raids. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when settlement by European New Zealanders began.[27][28]

Print of a painting of Auckland port, 1857

On 20 March 1840 in the Manukau Harbour area where Ngāti Whātua farmed, paramount chief Apihai Te Kawau signed Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the te reo Māori translation of the Treaty of Waitangi).[29] Ngāti Whātua sought British protection from Ngāpuhi as well as a reciprocal relationship with the Crown and the Church. Soon after signing Te Tiriti, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei made a tuku (strategic gift) of 3,500 acres (1,400 hectares) of land on the Waitematā Harbour to the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson, for the new capital, which Hobson named for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, then Viceroy of India.[30][31][32][33][34] Auckland was founded on 18 September 1840 and was officially declared New Zealand's capital in 1841,[35][36] and the transfer of the administration from Russell (now Old Russell) in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson (later renamed Wellington) was seen as a better choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island, and Wellington became the capital in 1865. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the principal city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876.[37]

Queen Street (c.1889); painting by Jacques Carabain. Most of the buildings depicted were demolished during rampant modernisation in the 1970s.[38]

In response to the ongoing rebellion by Hōne Heke in the mid-1840s, the government encouraged retired but fit British soldiers and their families to migrate to Auckland to form a defence line around the port settlement as garrison soldiers. By the time the first Fencibles arrived in 1848, the Northern War had concluded. Outlying defensive towns were then constructed to the south, stretching in a line from the port village of Onehunga in the west to Howick in the east. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers; the men were fully armed in case of emergency, but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads.[citation needed]

In the early 1860s, Auckland became a base against the Māori King Movement,[39] and the 12,000 Imperial soldiers stationed there led to a strong boost to local commerce.[40] This, and continued road building towards the south into the Waikato region, enabled Pākehā (European New Zealanders) influence to spread from Auckland. The city's population grew fairly rapidly, from 1,500 in 1841 to 3,635 in 1845,[40] then to 12,423 by 1864. The growth occurred similarly to other mercantile-dominated cities, mainly around the port and with problems of overcrowding and pollution. Auckland's population of ex-soldiers was far greater than that of other settlements: about 50 per cent of the population was Irish, which contrasted heavily with the majority English settlers in Wellington, Christchurch or New Plymouth. The majority of settlers in the early period were assisted by receiving cheap passage to New Zealand.[citation needed]

Modern history[edit]

Looking east over the area that became Wynyard Quarter with the Auckland CBD in the middle distance, c. 1950s

Trams and railway lines shaped Auckland's rapid expansion in the early first half of the 20th century. However, after the Second World War, the city's transport system and urban form became increasingly dominated by the motor vehicle.[41] Arterial roads and motorways became both defining and geographically dividing features of the urban landscape. They also allowed further massive expansion that resulted in the growth of suburban areas such as the North Shore (especially after the construction of the Auckland Harbour Bridge in the late 1950s), and Manukau City in the south.[42]

Economic deregulation in the mid-1980s led to very dramatic changes to Auckland's economy, and many companies relocated their head offices from Wellington to Auckland. The region was now the nerve centre of the entire national economy. Auckland also benefited from a surge in tourism, which brought 75 per cent of New Zealand's international visitors through its airport. Auckland's port handled 31 per cent of the country's container trade in 2015.[43]

The face of urban Auckland changed when the government's immigration policy began allowing immigrants from Asia in 1986. This has led to Auckland becoming a multicultural city, with people of all ethnic backgrounds. According to the 1961 census data, Māori and Pacific Islanders comprised 5 per cent of Auckland's population; Asians less than 1 per cent.[44] By 2006, the Asian population had reached 18.0 per cent in Auckland, and 36.2 per cent in the central city. New arrivals from Hong Kong, Taiwan and Korea gave a distinctive character to the areas where they clustered, while a range of other immigrants introduced mosques, Hindu temples, halal butchers and ethnic restaurants to the suburbs.[43]

Geography[edit]

Map of the Auckland Region. Map projection Mercator; approximate scale is 1:900,000. Orange and yellow roads are motorways/expressways, orange roads are state highways and brown roads are all other roads.

Scope[edit]

The boundaries of Auckland are imprecisely defined. The Auckland urban area, as it is defined by Statistics New Zealand under the Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018 (SSGA18), spans 607.07 square kilometres (234.39 sq mi) and extends to Long Bay in the north, Swanson in the north-west, and Runciman in the south.[45] Auckland's functional urban area (commuting zone) extends from just south of Warkworth in the north to Meremere in the south, incorporating the Hibiscus Coast in the northeast, Helensville, Parakai, Muriwai, Waimauku, Kumeū-Huapai, and Riverhead in the northwest, Beachlands-Pine Harbour and Maraetai in the east, and Pukekohe, Clarks Beach, Patumāhoe, Waiuku, Tuakau and Pōkeno (the latter two in the Waikato region) in the south.[46] Auckland forms New Zealand's largest urban area.[4]

The Auckland urban area lies within the Auckland Region, an administrative region that takes its name from the city. The region encompasses the city centre, as well as suburbs, surrounding towns, nearshore islands, and rural areas north and south of the urban area.[47]

The Auckland central business district is the most built-up area of the region. The CBD covers 433 hectares (1,070 acres) in a triangular area,[48] and is bounded by the Auckland waterfront on the Waitematā Harbour[49] and the inner-city suburbs of Ponsonby, Newton and Parnell.[48]

Auckland cityscape viewed from Maungawhau / Mount Eden. The nearer body of water is the Waitematā Harbour and the further one is the Hauraki Gulf.

Harbours and gulf[edit]

Satellite view of the Auckland isthmus and Waitematā Harbour
A view over Chelsea Sugar Refinery's lower dam towards Auckland Harbour Bridge and the CBD

The central areas of the city are located on the Auckland isthmus, less than two kilometres wide at its narrowest point, between Māngere Inlet and the Tamaki River. There are two harbours surrounding this isthmus: Waitematā Harbour to the north, which extends east to the Hauraki Gulf and thence to the Pacific Ocean, and Manukau Harbour to the south, which opens west to the Tasman Sea.

Bridges span parts of both harbours, notably the Auckland Harbour Bridge crossing the Waitematā Harbour west of the central business district. The Māngere Bridge and the Upper Harbour Bridge span the upper reaches of the Manukau and Waitematā Harbours, respectively. In earlier times, portages crossed the narrowest sections of the isthmus.[50][51]

Several islands of the Hauraki Gulf are administered as part of the Auckland Region, though they are not part of the Auckland urban area. Parts of Waiheke Island effectively function as Auckland suburbs, while various smaller islands near Auckland are mostly zoned 'recreational open space' or are nature sanctuaries.[citation needed]

Climate[edit]

Under the Köppen climate classification, Auckland has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), while according to the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), its climate is classified as subtropical with warm humid summers and mild damp winters.[52][53] It is the warmest main centre of New Zealand. The average daily maximum temperature is 23.7 °C (74.7 °F) in February and 14.7 °C (58.5 °F) in July. The maximum recorded temperature is 34.4 °C (93.9 °F) on 12 February 2009,[54] while the minimum is −3.9 °C (25.0 °F), although there is also an unofficial low of −5.7 °C (21.7 °F) recorded at Riverhead Forest in June 1936.[55]

Snowfall is extremely rare: the most significant fall since the start of the 20th century was on 27 July 1939, when snow fell just before dawn and five centimetres (2 in) of snow reportedly lay on Mount Eden.[56][57] Snowflakes were also seen on 28 July 1930 and 15 August 2011.[58][59][60]

Frosts in Auckland are infrequent and often localised. Henderson Riverpark receives an annual average of 27.4 ground frosts per year, while Auckland Airport receives an annual average of 8.7 ground frosts per year.[61]

Average sea temperature around Auckland varies throughout the year. The water temperature is warmest in February when it averages 21 °C (70 °F), while in August, the water temperature is at its coolest, averaging 14 °C (57 °F).[62]

Prevailing winds in Auckland are predominantly from the southwest. The mean annual wind speed for Auckland Airport is 18 kilometres per hour (11 mph).[63] During the summer months there is often a sea breeze in Auckland which starts in the morning and dies down again in the evening.[64] The early morning calm on the isthmus during settled weather, before the sea breeze rises, was described as early as 1853: "In all seasons, the beauty of the day is in the early morning. At that time, generally, a solemn stillness holds, and a perfect calm prevails...".[65]

Fog is a common occurrence for Auckland, especially in autumn and winter. Whenuapai Airport experiences an average of 44 fog days per year.[66]

Auckland occasionally suffers from air pollution due to fine particle emissions.[67] There are also occasional breaches of guideline levels of carbon monoxide.[68] While maritime winds normally disperse the pollution relatively quickly it can sometimes become visible as smog, especially on calm winter days.[69]

Climate data for Auckland Airport (1981–2010, extremes 1962–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.0
(86.0)
34.4
(93.9)
29.8
(85.6)
26.5
(79.7)
24.6
(76.3)
23.8
(74.8)
19.0
(66.2)
21.0
(69.8)
22.0
(71.6)
23.6
(74.5)
25.9
(78.6)
28.3
(82.9)
34.4
(93.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 27.6
(81.7)
27.6
(81.7)
26.4
(79.5)
23.7
(74.7)
21.2
(70.2)
19.2
(66.6)
18.3
(64.9)
17.6
(63.7)
20.0
(68.0)
21.3
(70.3)
22.4
(72.3)
25.2
(77.4)
27.6
(81.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6)
23.7
(74.7)
22.4
(72.3)
20.1
(68.2)
17.7
(63.9)
15.5
(59.9)
14.7
(58.5)
15.1
(59.2)
16.5
(61.7)
17.8
(64.0)
19.5
(67.1)
21.6
(70.9)
19.0
(66.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.1
(66.4)
19.7
(67.5)
18.4
(65.1)
16.1
(61.0)
14.0
(57.2)
11.8
(53.2)
10.9
(51.6)
11.3
(52.3)
12.7
(54.9)
14.2
(57.6)
15.7
(60.3)
17.8
(64.0)
15.2
(59.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4)
15.8
(60.4)
14.4
(57.9)
12.1
(53.8)
10.3
(50.5)
8.1
(46.6)
7.1
(44.8)
7.5
(45.5)
8.9
(48.0)
10.4
(50.7)
12.0
(53.6)
14.0
(57.2)
11.3
(52.3)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 11.4
(52.5)
11.8
(53.2)
10.9
(51.6)
7.4
(45.3)
5.5
(41.9)
2.7
(36.9)
1.9
(35.4)
3.0
(37.4)
4.9
(40.8)
6.5
(43.7)
8.3
(46.9)
10.5
(50.9)
1.9
(35.4)
Record low °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1)
8.7
(47.7)
6.6
(43.9)
3.9
(39.0)
0.9
(33.6)
−1.1
(30.0)
−3.9
(25.0)
−1.7
(28.9)
1.7
(35.1)
−0.6
(30.9)
4.4
(39.9)
7.0
(44.6)
−3.9
(25.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 73.3
(2.89)
66.1
(2.60)
87.3
(3.44)
99.4
(3.91)
112.6
(4.43)
126.4
(4.98)
145.1
(5.71)
118.4
(4.66)
105.1
(4.14)
100.2
(3.94)
85.8
(3.38)
92.8
(3.65)
1,210.7
(47.67)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.0 7.1 8.4 10.6 12.0 14.8 16.0 14.9 12.8 12.0 10.3 9.3 135.7
Average relative humidity (%) 79.3 79.8 80.3 83.0 85.8 89.8 88.9 86.2 81.3 78.5 77.2 77.6 82.3
Average dew point °C (°F) 16
(61)
16
(61)
15
(59)
13
(55)
11
(52)
10
(50)
9
(48)
9
(48)
10
(50)
11
(52)
13
(55)
15
(59)
12
(54)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 228.8 194.9 189.2 157.3 139.8 110.3 128.1 142.9 148.6 178.1 188.1 197.2 2,003.1
Percent possible sunshine 54 53 50 47 44 37 41 43 43 45 46 45 46
Average ultraviolet index 12 11 8 5 3 2 2 3 5 7 10 12 7
Source 1: NIWA Climate Data,[70] CliFlo[71]
Source 2: MetService[72][73][74]

Volcanoes[edit]

The volcanic Rangitoto Island in the Hauraki Gulf, with the remnant of Takaroro / Mount Cambria in the foreground (yellow, grassy reserve). Viewed from Takarunga / Mount Victoria over Devonport.

The city of Auckland straddles the Auckland Volcanic Field, an area which in the past, produced at least 53 small volcanic centres over the last ~193,000 years, represented by a range of surface features including maars (explosion craters), tuff rings, scoria cones, and lava flows.[75][76] It is fed entirely by basaltic magma sourced from the mantle at a depth of 70–90 km below the city,[75] and is unrelated to the explosive, subduction-driven volcanism of the Taupō Volcanic Zone in the Central North Island region of Aotearoa, New Zealand, ~250 km away. The Auckland Volcanic Field is considered to be a monogenetic volcanic field, with each volcano erupting only a single time, usually over a timeframe of weeks to years before cessation of activity.[76] Future eruptive activity remains a threat to the city, and will likely occur at a new, unknown location within the field.[75] The most recent activity occurred approximately 1450 AD at the Rangitoto Volcano.[75] This event was witnessed by Māori occupants of the area, making it the only eruption within the Auckland Volcanic Field thus far to have been observed by humans.

The Auckland Volcanic Field has contributed greatly to the growth and prosperity of the Auckland Region since the area was settled by humans. Initially, the maunga (scoria cones) were occupied and established as (fortified settlements) by Māori due to the strategic advantage their elevation provided in controlling resources and key portages between the Waitematā and Manukau harbours.[76] The rich volcanic soils found in these areas also proved ideal for the cultivation of crops, such as kūmara. Following European arrival, many of the maunga were transformed into quarries to supply the growing city with aggregate and building materials, and as a result were severely damaged or entirely destroyed.[76] A number of the smaller maar craters and tuff rings were also removed during earthworks. Most of the remaining volcanic centres are now preserved within recreational reserves administered by Auckland Council, the Department of Conservation, and the Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority.

Demographics[edit]

Lion dancers wearing bright red and yellow costumes
Asians are Auckland's fastest growing ethnic group. Here, lion dancers perform at the Auckland Lantern Festival.
Auckland population pyramid in 2022

The Auckland urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, covers 607.07 km2 (234.39 sq mi).[45] The urban area has an estimated population of 1,478,800 as of June 2023, 28.3 percent of New Zealand's population. The city has a population larger than the entire South Island (1,225,000).[4]

The Auckland urban area had a usual resident population of 1,346,091 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 122,343 people (10.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 212,484 people (18.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 665,202 males and 680,886 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.977 males per female. Of the total population, 269,367 people (20.0%) were aged up to 15 years, 320,181 (23.8%) were 15 to 29, 605,823 (45.0%) were 30 to 64, and 150,720 (11.2%) were 65 or older.[77]

Culture and identity[edit]

Many ethnic groups, since the late 20th century, have had an increasing presence in Auckland, making it by far the country's most cosmopolitan city. Historically, Auckland's population has been of majority European origin, though the proportion of those of Asian or other non-European origins has increased in recent decades due to the removal of restrictions directly or indirectly based on race. Europeans continue to make up the plurality of the city's population, but no longer constitute a majority after decreasing in proportion from 54.6% to 48.1% between the 2013 and 2018 censuses. Asians now form the second-largest ethnic group, making up nearly one-third of the population. Auckland is home to the largest ethnic Polynesian population of any city in the world, with a sizeable population of Pacific Islanders (Pasifika) and indigenous Māori people.[9][77]

At the 2018 census, 647,811 people (48.1%) living in the Auckland urban area were European/Pākehā, 424,917 (31.6%) were Asian, 235,086 (17.5%) were Pacific peoples, 154,620 (11.5%) were Māori, 33,672 (2.5%) were Middle Eastern, Latin American and/or African (MELAA), and 13,914 (1.0%) were other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).[77]

Largest groups of foreign-born residents[78]
Nationality Population (2018)
 China[a] 96,540
 India 71,358
 England 68,799
 Fiji 44,658
 Samoa 38,232
 South Africa 36,759
 Philippines 30,237
 Australia 21,903
 South Korea 21,753
 Tonga 20,913

Immigration to New Zealand is heavily concentrated towards Auckland (partly for job market reasons). This strong focus on Auckland has led the immigration services to award extra points towards immigration visa requirements for people intending to move to other parts of New Zealand.[79] Immigration from overseas into Auckland is partially offset by net emigration of people from Auckland to other regions of New Zealand.[80] In 2021 and 2022, Auckland recorded its only decreases in population, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated lack of international migration.[81][82]

At the 2018 Census, 41.6 percent of the Auckland region's population were born overseas; in the local board areas of Upper Harbour, Waitematā, Puketāpapa and Howick, overseas-born residents outnumbered those born in New Zealand.[83][84] Auckland is home to over half (50.7 per cent) of New Zealand's overseas-born population, including 70 per cent of the country's Pacific Island and Northeast Asian-born populations, 61 per cent of its Middle Eastern and North African-born population, and 60 per cent of its Southern and Central Asian-born population.[83][84] A study from 2016 showed Auckland has the fourth largest foreign-born population in the world, only behind Dubai, Toronto and Brussels, with 39% of its residents born overseas.[85]

Religion[edit]

St Matthew-in-the-City, a historic Anglican church in the Auckland CBD

Around 48.5 per cent of Aucklanders at the 2013 census affiliated with Christianity and 11.7 per cent affiliated with non-Christian religions, while 37.8 per cent of the population were irreligious and 3.8 per cent objected to answering. Roman Catholicism is the largest Christian denomination with 13.3 per cent affiliating, followed by Anglicanism (9.1 per cent) and Presbyterianism (7.4 per cent).[83]

Recent[when?] immigration from Asia has added to the religious diversity of the city, increasing the number of people affiliating with Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism, although there are no figures on religious attendance.[86] There is also a small, long-established Jewish community.[87]

Future growth[edit]

Projection of the Auckland Region's population growth to 2031

Auckland is experiencing substantial population growth via immigration (two-thirds of growth) and natural population increases (one-third),[88] and is set to grow to an estimated 1.9 million inhabitants by 2031[89][90] in a medium-variant scenario. This substantial increase in population will have a huge impact on transport, housing and other infrastructure that are, particularly in the case of housing, that are considered to be under pressure already. The high-variant scenario shows the region's population growing to over two million by 2031.[91]

In July 2016, Auckland Council released, as the outcome of a three-year study and public hearings, its Unitary Plan for Auckland. The plan aims to free up to 30 percent more land for housing and allows for greater intensification of the existing urban area, creating 422,000 new dwellings in the next 30 years.[92]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1951 263,370—    
1961 381,063+44.7%
1971 548,293+43.9%
1981 742,786+35.5%
1991 816,927+10.0%
2001 991,809+21.4%
2006 1,074,453+8.3%
Source: NZ Census
This map of the Auckland Region emphasises areas with the highest residential population density. The red core comprises the Auckland urban area.
This map of the Auckland Region emphasises areas with the highest residential population density. The red core comprises the Auckland urban area.

Culture and lifestyle[edit]

Pedestrians on Vulcan Lane in the CBD
Rainbow's End is the largest theme park in New Zealand located in South Auckland.

Auckland's lifestyle is influenced by the fact that while it is 70 percent rural in land area, 90 percent of Aucklanders live in urban areas[93] – though large parts of these areas have a more suburban character than many cities in Europe and Asia.[citation needed]

Positive aspects of Auckland life are its mild climate, plentiful employment and educational opportunities, as well as numerous leisure facilities. Meanwhile, traffic problems, the lack of good public transport, and increasing housing costs have been cited by many Aucklanders as among the strongest negative factors of living there,[94] together with crime that has been rising in recent years.[95] Nonetheless, Auckland ranked third in a survey of the quality of life of 215 major cities of the world (2015 data).[96]

Leisure[edit]

Sailboats at Takapuna Beach on the North Shore
Yachts docked in Westhaven Marina on the Waitematā Harbour

One of Auckland's nicknames, the "City of Sails", is derived from the popularity of sailing in the region.[1] 135,000 yachts and launches are registered in Auckland, and around 60,500 of the country's 149,900 registered yachtsmen are from Auckland,[97] with about one in three Auckland households owning a boat.[98] The Viaduct Basin, on the western edge of the CBD, hosted three America's Cup challenges (2000 Cup, 2003 Cup and 2021 Cup).

The Waitematā Harbour is home to several notable yacht clubs and marinas, including the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron and Westhaven Marina, the largest of the Southern Hemisphere.[97] The Waitematā Harbour has several swimming beaches, including Mission Bay and Kohimarama on the south side of the harbour, and Stanley Bay on the north side. On the eastern coastline of the North Shore, where the Rangitoto Channel divides the inner Hauraki Gulf islands from the mainland, there are popular swimming beaches at Cheltenham and Narrow Neck in Devonport, Takapuna, Milford, and the various beaches further north in the area known as East Coast Bays.

The west coast has popular surf beaches such as Piha, Muriwai and Te Henga (Bethells Beach). The Whangaparāoa Peninsula, Orewa, Ōmaha and Pākiri, to the north of the main urban area, are also nearby. Many Auckland beaches are patrolled by surf lifesaving clubs, such as Piha Surf Life Saving Club the home of Piha Rescue. All surf lifesaving clubs are part of the Surf Life Saving Northern Region.

Queen Street, Britomart, Ponsonby Road, Karangahape Road, Newmarket and Parnell are major retail areas. Major markets include those held in Ōtara and Avondale on weekend mornings. A number of shopping centres are located in the middle- and outer-suburbs, with Westfield Newmarket, Sylvia Park, Botany Town Centre and Westfield Albany being the largest.

Arts[edit]

A number of arts events are held in Auckland, including the Auckland Festival, the Auckland Triennial, the New Zealand International Comedy Festival, and the New Zealand International Film Festival. The Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra is the city and region's resident full-time symphony orchestra, performing its own series of concerts and accompanying opera and ballet. Events celebrating the city's cultural diversity include the Pasifika Festival, Polyfest, and the Auckland Lantern Festival, all of which are the largest of their kind in New Zealand. Additionally, Auckland regularly hosts the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and Royal New Zealand Ballet. Auckland is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of music.[99]

The modern section of the Auckland Art Gallery, completed in 2011

Important institutions include the Auckland Art Gallery, Auckland War Memorial Museum, New Zealand Maritime Museum, National Museum of the Royal New Zealand Navy, and the Museum of Transport and Technology. The Auckland Art Gallery is the largest stand-alone gallery in New Zealand with a collection of over 17,000 artworks, including prominent New Zealand and Pacific Island artists, as well as international painting, sculpture and print collections ranging in date from 1376 to the present day.

In 2009, the Gallery was promised a gift of fifteen works of art by New York art collectors and philanthropists Julian and Josie Robertson – including well-known paintings by Paul Cézanne, Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Paul Gauguin and Piet Mondrian. This is the largest gift ever made to an art museum in Australasia.[100]

Other important art galleries include Mangere Arts Centre, Tautai Pacific Arts Trust, Te Tuhi, Te Uru Waitākere Contemporary Gallery, Gow Langsford Gallery, Michael Lett Gallery, Starkwhite, and Bergman Gallery.

Parks and nature[edit]

Albert Park in central Auckland
View from the top of Maungawhau / Mount Eden

Auckland Domain is one of the largest parks in the city, it is close to the Auckland CBD and has a good view of the Hauraki Gulf and Rangitoto Island. Smaller parks close to the city centre are Albert Park, Myers Park, Western Park and Victoria Park.

While most volcanic cones in the Auckland volcanic field have been affected by quarrying, many of the remaining cones are now within parks, and retain a more natural character than the surrounding city. Prehistoric earthworks and historic fortifications are in several of these parks, including Maungawhau / Mount Eden, North Head and Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill.

Other parks around the city are in Western Springs Reserve, which has a large park bordering the MOTAT museum and the Auckland Zoo. The Auckland Botanic Gardens are further south, in Manurewa.

Ferries provide transport to parks and nature reserves at Devonport, Waiheke Island, Rangitoto Island and Tiritiri Matangi. The Waitākere Ranges Regional Park to the west of Auckland has relatively unspoiled bush territory, as do the Hunua Ranges to the south.

Sport[edit]

Major sporting venues[edit]

Rugby union, cricket, rugby league, association football (soccer) and netball are widely played and followed. Auckland has a considerable number of rugby union and cricket grounds, and venues for association football, netball, rugby league, basketball, hockey, ice hockey, motorsports, tennis, badminton, swimming, rowing, golf and many other sports.

There are also three racecourses within the city - (Ellerslie and Avondale for thoroughbred racing, and Alexandra Park for harness racing). A fourth racecourse is located at Pukekohe, straddling the boundary between Auckland and the neighbouring Waikato region. Greyhound racing is held at Manukau Stadium.

Major teams[edit]

Sporting teams based in Auckland who compete in national or transnational competitions are as follows:

Major events[edit]

Annual sporting events held in Auckland include:

  • The ATP Auckland Open and the WTA Auckland Open (both known for sponsorship reasons as the ASB Classic), are men's and women's tennis tournaments, respectively, which are held annually at the ASB Tennis Centre in January. The men's tournament has been held since 1956, and the women's tournament since 1986.
  • The Auckland Super400 (known for sponsorship reasons as the ITM Auckland Super 400) was a Supercars Championship race held at Pukekohe Park Raceway. The race has been held intermittently since 1996
  • The Auckland Marathon (and half-marathon) is an annual marathon. It is the largest marathon in New Zealand and draws in the vicinity of 15,000 entrants. It has been held annually since 1992.
  • The Auckland Anniversary Regatta is a sailing regatta which has been held annually since 1840, the year of Auckland's founding. It is held over Auckland Anniversary weekend and attracts several hundred entrants each year. It is the largest such regatta, and the oldest sporting event, in New Zealand.
  • Auckland Cup Week is an annual horse racing carnival, which has been held in early March since its inception in 2006. It is the richest such carnival in New Zealand, and incorporates several of New Zealand's major thoroughbred horse races, including the Auckland Cup, held since 1874, and New Zealand Derby, held since 1875.
  • The Auckland Harbour Crossing Swim is an annual summer swimming event. The swim crosses the Waitematā Harbour, from the North Shore to the Viaduct Basin covering 2.8 km (often with some considerable counter-currents). The event has been held since 2004 and attracts over a thousand mostly amateur entrants each year, making it New Zealand's largest ocean swim.[101]
  • Round the Bays is an annual fun-run. The course travels eastwards along the Auckland waterfront, with the run starting in the CBD and ending in St Heliers, the total length being 8.4 kilometres (5.2 mi). It is the largest fun-run in New Zealand and attracts tens of thousands of entrants each year, with the number of entrants reported to have peaked at 80,000 in 1982. It has been held annually since 1972.[102]

Major events previously held in Auckland include the 1950 British Empire Games and the Commonwealth Games in 1990,[103] and a number of matches (including the semi-finals and the final) of the 1987 Rugby World Cup and 2011 Rugby World Cup.[104] Auckland hosted the America's Cup and Louis Vuitton Cup in 2000, 2003, and 2021. The 2007 World Netball Championships were held at the Trusts Stadium. The ITU World Triathlon Series held a Grand Final event in the Auckland CBD from 2012 until 2015.[105] The NRL Auckland Nines was a rugby league nines preseason competition played at Eden Park from 2014 to 2017. The 2017 World Masters Games were held at a number of venues around Auckland.[106] The Auckland Darts Masters was held annually at The Trusts Arena from 2015 to 2018.

Architecture[edit]

Landmark House

Auckland comprises a diversity of architectural styles owing to its early beginnings as a settlement, to the Victorian era right through to the contemporary era of the late 20th century. The city has legislation in effect to protect the remaining heritage, with the key piece of legislation being the Resource Management Act of 1991.[107] Prepared under this legislation is the Auckland Unitary Plan, which indicates how land can be used or developed. Prominent historic buildings in Auckland include the Dilworth Building, the Auckland Ferry Terminal, Guardian Trust Building, Old Customs House, Landmark House, the Auckland Town Hall and the Britomart Transport Centre–many of these are located on the main thoroughfare of Queen Street.[citation needed]

Economy[edit]

The twin towers of the National Bank Centre are among the tallest buildings in Auckland.

Auckland is the major economic and financial centre of New Zealand. It has an advanced market economy with strengths in finance, commerce, and tourism. Most major international corporations have an Auckland office; the most expensive office space is around lower Queen Street and the Viaduct Basin in the Auckland CBD, where many financial and business services are located, which constitute a large percentage of the CBD economy.[108] The largest commercial and industrial areas of the Auckland Region are Auckland CBD and the western parts of Manukau, mostly bordering the Manukau Harbour and the Tamaki River estuary.

Auckland is classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a Beta + world city[109] because of its importance in commerce, the arts, and education.

According to the 2013 census, the primary employment industries of Auckland residents are professional, scientific and technical services (11.4 percent), manufacturing (9.9 percent), retail trade (9.7 percent), health care and social assistance (9.1 percent), and education and training (8.3 percent). Manufacturing is the largest employer in the Henderson-Massey, Howick, Māngere-Ōtāhuhu, Ōtara-Papatoetoe, Manurewa and Papakura local board areas, retail trade is the largest employer in the Whau local board area, while professional, scientific and technical services are the largest employer in the remaining urban local board areas.[110]

The sub-national GDP of the Auckland region was estimated at NZ$122 billion in 2022, almost 40 percent of New Zealand's national GDP.[111] The per-capita GDP of Auckland was estimated at $71,978, the third-highest in the country after the Taranaki and Wellington regions, and above the national average of $62,705.[112]

In 2014, the median personal income (for all persons older than 15 years of age, per year) in Auckland was estimated at $41,860, behind only Wellington.[113]

View of Auckland CBD from North Shore. The skyline is dominated by the Sky Tower.

Housing[edit]

Terraced housing built in 1897 as residential buildings and associated place houses for John Endean

Housing varies considerably between some suburbs having state owned housing in the lower income neighbourhoods, to palatial waterfront estates, especially in areas close to the Waitematā Harbour. Traditionally, the most common residence of Aucklanders was a standalone dwelling on a 'quarter acre' (1,000 m2).[89] However, subdividing such properties with 'infill housing' has long been the norm. Auckland's housing stock has become more diverse in recent decades, with many more apartments being built since the 1970s, particularly since the 1990s in the CBD.[114] Nevertheless, the majority of Aucklanders live in single dwelling housing and are expected to continue to do so, even with most of future urban growth being through intensification.[89]

Auckland's housing is amongst the least affordable in the world, based on comparing average house prices with average household income levels[115][116] and house prices have grown way well above the rate of inflation in recent decades.[114] In August 2022, the Real Estate Institute of New Zealand (REINZ) reported the median house price in the Auckland region was $1,100,000, ranging from $900,000 in the former Papakura District area to $1,285,000 in the former North Shore City area, This is compared to a median price of $700,000 outside of Auckland.[117] There is significant public debate around why Auckland's housing is so expensive, often referring to a lack of land supply,[114] the easy availability of credit for residential investment[118] and Auckland's high level of liveability.

In some areas, the Victorian villas have been torn down to make way for redevelopment. The demolition of the older houses is being combated through increased heritage protection for older parts of the city.[119] Auckland has been described as having 'the most extensive range of timbered housing with its classical details and mouldings in the world', many of them built in the Victorian and Edwardian eras.[120]

Housing crisis[edit]

In the lead-up to 2010, a housing crisis began in Auckland, with the market not being able to sustain the demand for affordable homes. The Housing Accords and Special Housing Areas Act 2013 mandated that a minimum of 10 percent of new builds in certain housing areas be subsidised to make them affordable for buyers who had incomes on par with the national average. In a new subdivision at Hobsonville Point, 20 percent of new homes were reduced to below $550,000.[121] Some of the demand for new housing at this time was attributed to the 43,000 people who moved into Auckland between June 2014 and June 2015.[88] Research has found that Auckland is set to become even more densely populated in future which could ease the burden by creating higher density housing in the city centre.[122][123] From around November 2021 to May 2022, house prices dropped 11.68%.[124] It has continued to fall since due to inflation, bank interest rates, and a variety of other factors.[125][126][127][128]

Government[edit]

Local[edit]

Auckland Town Hall entrance on Queen Street

The Auckland Council is the local authority with jurisdiction over the city of Auckland, along with surrounding rural areas, parkland, and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf.[129]

From 1989 to 2010, Auckland was governed by several city and district councils, with regional oversight by Auckland Regional Council. In the late 2000s, New Zealand's central government and parts of Auckland's society felt that this large number of councils, and the lack of strong regional government (with the Auckland Regional Council having only limited powers), were hindering Auckland's progress.[citation needed]

A Royal Commission on Auckland Governance was set up in 2007;[130][131] in 2009, it recommended a unified local governance structure for Auckland by amalgamating the councils.[132] The government subsequently announced that a "super city" would be set up with a single mayor by the time of New Zealand's local body elections in 2010.[133][134]

In October 2010, Manukau City mayor Len Brown was elected mayor of the amalgamated Auckland Council. He was re-elected for a second term in October 2013. Brown did not stand for re-election in the 2016 mayoral election, and was succeeded by successful candidate Phil Goff in October 2016.[135] Twenty councillors comprise the remainder of the Auckland Council governing body, elected from thirteen electoral wards.

National[edit]

Old Government House, former residence of the Governor

Between 1842 and 1865, Auckland was the capital city of New Zealand.[136] Parliament met in what is now Old Government House on the University of Auckland's City campus. The capital was moved to the more centrally located Wellington in 1865.[citation needed]

Auckland, because of its large population, is covered by 23 general electorates and three Māori electorates,[137] each returning one member to the New Zealand House of Representatives. The National Party holds 14 general electorates, the Labour Party six, ACT two and the Greens one. The three Māori electorates are held by Te Pāti Māori.

Other[edit]

The administrative offices of the Government of the Pitcairn Islands are situated in Auckland.[138]

Education[edit]

The University of Auckland clock tower building is a 'Category I' historic place, completed in 1926.[139]

Primary and secondary[edit]

The Auckland urban area has 340 primary schools, 80 secondary schools, and 29 composite (primary/secondary combined) schools as of February 2012, catering for nearly a quarter of a million students. The majority are state schools, but 63 schools are state-integrated and 39 are private.[140]

The city is home to some of the largest schools in terms of students in New Zealand, including Mt Albert Grammar School, the second-largest school in New Zealand with a student population of 3035,[141] and Rangitoto College in the East Coast Bays area, the largest school in New Zealand with 3,696 students as of February 2024.[142]

Tertiary[edit]

Auckland has some of the largest universities in the country. Five of New Zealand's eight universities have campuses in Auckland, as well as eight of New Zealand's fifteen polytechnics. The University of Auckland, Auckland University of Technology, Manukau Institute of Technology, and Unitec Institute of Technology are all based in Auckland. Despite being based in other regions, the University of Otago, Victoria University of Wellington, Massey University, and several polytechnics have satellite campuses in Auckland.[143]

Auckland is a major centre of overseas language education, with large numbers of foreign students (particularly East Asians) coming to the city for several months or years to learn English or study at universities – although numbers New Zealand-wide have dropped substantially since peaking in 2003.[144] As of 2007, there are around 50 New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA) certified schools and institutes teaching English in the Auckland area.[145]

Transport[edit]

Railway lines serve the western, southern and eastern parts of the city from the Waitematā railway station.

The State Highway network connects the different parts of Auckland, with State Highway 1 being the major north–south thoroughfare through the city (including both the Northern and Southern Motorways) and the main connection to the adjoining regions of Northland and Waikato. The Northern Busway runs alongside part of the Northern Motorway on the North Shore. Other state highways within Auckland include State Highway 16 (the Northwest Motorway), State Highway 18 (the Upper Harbour Motorway) and State Highway 20 (the Southwest Motorway). State Highway 22 is a non-motorway rural arterial connecting Pukekohe to the Southern Motorway at Drury.[146]

Aerial view of the Auckland Harbour Bridge

The Auckland Harbour Bridge, opened in 1959, is the main connection between the North Shore and the rest of the Auckland region.[147] The bridge provides eight lanes of vehicle traffic and has a moveable median barrier for lane flexibility, but does not provide access for rail, pedestrians or cyclists. The Central Motorway Junction, also called 'Spaghetti Junction' for its complexity, is the intersection between the two major motorways of Auckland (State Highway 1 and State Highway 16).[148]

Two of the longest arterial roads within the Auckland Region are Great North Road and Great South Road – the main connections in those directions before the construction of the State Highway network.[146] Numerous arterial roads also provide regional and sub-regional connectivity, with many of these roads (especially on the isthmus) previously used to operate Auckland's former tram network.

Auckland has four railway lines (Western, Onehunga, Eastern and Southern). These lines serve the western, southern and eastern parts of Auckland from the Waitematā railway station in downtown Auckland, the terminal station for all lines, where connections are also available to ferry and bus services. Work began in late 2015 to provide more route flexibility and connect Britomart, now named Waitematā, more directly to the western suburbs on the Western Line via an underground rail tunnel known as the City Rail Link project. A light rail network is also planned.

The Auckland CBD skyline and Harbour Bridge at sunset

Travel modes[edit]

An Auckland Transport electric train
Ferry travel is a common type of public transport for some Auckland destinations.
Road and rail

Private vehicles are the main form of transportation within Auckland, with around seven percent of journeys in the Auckland region undertaken by bus in 2006,[149] and two percent undertaken by train and ferry.[149] For trips to the city centre at peak times, the use of public transport is much higher, with more than half of trips undertaken by bus, train or ferry.[150] In 2010, Auckland ranked quite low in its use of public transport, having only 46 public transport trips per capita per year,[150][151] while Wellington has almost twice this number at 91, and Sydney has 114 trips.[152] This strong dependence on roads results in substantial traffic congestion during peak times.[153] This car reliance means 56% of the city's energy usage goes towards transportation, and CO2 emissions will increase by 20% in the next 10 years.[123]

Bus services in Auckland are mostly radial, with few cross-town routes. Late-night services (i.e. past midnight) are limited, even on weekends. A major overhaul of Auckland's bus services was implemented during 2016–18, significantly expanding the reach of frequent bus services: those that operate at least every 15 minutes during the day and early evening, every day of the week.[154] Auckland is connected with other cities through bus services operated by InterCity.

Rail services operate along four lines between the CBD and the west, south and south-east of Auckland, with longer-distance trains operating to Wellington only a few times each week.[155] Following the opening of Waitematā railway station in 2003, major investment in Auckland's rail network occurred, involving station upgrades, rolling stock refurbishment and infrastructure improvements.[156] The rail upgrade has included electrification of Auckland's rail network, with electric trains constructed by Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles commencing service in April 2014.[157] A number of proposed projects to further extend Auckland's rail network were included in the 2012 Auckland Plan, including the City Rail Link, the Auckland Airport Line, the Avondale-Southdown Line and rail to the North Shore.[citation needed]

Other modes

Auckland's ports are the second largest in the country, behind the Port of Tauranga,[158] and a large part of both inbound and outbound New Zealand commerce travels through them, mostly via the facilities northeast of Auckland CBD. Freight usually arrives at or is distributed from the port via road, though the port facilities also have rail access. Auckland is a major cruise ship stopover point, with the ships usually tying up at Princes Wharf. Auckland CBD is connected to the coastal suburbs, to the North Shore and to outlying islands by ferry.[citation needed]

The International Terminal at Auckland International Airport
Air

Auckland has various small regional airports and Auckland Airport, the busiest in the country. Auckland Airport, New Zealand's largest, is in the southern suburb of Māngere on the shores of the Manukau Harbour. There are frequent services to Australia, and to other New Zealand destinations. There are also direct connections to many locations in the South Pacific, as well as the United States, China, Asia, Vancouver, London, Santiago and Buenos Aires.[159] In terms of international flights, Auckland is the second-best connected city in Oceania.[160]

Policies

Research at Griffith University has indicated that from the 1950s to the 1980s, Auckland engaged in some of the most pro-automobile transport policies anywhere in the world.[161] With public transport declining heavily during the second half of the 20th century (a trend mirrored in most Western countries, such as the US),[162] and increased spending on roads and cars, New Zealand (and specifically Auckland) now has the second-highest vehicle ownership rate in the world, with around 578 vehicles per 1000 people.[163] Auckland has also been called a very pedestrian- and cyclist-unfriendly city, though some efforts are being made to change this,[164] with Auckland being a major participant in the government's "Urban Cycleways" initiative, and with the "SkyPath" project for a walk and cycleway on the Auckland Harbour Bridge having received Council support, and planning consent.[165][166]

Infrastructure and services[edit]

Electricity[edit]

Ōtāhuhu Power Station's 404MW combined cycle turbine, also known as Ōtāhuhu B

Vector owns and operates the majority of the distribution network in urban Auckland,[167] with Counties Energy owning and operating the network south of central Papakura.[168] The city is supplied from Transpower's national grid from thirteen substations across the city. There are no major electricity generation stations located within the city or north of Auckland, so almost all of the electricity for Auckland and Northland must be transmitted from power stations in the south, mainly from Huntly Power Station and the Waikato River hydroelectric stations. The city had two natural gas-fired power stations (the 380 MW Ōtāhuhu B and the 175 MW Southdown), but both shut down in 2015.[citation needed]

There have been several notable power outages in Auckland.[169] The five-week-long 1998 Auckland power crisis blacked out much of the CBD after a cascade failure occurred on the four main underground cables supplying the CBD.[170] The 2006 Auckland Blackout interrupted supply to the CBD and many inner suburbs after an earth wire shackle at Transpower's Otāhuhu substation broke and short-circuited the lines supplying the inner city.

In 2009, much of the northern and western suburbs, as well as all of Northland, experienced a blackout when a forklift accidentally came into contact with the Ōtāhuhu to Henderson 220 kV line, the only major line supplying the region.[171] Transpower spent $1.25 billion in the early 2010s reinforcing the supply into and across Auckland, including a 400 kV-capable transmission line from the Waikato River to Brownhill substation (operating initially at 220 kV), and 220 kV underground cables between Brownhill and Pakuranga, and between Pakuranga and Albany via the CBD. These reduced the Auckland Region's reliance on Ōtāhuhu substation and northern and western Auckland's reliance on the Ōtāhuhu to Henderson line.[citation needed]

Natural gas[edit]

Auckland was one of the original nine towns and cities in New Zealand to be supplied with natural gas when the Kapuni gas field entered production in 1970 and a 340 km long high-pressure pipeline from the field in Taranaki to the city was completed. Auckland was connected to the Maui gas field in 1982 following the completion of a high-pressure pipeline from the Maui gas pipeline near Huntly, via the city, to Whangārei in Northland.[172]

The high-pressure transmission pipelines supplying the city are now owned and operated by First Gas, with Vector owning and operating the medium and low-pressure distribution pipelines in the city.[citation needed]

Tourism[edit]

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Auckland-related tourism boosted the New Zealand economy.[173] Many tourists visiting New Zealand would arrive via Auckland Airport, and cruise ships also called.

Tourist attractions and landmarks in Auckland include:

Attractions and buildings
  • Aotea Square – a main square in the CBD, adjacent to Queen Street, the Aotea Centre and the Auckland Town Hall.
  • Auckland Art Gallery – the city's main art gallery.
  • Auckland Civic Theatre – an internationally significant atmospheric theatre built in 1929. It was renovated in 2000 to its original condition.
  • Auckland Harbour Bridge – a bridge which spans the Waitematā Harbour. It connects central Auckland and the North Shore, and is regarded as an iconic symbol of Auckland.
  • Auckland Town Hall – the city's town hall. Originally built for the Auckland City Council in 1911, it is now the ceremonial headquarters of the Auckland Council. The hall has a theatre which is known for the quality of its acoustics, and is regularly used for concerts and other live performances.
  • Auckland War Memorial Museum – a large multi-exhibition museum in the Auckland Domain in the neo-classical style. It was built in 1929.
  • Auckland Zoo – the city's main zoo, located at Western Springs.
  • Aotea Centre – a civic centre which was completed in 1989. It hosts exhibitions, concerts and other live performances.
  • Britomart Transport Centre – the main public transport centre in the CBD. It is an Edwardian building which was formerly the city's Chief Post Office.
  • Eden Park – the city's primary stadium and a frequent host of international rugby union and cricket matches. It hosted the 1987 and 2011 Rugby World Cup finals.[174]
  • Karangahape Road – colloquially known as "K' Road", a street at the southern end of the CBD, adjacent to the suburb of Newton. It is now known locally for cafes and restaurants, bars, pubs, music venues and shops. Historically it was Auckland's red-light district.
  • Kelly Tarlton's Sea Life Aquarium – an aquarium and Antarctic environment in the eastern suburb of Mission Bay, built in a set of former sewage-storage tanks. It showcases a wide variety of marine animals.
  • Museum of Transport and Technology (MOTAT) – a transport and technology museum at Western Springs.
  • New Zealand Maritime Museum – a museum which features exhibitions and collections relating to New Zealand maritime history. It is located at Hobson Wharf, adjacent to the Viaduct Harbour.
  • Ponsonby – a suburb to the west of central Auckland, known for its range of independent cafes, restaurants, shops and extensive collection of Victorian and Edwardian housing.
  • Queen Street – the main commercial thoroughfare of the CBD, running from Karangahape Road downhill to the harbour.
  • Rainbow's End – an amusement park with over 20 rides and attractions located adjacent to the Manukau CBD.
  • St Patrick's Cathedral – the Catholic Cathedral of Auckland. It is a 19th-century Gothic building, which was renovated from 2003 to 2007 for refurbishment and structural support.
  • Sky Tower – the tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere. It is 328 m (1,076 ft).
  • Spark Arena – events centre in central Auckland completed in 2007. Holding 12,000 people, it is used for sporting events and concerts.
  • Viaduct Harbour – formerly an industrial harbour, the basin was re-developed as a marina and residential area in the 1990s. It served as a base for the America's Cup regattas in 2000 and 2003.
Natural landmarks
  • Auckland Domain – built atop the tuff ring of the Pukekawa volcano in 1843, the domain is the oldest and one of the largest parks in the city. Located at the intersection of the suburbs of Parnell, Newmarket, and Grafton, it is close to the CBD and offers a clear view of the harbour and of Rangitoto Island. Auckland War Memorial Museum is located at the highest point in the park.
  • Maungawhau / Mount Eden – a volcanic cone with a grassy crater. The highest natural point on the Auckland isthmus, it offers 360-degree views of the city and is thus a popular tourist outlook.
  • Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill – a volcanic cone that dominates the skyline of the southern inner suburbs. It no longer has a tree on the summit (after a politically motivated attack on the erstwhile tree) but is crowned by an obelisk.
  • Rangitoto Island – an island which guards the entrance to Waitematā Harbour and forms a prominent feature on the eastern horizon. The island was formed by a volcanic eruption approximately 600 years ago, making it both the youngest and the largest volcano in the Auckland Volcanic Field. The island reaches a height of 260 m, and offers panoramic views across Auckland.
  • Takarunga / Mount Victoria and Maungauika (North Head) – nearby volcanic cones in Devonport, both of which offer views of the Waitematā Harbour and CBD. Both hills were fortified[why?] with artillery and bunkers in the late 19th century and were maintained as coastal defences until the 1950s.
  • Tiritiri Matangi Island - an island in the Hauraki Gulf located 30 km (19 mi) northeast of the Auckland CBD. The island is an open nature-reserve which is managed under the supervision of the Department of Conservation. It is specifically noted for its bird life, including takahē, North Island kōkako and kiwi.
  • Waiheke Island – the second-largest island in the Hauraki Gulf, located 21.5 km (13.4 mi) east of the Auckland CBD. It is known for its beaches, forests, vineyards and olive groves.
  • The Waitākere Ranges, a range of hills approximately 25 km (16 mi) west of the CBD. The hills run from north to south along the west coast of the North Island for approximately 25 km (16 mi), and rise to a peak of 474 metres (1,555 ft). A significant portion of the hills lie within a regional park, which includes numerous bush-walking tracks. Coastal cliffs rise to 300 metres (980 ft), intermittently broken up by beaches; popular surf beaches in the area include Piha, Muriwai, Te Henga (Bethells Beach) and Karekare.

Cultural references[edit]

  • Advocates of the city sometimes like to quote Rudyard Kipling's invocation its remoteness: "Last, loneliest, loveliest, exquisite, apart", from his poem "The Song of the Cities" (1893).[175]

Notable people[edit]

Sister cities[edit]

Auckland Council maintains relationships with the following cities.[177]

Sister cities[edit]

Friendship and Cooperation cities[edit]

See also[edit]

  • Jafa, a slang term for Aucklander

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Mainland China, not including Hong Kong

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Ihaka, James (13 October 2006). "Punters love City of Sails - National - NZ Herald News". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  2. ^ Rawlings-Way, Charles; Atkinson, Brett (2010). New Zealand (15th ed.). Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet. p. 125. ISBN 978-1742203645. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  3. ^ "Population density: are we talking about the same thing?" (PDF). Monitoring Research Quarterly. 4 (1): 4. March 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
  5. ^ "Quarterly Economic Monitor | Auckland | Gross domestic product". Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  6. ^ Deverson, Tony; Kennedy, Graeme, eds. (2005). "Auckland". The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-558451-6. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  7. ^ "New Zealand's population reflects growing diversity | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  8. ^ Peacock, Alice (17 January 2016). "Auckland a melting pot - ranked world's fourth most cosmopolitan city". Stuff. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  9. ^ a b "Auckland and around". Rough Guide to New Zealand, Fifth Edition. Archived from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
  10. ^ "About Auckland". The Auckland Plan 2050. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  11. ^ Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1867). New Zealand. p. 243. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
  12. ^ Margaret McClure, Auckland region, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/auckland-region Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Council, Auckland. "Our cultural heritage". Auckland Council. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  14. ^ Isaac, Claire (12 August 2018). "72 hours immersed in Auckland's art scene". Traveller. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  15. ^ "Tallest building in southern hemisphere approved". ABC News. 18 March 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  16. ^ "Auckland among world's most expensive cities". The New Zealand Herald. 31 December 2016. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  17. ^ "Global Liveability Index 2021". The Economist. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  18. ^ "Best UK cities revealed in Mercer's quality of life rankings for 2019". Evening Standard. 13 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  19. ^ "Quality of Living City Ranking". Mercer. 2019. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  20. ^ Mackintosh, Lucy (2021). Shifting Grounds: Deep Histories of Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland. Bridget Williams Books. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-988587-33-2.
  21. ^ a b Taonui, Rāwiri (8 February 2005). "The tribes of Tāmaki". Te Ara. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  22. ^ Te Ākitai Waiohua (24 August 2010). "CULTURAL VALUES ASSESSMENT BY TE ĀKITAI WAIOHUA for MATUKUTŪREIA QUARRY PRIVATE PLAN CHANGE" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 4 February 2021.[permanent dead link]
  23. ^ "ca 1720". Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  24. ^ Fox, Aileen (1977). "Pa of the Auckland Isthmus: An Archaeological Analysis". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 14: 1–24. ISSN 0067-0464.
  25. ^ Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1867). New Zealand. p. 243. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
  26. ^ Sarah Bulmer. "City without a state? Urbanisation in pre-European Taamaki-makau-rau (Auckland, New Zealand)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
  27. ^ "Ngāti Whātua – European contact". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
  28. ^ Michael King (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Auckland, N.Z.: Penguin Books. p. 135. ISBN 0-14-301867-1.
  29. ^ "Āpihai Te Kawau". New Zealand History. NZ Government. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  30. ^ "Apihai Te Kawau". Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  31. ^ "Cultural Values Assessment in Support of the Notices of Requirement for the Proposed City Rail Link Project" (PDF). Auckland Transport. pp. 14–16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  32. ^ "Tāmaki Herenga Waka: Stories of Auckland". Flickr. Auckland Museum. 18 April 2021. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  33. ^ Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Orakei Claim (PDF) (Report) (1991 ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: The Waitangi Tribunal. November 1987. p. 23. ISBN 0-86472-084-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  34. ^ "Statement of evidence of Ngarimu Alan Huiroa Blair on behalf of the plaintiff" (PDF). ngatiwhatuaorakei.com. 2 June 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  35. ^ Social and Economic Research and Monitoring team (2010). Brief history of Auckland's urban form. Auckland Regional Council. ISBN 978-1-877540-57-8.
  36. ^ Stone, R. C. J. (2001). From Tamaki-makau-rau to Auckland. Auckland University Press. ISBN 1869402596.
  37. ^ McKinnon, Malcolm (ed.). "Colonial and provincial government - Julius Vogel and the abolition of provincial government". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  38. ^ "The long lost diorama of Auckland which reveals the city of 1939". thespinoff.co.nz. 25 March 2018. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  39. ^ "Slide to war - The Treaty in practice | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". Nzhistory.net.nz. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  40. ^ a b O'Malley, Vincent (6 December 2016). "'The great war for NZ broke out less than 50 km from Queen St': Vincent O'Malley on the Waikato War and the making of Auckland (". Spinoff. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  41. ^ "The transport plan that changed Auckland - Greater Auckland". Greater Auckland. 1 August 2011. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
  42. ^ Plan 2050, Auckland. "What Manakau will look like in the future". aucklandcouncil.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  43. ^ a b "Auckland Region – Driving the Economy: 1980s Onwards". Te Ara, Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  44. ^ "Auckland Now Archived 8 July 2012 at archive.today". Royal Commission on Auckland Governance.
  45. ^ a b "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  46. ^ "Functional urban areas – methodology and classification | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  47. ^ McClure, Margaret (6 December 2007). "Auckland region - Landforms". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  48. ^ a b McClure, Margaret (6 December 2007). "Auckland places - Auckland central business district". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  49. ^ "Auckland's CBD at a glance". Auckland City Council. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  50. ^ Furey, Louise (1986). "The Excavation of Westfield (R11/898), South Auckland". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 23: 1–24. ISSN 0067-0464.
  51. ^ Te Kawerau ā Maki; The Trustees of Te Kawerau Iwi Settlement Trust; The Crown (22 February 2014). "Te Kawerau ā Maki Deed of Settlement Schedule" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  52. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (11 October 2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  53. ^ "Overview of New Zealand Climate—Northern New Zealand". National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. 28 February 2007. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  54. ^ "Climate Summary Table". MetService. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  55. ^ "Auckland Climate" (PDF). National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  56. ^ Brenstrum, Erick (June 2003). "Snowstorms" (PDF). Tephra. Ministry of Civil Defence. 20: 40–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  57. ^ "The snows of '39". New Zealand Geographic. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  58. ^ Brenstrum, Erick (November 2011). "Snowed in". New Zealand Geographic. Kowhai Publishing (112): 26–27.
  59. ^ Wade, Amelia (15 August 2011). "Snow falls in Auckland for first time in decades". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  60. ^ "Snow in Auckland? It happened at this time 7 years ago". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  61. ^ Chappell, P.R. The Climate and Weather of Auckland (PDF) (2 ed.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  62. ^ "Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Auckland". Weather Spark. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  63. ^ Chappell, P.R. The Climate and Weather of Auckland (PDF) (2 ed.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  64. ^ Chappell, P.R. The Climate and Weather of Auckland (PDF) (2 ed.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  65. ^ Auckland, the Capital of New ZealandSwainson, William, Smith Elder, 1853
  66. ^ Chappell, P.R. The Climate and Weather of Auckland (PDF) (2 ed.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  67. ^ "Air pollutants – Fine particles (PM10 and PM2.5)". Auckland Regional Council. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  68. ^ "Air pollutants – Carbon monoxide (CO)". Auckland Regional Council. Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  69. ^ "Auckland's air quality". Auckland Regional Council. Archived from the original on 15 April 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  70. ^ "Auckland 1981–2010 averages". NIWA. 28 February 2007. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  71. ^ "CliFLO – National Climate Database". NIWA. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  72. ^ "MetService Auckland historical averages". Metservice. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  73. ^ "93110: Auckland Aerodrome Aws (New Zealand)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 19 April 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  74. ^ "93110: Auckland Aerodrome Aws (New Zealand)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 20 August 2022. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  75. ^ a b c d Hopkins, J.L; Smid, E.R; Eccles, J.D; Hayes, J.L; Hayward, B.W; McGee, L.E; van Wijk, K; Wilson, T.M; Cronin, S.J; Leonard, G.S; Lindsay, J.M; Németh, K; Smith, I.E.M (2020). "Auckland Volcanic Field magmatism, volcanism, and hazard: a review". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 64 (2–3): 213–234. doi:10.1080/00288306.2020.1736102. S2CID 216443777. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  76. ^ a b c d Hayward, B.W (2019). Volcanoes of Auckland: A field guide. Auckland: Auckland University Press. p. 344. ISBN 9781869409012. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  77. ^ a b c "Age and sex by ethnic group (grouped total response), for census usually resident population counts, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (urban rural areas)". nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  78. ^ "Birthplace (detailed), for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB)". nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  79. ^ Residence in New Zealand Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Page 8, from the Immigration New Zealand website. Accessed 18 January 2008.)
  80. ^ "New Zealand's population is drifting north – Population mythbusters". Statistics New Zealand. 22 June 2012. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  81. ^ Jacobson, Adam (21 October 2021). "Covid-19 blamed for Auckland's population declining for the first time". Stuff. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  82. ^ "Regional population growth slows | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  83. ^ a b c "2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – data tables". Statistics New Zealand. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  84. ^ a b "Birthplace (detailed), for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB)". nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  85. ^ Peacock, Alice (17 January 2016). "Auckland a melting pot - ranked world's fourth most cosmopolitan city". Stuff. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  86. ^ "What we look like locally" (PDF). Statistics New Zealand. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2007.
  87. ^ "Auckland Hebrew Community ~ Introduction page". Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  88. ^ a b "Auckland's growing population". OurAuckland. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  89. ^ a b c Executive Summary Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine (from the Auckland Regional Growth Strategy document, ARC, November 1999. Retrieved 14 October 2007.)
  90. ^ Mapping Trends in the Auckland Region Archived 13 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine Statistics New Zealand, 2010. Retrieved 2010)
  91. ^ "Mapping Trends in the Auckland Region". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 20 February 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
  92. ^ "Auckland's future unveiled". The New Zealand Herald. 27 July 2016. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  93. ^ "Auckland Council – History in the Making". Our Auckland. Auckland Council. March 2011. p. 5.
  94. ^ Central Transit Corridor Project Archived 22 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Auckland City website, includes mention of effects of transport on public satisfaction)
  95. ^ "Crime and safety profile – 2003". Auckland City Council. Archived from the original on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
  96. ^ Quality of Living global city rankings 2009 Archived 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine (Mercer Management Consulting. Retrieved 2 May 2009).
  97. ^ a b Eames, David (26 January 2006). "Passion for boating runs deep in Auckland". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  98. ^ "The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Part 2". Inset to The New Zealand Herald. 2 March 2010. p. 4.
  99. ^ "Auckland joins UNESCO Creative Cities network". OurAuckland. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  100. ^ "Julian and Josie Robertson Collection". Auckland Art Gallery. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  101. ^ Harbour Crossing Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine (from the Auckland City Council website. Retrieved 24 October 2007.)
  102. ^ "Ports of Auckland Round the Bays (Official)". Archived from the original on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  103. ^ What's Doing In; Auckland Archived 24 January 2009 at the Wayback MachineThe New York Times, 25 November 1990
  104. ^ "Eden Park to host Final and semi-finals". 22 February 2008. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008.
  105. ^ "ITU World Championship Series Grand Final". Triathlon New Zealand. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  106. ^ "Glowing report on World Masters Games". The New Zealand Herald. 30 April 2017. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  107. ^ "Legislation that protects our heritage". Auckland Council. 8 August 2019. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  108. ^ Auckland's CBD at a glance Archived 24 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine (CBD website of the Auckland City Council)
  109. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2018". www.lboro.ac.uk. GaWC. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  110. ^ "2013 Census QuickStats about work and unpaid activities". Statistics New Zealand. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  111. ^ "New Zealand's regional economies,2020". Statistics NZ. 2020. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  112. ^ "Regional Gross Domestic Product". Statistics New Zealand. 2016. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  113. ^ Comparison of New Zealand's cities Archived 23 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (from ENZ emigration consulting)
  114. ^ a b c "Residential Land Supply Reports". Department of Building and Housing. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  115. ^ "Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey" (PDF). Demographia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  116. ^ "NZ house prices are among the most unaffordable in the world: survey". Stuff. 21 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  117. ^ "Monthly Property Report" (PDF). REINZ. 13 September 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  118. ^ Brockett, Matthew (11 August 2013). "Auckland's New York House Prices Prompt Lending Curbs: Mortgages". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  119. ^ "Unitary Plan Key Topics: Historic Heritage and Special Character" (PDF). Auckland Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  120. ^ Section 7.6.1.2 – Strategy Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine (from the Auckland City Council District Plan – Isthmus Section)
  121. ^ "Special Housing Areas". www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  122. ^ "Embracing higher density housing is a positive sign that Auckland is growing up :: Kāinga Ora – Homes and Communities". kaingaora.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  123. ^ a b Muhammad, Imran. "Future NZ: Better public transport, the only viable future". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  124. ^ "🏡 Auckland House Prices [2022] | Auckland Property Market". Opes. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  125. ^ Bell, Miriam (10 August 2022). "Auckland prices down $200k from peak, another 'soggy month' for market". Stuff. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  126. ^ "House prices drop $40,000 in just a month: First-home buyer demand returns". NZ Herald. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  127. ^ "House prices now dropping rapidly as correction kicks in - Good Returns". www.goodreturns.co.nz. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  128. ^ "NZ property: House prices continue to slide, Auckland and Wellington leading the charge downwards". Newshub. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  129. ^ "Governance manual - What is Auckland Council". Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  130. ^ Auckland governance inquiry welcomed Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback MachineNZPA, via 'stuff.co.nz', Tuesday 31 July 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
  131. ^ Royal Commission of inquiry for Auckland welcomed Archived 29 December 2007 at the Wayback MachineNZPA, via 'infonews.co.nz', Tuesday 31 July 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2007
  132. ^ Minister Releases Report Of Royal Commission Archived 30 March 2009 at the Wayback MachineScoop.co.nz, Friday 27 March 2009
  133. ^ Gay, Edward (7 April 2009). "'Super city' to be in place next year, Maori seats axed". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  134. ^ "Making Auckland Greater" (PDF). The New Zealand Herald. 7 April 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  135. ^ "Phil Goff elected Mayor of Auckland". 8 October 2016. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  136. ^ "New Zealand's three capitals". Waitangi. 26 July 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  137. ^ "Find my electorate". Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  138. ^ "Home Archived 11 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine." Government of the Pitcairn Islands. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  139. ^ Heritage Sites to Visit: Auckland City Archived 28 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
  140. ^ "Directory of Schools – as at 1 February 2012". Ministry of Education New Zealand. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  141. ^ Counts, Education. "Ministry of Education - Education Counts". www.educationcounts.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  142. ^ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  143. ^ "Search Results Institution". Study with New Zealand. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  144. ^ Survey of English Language Providers – Year ended March 2006 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (from Statistics New Zealand. Auckland is assumed to follow national pattern)
  145. ^ English Language Schools in New Zealand – Auckland Archived 1 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine (list linked from the Immigration New Zealand website)
  146. ^ a b "Map List | Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency". www.nzta.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  147. ^ "The history of the Auckland Harbour Bridge". The New Zealand Herald. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  148. ^ Fonseka, Dileepa (6 June 2018). "Spaghetti junction stadium: Is motorway jungle best fit for Auckland?". Stuff. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  149. ^ a b Auckland Transport Plan – June 2007 (PDF). Auckland Regional Transport Authority. 2007. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
  150. ^ a b "MBR June 2010.pdf" (PDF). ARTA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  151. ^ "Subnational population estimates tables". Stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  152. ^ "Auckland's Transport Challenges" (PDF). ARTA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2010. (from the Draft 2009/10-2011/12 Auckland Regional Land Transport Programme), Page 8, ARTA, March 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
  153. ^ "Welcome to our traffic nightmare". The New Zealand Herald. 29 July 2007.
  154. ^ "New Network Project". Auckland Transport. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  155. ^ "Scenic Journeys – Northern Explorer". KiwiRail. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  156. ^ "Auckland Transport Plan landmark for transport sector". ARTA. 11 August 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
  157. ^ "Electric Trains". Auckland Transport. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  158. ^ "Tauranga City - the place to do business!". Tauriko Business Estate. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012.
  159. ^ Auckland Airport, http://www.aucklandairport.co.nz/ Archived 20 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  160. ^ "Auckland offering more flights than ever to international destinations". Stuff.co.nz. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  161. ^ Backtracking Auckland: Bureaucratic rationality and public preferences in transport planning Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine – Mees, Paul; Dodson, Jago; Urban Research Program Issues Paper 5, Griffith University, April 2006
  162. ^ US Urban Personal Vehicle & Public Transport Market Share from 1900 Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine (from publicpurpose.com, a website of the Wendell Cox Consultancy)
  163. ^ Sustainable Transport Archived 8 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine North Shore City Council website
  164. ^ Big steps to change City of Cars Archived 6 April 2012 at the Wayback MachineThe New Zealand Herald, Friday 24 October 2008
  165. ^ "Auckland Council vote 'yes' on SkyPath". 21 July 2016. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  166. ^ "SkyPath over Auckland Harbour Bridge gets green light". Radio New Zealand. 16 December 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  167. ^ "About our network". www.vector.co.nz. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  168. ^ "Our Operations". Counties Energy. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  169. ^ Field, Michael; Walters, Laura (6 October 2014). "Auckland's history of power cuts". Stuff. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  170. ^ Johnston, Martin (16 April 2018). "A crisis recalled: The power cuts that plunged the Auckland CBD in darkness for five weeks". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  171. ^ "Forklift sparks blackout for thousands". Television New Zealand. 30 October 2009. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  172. ^ "The New Zealand Gas Story". Gas Industry Company. December 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  173. ^ Auckland Visitor Plan 2021. Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development. 2021. pp. https://www.aucklandnz.com/sites/build_auckland/files/media-library/documents/Auckland_Visitor_Plan_2021_-_September_2015_1.pdf.
  174. ^ "Venue allocation options a challenge". Official RWC 2011 Site. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
  175. ^ Newsom, Margaret (September 1972). "Rudyard Kipling in New Zealand". Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021. The remark in the present Shell Guide to New Zealand, that 'there is still no poet as quotable about Auckland as Kipling,' seems correct. Without any prompting, I heard the first line of that verse - which is still true - three times in Auckland last year. (1971)
  176. ^ Cowan, M. E., ed. (2003). "A Heinlein Concordance". The Heinlein Society. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  177. ^ "Our international relations strategy". Auckland Council. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  178. ^ "Sister Cities of Guangzhou". Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2015.

External links[edit]