Bacon in fabliaux

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In fabliaux, bacon is one of the most commonly consumed foodstuffs, alongside capons and geese, cakes, bread, and wine.[1]

Du provost a l'aumuche[edit]

In some tales, bacon, and similarly pork and lard, are associated with corrupt clergymen, as symbolisms for gluttony, greed, and lust.[1] For example, in Du provost d l'aumuche a provost hides some bacon that he has stolen from a feast prepared for his master under his hat (the "aumuche" of the title, a large fur hat) but is caught and beaten after the bacon fat, melted by a nearby fire, starts to drip down his head.[2] This parallels Galbert of Bruges's tale of the Murder of Charles the Good.[3]

Du provost a l'aumuche is 132 lines long, and tells the tale of a rich knight who having left his provost, a "low fellow and a rascal" named Gervais, in charge when he went on a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, returns home and sends word ahead to the provost to have a feast prepared.[4] The provost arrives at the feast early, and spying a piece of salt pork in a shared dish, steals it and hides it in his aumuche while the person with whom he is sharing the dish has his back turned to talk to someone else.[4] Placing the aumuche on his head, all is well until a fire behind him is stoked by a servant, at which point the fat melts and begins dripping down him.[4] The theft is discovered when a server, inconvenienced by the hat, removes it from the provost's head, whereupon the pork falls out, and the provost tries to escape from the feast, but is caught, violently beaten, and then thrown out.[4]

Several items are parallel to Galbert's tale, which likewise features a provost named Bertulf with an aumuche, such as the name "Erembaut Brache-huche" the fabliau provost's father, the high status and high regard of their masters, the masters both going on pilgrimages, and the provosts being motivated by greed for food (fabliau) or for power (Murder).[5] A final parallel is the fates of both provosts, Gervais being violently punished as aforementioned, and Bertulf stripped, dragged around, pelted with mud and stones, and then hanged naked at Ypres, where he was assaulted by a mob with hooks and clubs.[6] Gervais is pelted with hot coals by cooks, assaulted by the crowd of servants at the feast, and dragged outside and thrown in a ditch with a dead dog, which parallels the Mediaeval practice of hanging with dogs.[7]

De Haimet et de Barat et Travers[edit]

In De Haimet et de Barat et Travers, two thieves, the eponymous brothers Haimet and Barat, and a peasant farcically steal and steal back, repeatedly, a piece of bacon.[8]

The peasant Travers is warned by his wife that she believes misfortune is coming their way, and hides a piece of bacon that he knows the brother thieves (who in the prologue to the tale have had a thieving competition, Haimet stealing the eggs out of a bird's nest in a tree and Barat stealing his trousers from him whilst he is doing it) have their eyes upon.[8] Nonetheless, the brothers manage to steal the bacon, but while they are cooking it on a fire in the forest, Travers steals it back, scaring them away by pretending to be a ghost.[8] The tale then proceeds to recount the bacon being stolen back and forth between the two parties.[8]

In this fabliau, the word "bacon" denotes pork products in a general fashion, just as colloquially in Modern French "cochon" can denote both the animal per se and "a bit of pig", its preserved meat.[9]

Priests instead of stolen bacon[edit]

In two tales of circulating bodies, Du Segretain Moine and Du Prestre qu'on porte, dead priests end up substituted for stolen bacon.[10]

In the first, the body of a priest killed by a watchful husband is hidden in the latrine of a monastery, dutifully returned by the prior, hidden again by the husband this time in a farmer's manure pile in a sack used by thieves for stolen bacon, retrieved by the thieves thinking that it is their bacon, returned by them to where they stole the bacon from, and finally strapped to a horse and sent to the monastery by the bacon's original owner, a farmer named Thibault.[10][11] The horse, which stumbles on its way to the monastery, finally gets the blame for the priest's death.[10][11]

In the second, the body circulates from the doorstep of a neighbour, to a horse, to the house of a peasant, to a sack, and into the hands of thieves who have stolen some bacon.[10][12] Thieves place it where the bacon was, from where it is removed by a tavernkeeper, put in the linen chest of a bishop, and thence placed in the bishop's bed whilst he is asleep by a prior.[10][12] In fright when he awakes to find it there, the bishop strikes the body, and assuming that he killed the priest quietly finally buries the body.[10][12]

Figurative bacon[edit]

In Le Meunier et les ii Clers "bacon" figuratively means a young woman in a sexual sense, as one of the characters encourages his companion to take his "share" of a young woman that he has just himself had sex with.[9] This is a sense for the word that Geoffrey Chaucer, who would have been familiar with the usage (not least because Le Meunier et les ii Clers is a clear precursor of his "Reeve's Tale"), also uses in his "Wife of Bath's Tale".[13][14]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Gordon 2007, p. 4.
  2. ^ Stearns Schenck 1987, p. 29.
  3. ^ Cooper & Edsall 2009, p. 232.
  4. ^ a b c d Cooper & Edsall 2009, p. 229.
  5. ^ Cooper & Edsall 2009, pp. 229, 232.
  6. ^ Cooper & Edsall 2009, p. 234.
  7. ^ Cooper & Edsall 2009, pp. 235–236.
  8. ^ a b c d Levy 2000, pp. 43–44.
  9. ^ a b Nardin 1980, p. 17.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Bloch 1986, p. 66.
  11. ^ a b Foster 1845, p. 221.
  12. ^ a b c Foster 1845, p. 222.
  13. ^ Calin 1994, p. 481.
  14. ^ Beidler & Biebel 1998, p. 188.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Gordon, Sarah (2007). "Much ado about bacon: the old French fabliaux". Culinary Comedy in Medieval French Literature. Purdue studies in Romance literatures. Vol. 37. Purdue University Press. ISBN 9781557534309.
  • Cooper, Lisa H.; Edsall, Mary Agnes (2009). "History as fabliau and fabliau as history". In Rider, Jeff; Murray, Alan V. (eds.). Galbert of Bruges and the Historiography of Medieval Flanders. CUA Press. ISBN 9780813217192.
  • Stearns Schenck, Mary Jane (1987). The Fabliaux: Tales of Wit and Deception. Purdue University Monographs in Romance Languages. Vol. 24. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027278876.
  • Levy, Brian Joseph (2000). The Comic Text: Patterns and Images in the Old French Fabliaux. Faux titre: études de langue et littérature françaises. Vol. 186. Rodopi. ISBN 9789042004290. ISSN 0167-9392.
  • Bloch, R. Howard (1986). The Scandal of the Fabliaux. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226059754.
  • Foster, Theodore, ed. (1845). "Gesta Romanorum herausgegben von Adelbert Keller". The Foreign Quarterly Review. Vol. 34–35. New York: Leonard Scott.
  • Nardin, Pierre (1980). "bacon". Lexique comparé des fabliaux de Jean Bedel. Slatkine. ISBN 9782051001519.
  • Calin, William (1994). The French Tradition and the Literature of Medieval England. University of Toronto Romance Series. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442655256.
  • Chaucer, Geoffrey (1998). Beidler, Peter G.; Biebel, Elizabeth M. (eds.). Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale: An Annotated Bibliography, 1900 to 1995. Chaucer bibliographies. Vol. 6. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802043665.

Further reading[edit]

  • Rex, Richard (1985). "Old French Bacon and the Wife of Bath". MSE. 10: 132–137.
  • Mole, Gary D. (2002). "Du bacon et de la femme. Pour une relecture de Barat et Haimet de Jean Bodel". Neophilologus (in French). 86 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1023/A:1012907729532. S2CID 160989580.
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