Bayuda volcanic field

Coordinates: 18°20′N 32°45′E / 18.33°N 32.75°E / 18.33; 32.75
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Bayuda volcanic field
The volcanic field from space
Highest point
Elevation670 m (2,200 ft)[1]
Coordinates18°20′N 32°45′E / 18.33°N 32.75°E / 18.33; 32.75[1]
Geography
Bayuda volcanic field is located in Sudan
Bayuda volcanic field
Bayuda volcanic field
Geology
Last eruption1,102 ± 48 years ago

Bayuda volcanic field (also spelled Bayiuda[1]) is a volcanic field in Sudan, within the Bayuda Desert. It covers a surface of about 11 by 48 kilometres (6.8 mi × 29.8 mi) and consists of a number of cinder cones as well as some maars and explosion craters. These vents have erupted 'A'ā lava flows.

The field rises above a Precambrian-Paleozoic basement that may be a domal uplift. There is little known about the occurrence of volcanic eruptions, but the last eruption has been dated to 1,102 ± 48 years before present.

Geography and geomorphology[edit]

The volcanic field is located in the Bayuda Desert within the great bend of the Nile,[1] 300 kilometres (190 mi) north of Khartoum.[2] It lies 80 kilometres (50 mi) away from Merowe; there are wells at Abu Khorit and Sani[3] north of the volcanic field.[4] The field was discovered by aerial photography in 1920.[3] Numerous Middle Stone Age and Paleolithic archeological sites are found in the field.[5]

Bayuda is an elongated volcanic field[1] with fresh volcanic features[3] extending over an area of 11 by 48 kilometres (6.8 mi × 29.8 mi) in northwesterly direction. Within this area, a number of volcanic vents within a narrow space have formed a continuous volcanic surface.[6] Some individual lava fields cover over 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) of surface,[7] but surfaces of about 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) are more typical.[8] There are usually only a few flows per vent, although they often have lobate structures. The surface of the lava flows has varying textures and often contains hills or ridges,[9] generally corresponding to aa lava.[10] Some flows reach lengths of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi)[11] and thicknesses of 30 metres (98 ft). The flows are often covered by ridges and hillocks.[12]

Cinder cones make up the bulk of the field,[1] of which there are about one hundred.[13] Usually the cones reach heights of over 400 metres (1,300 ft)[8] and are formed by volcanic ash, lapilli, lava bombs and scoria.[14] Many of these aside from pyroclastics also erupted lava flows[6] which then broke the crater rims.[1] Explosion craters[1] and sporadic maars are also found,[2] they are surrounded by tephra deposits which form low rims of pyroclastic material[15] and which also cover neighbouring volcanoes.[4] Individual vents form two separate alignments.[11]

Hosh ed Salam ("dark enclosure"[16]) crater is 500 metres (1,600 ft) deep and 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) wide,[1] other craters are Jebel Hebeish and El Muweilih which have formed shallow rises above the surrounding terrain and have cut into the basement rocks.[10] El Muweilih contains a salt lake after which it is named and which was used as a source of salt,[7] while Jebel El Abour contains a secondary cone. The Sergein hills and Jebel Azrub are composite volcanoes.[6] Angalafib, Goan and Jebel El Abour are also quite high.[7]

Lava and scoria from Bayuda

Pumice blocks from the field were found in Wadi Abu Dom,[3] and scoria downstream in the Nile.[16] Tephra identified in deposits on Mograt Island in the Nile most likely comes from this volcanic field.[17] The volcanic field is a potential site for geothermal power development, with temperatures underground of about 200 °C (392 °F).[18]

Geology[edit]

Volcanic activity has been taking place in Sudan since the Cretaceous, with most recent manifestations documented in the Bayuda volcanic field, Marra Mountains and Meidob volcanic field[3] both in Darfur,[19] and elsewhere in the form of small basaltic outcrops.[20] Bayuda is a small volcanic field in comparison to other African volcanic fields.[4] Volcanism at Bayuda may be associated with the Central African Shear Zone[21] and of Precambrian faults,[22] perhaps together with a mantle plume.[23] The area features four more volcanic fields, the "Northern Field" northeast, the Abu Rugheiwa field southeast and Shaq Umm Bosh and Muqqodom southwest of Bayuda.[24]

The basement consists of granites of Precambrian and Paleozoic age[1] that belong to the Bayuda terrane,[2] which together with gneisses form a gentle pediplain away from rougher landscape along the Nile.[25] Later on during the Cretaceous the Nubian Formation was laid down and there are hints of a domal uplift in the Bayuda area,[3] which probably predates the onset of volcanism and may have influenced the course of the Nile.[25] The existence of such a dome has been questioned, however.[26]

Composition[edit]

Bayuda has erupted basaltic rocks,[6] with most collected rocks belonging to an alkali basalt suite[27] although basanite, melabasanite, hawaiite and trachybasalt have been identified as well.[2][28] Phenocrysts include clinopyroxene and olivine.[27] Various xenoliths have been found, including garnet-containing clinopyroxenite, harzburgite, garnet hornblendite, amphibole-containing peridotite, olivine and spinel pyroxenite and websterite.[29]

In general the composition resembles that of other Sudanese-Egyptian volcanoes,[2] about two different magma families have been identified which originate from disparate mantle domains.[11] Crystal fractionation of clinopyroxene, olivine and spinels took part in the formation of the magmas.[30] The total volume of the volcanic rocks is about 18 cubic kilometres (4.3 cu mi),[31] the rocks reach thicknesses of about 200 metres (660 ft) maximally.[4]

Eruptive history[edit]

Volcanic activity has been dated to 1.7 - 0.9 million years ago,[32] but it continued after the end of the latest wet period 5,000 years ago[1] as indicated by the uneroded state of some of the volcanoes[4] such as Hosh ed Salam.[33] The presence of maars and volcanoes with signs of phreatomagmatic activity may indicate activity during pluvials.[34] Volcanism at Bayuda commenced with isolated volcanoes. After a while, new edifices were constructed atop the older ones, influencing the morphology of the new volcanoes.[31]

The most recent lava flow was dated to less than 1,100 years before present,[1] with radiocarbon dating producing an age of 1,102 ± 48 years before present.[8] Aside from this date, however, there is little information on the timing of recent volcanic activity in the Bayuda volcanic field.[34]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Bayuda Volcanic Field". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  2. ^ a b c d e Lenhardt et al. 2018, p. 2.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Almond, Ahmed & Khalil 1969, p. 550.
  4. ^ a b c d e Almond 1974, p. 346.
  5. ^ Masojć, Mirosław; Kusiak, Jarosław; Standzikowski, Karol; Paner, Henryk; Kuc, Michał; Parafiniuk, Mirosław; Szmit, Marcin (1 December 2017). "OSL/IRSL estimation for Nubian Complex Middle Stone Age settlement from Bayuda Desert in Sudan". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 16: 392. Bibcode:2017JArSR..16..391M. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.026. ISSN 2352-409X.
  6. ^ a b c d Almond, Ahmed & Khalil 1969, p. 557.
  7. ^ a b c Almond, Ahmed & Khalil 1969, p. 561.
  8. ^ a b c Almond, Kheir & Poole 1984, p. 235.
  9. ^ Almond, Ahmed & Khalil 1969, p. 558.
  10. ^ a b Almond, Ahmed & Khalil 1969, p. 559.
  11. ^ a b c Klitzsch & Thorweihe 1999, p. 129.
  12. ^ Lötter et al. 2022, p. 3.
  13. ^ Almond, Ahmed & Khalil 1969, p. 556.
  14. ^ Lenhardt et al. 2018, p. 4.
  15. ^ Lenhardt et al. 2018, p. 7.
  16. ^ a b Grabham 1920, p. 134.
  17. ^ Dittrich, Annett; Neogi, Sayantani (27 January 2017). "Holocene Lake and Shallow Water Sediments at Mograt Island, Sudan". Studia Quaternaria. 34 (1): 17. doi:10.1515/squa-2017-0001.
  18. ^ Khadam, A. M. A.; Ramadan, K.; Hamouda, E. A. (August 2018). "Geothermal Mainstream Adoption through Risk Mitigation in Sudan". 2018 International Conference on Computer, Control, Electrical, and Electronics Engineering (ICCCEEE). pp. 1–11. doi:10.1109/ICCCEEE.2018.8515898. ISBN 978-1-5386-4123-1. S2CID 53635777.
  19. ^ Grabham 1920, p. 135.
  20. ^ Almond, Kheir & Poole 1984, p. 233.
  21. ^ Pachur & Altmann 2006, p. 266.
  22. ^ Pachur & Altmann 2006, p. 97.
  23. ^ Klitzsch & Thorweihe 1999, p. 109.
  24. ^ Lötter et al. 2022, p. 2.
  25. ^ a b Almond, Ahmed & Khalil 1969, p. 551.
  26. ^ Almond, Kheir & Poole 1984, p. 242.
  27. ^ a b Almond, Ahmed & Khalil 1969, p. 564.
  28. ^ Almond 1974, p. 350.
  29. ^ Klitzsch & Thorweihe 1999, p. 132.
  30. ^ Lötter et al. 2022, p. 18.
  31. ^ a b Almond, Ahmed & Khalil 1969, p. 563.
  32. ^ Almond, Kheir & Poole 1984, p. 234.
  33. ^ Pachur & Altmann 2006, p. 398.
  34. ^ a b Lenhardt et al. 2018, p. 12.

Sources[edit]


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