Berom language
| Berom | |
|---|---|
| Birom | |
| Cèn Bèrom | |
| Native to | Nigeria |
| Region | Plateau State |
| Ethnicity | Berom people |
Native speakers | 1 million (2010)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bom |
| Glottolog | bero1242 |
| Berom[2] | |
|---|---|
| Person | Wòrom |
| People | Berom; Birom (Du dialect) |
| Language | Cèn Bèrom |
Berom or Birom (Cèn Bèrom) is the most widely spoken Plateau language in Nigeria. The language is locally numerically important and is consistently spoken by Berom of all ages in rural areas. However, the Berom are shifting to Hausa in cities.[3] The small Cen and Nincut dialects may be separate languages. Approximately 1 million (2010) people speak in this language.[3]
Berom is spoken in a large area extending from some precolonial settlements embedded within the Jos metropolitan area to the south of Jos city to Barkin Ladi and Riyom in Plateau State, Nigeria.[4] The Berom population distribution culminates at the edge of the Jos plateau in Sopp chiefdom of Riyom Local Government Area.
History[edit]
The Berom have a link to the Nok culture, a civilization that existed between 200 BCE to 1,000 CE.[5] Generally, the Berom speakers are identified to live in the core Jos Plateau and down the low plains of Kaduna State.[6]
Dialects[edit]
The Berom dialect clusters are:[4]
- Gyel–Kuru–Vwang
- Du–Foron
- Fan–Ropp–Rim–Riyom–Heikpang
- Bachit
- Gashish
- Rahoss-Tahoss
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
Eastern Berom consists of twenty-four consonant phonemes:[7]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio- velar |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | kp | ||
| voiced | b | d | g | gb | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | (ts) | tʃ | ||||
| voiced | dʒ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | ||
| voiced | v | z | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Rhotic | r | ||||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||
- /ts/ occurs in the Foron dialect.
- /p/ /b/, /m/ are bilabial, while /f/ and /v/ are labiodental.
- /tʃ/, /dʒ/, and /ʃ/ are palato-alveolar, while /ɲ/ and /j/ are palatal.
In Berom, approximants are found in the last position, for example, orthographic rou is /ròw/ and vei is /vèj/.
Vowels[edit]
This language consists of seven vowel phonemes:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Berom consists of three type of tones and four glide tones (Bouquiaux 1970). The glide tones are treated here as rising and falling tones. The tones are as follows:
/tút / = (to climb) for a high tone
/shɛl/ = (small) No tone mark is demonstrated for the Mid tone.
/bàsa/ = (to teach, read,) for a low tone
/nepâs/ = (new) for a falling tone
/sǎn/ = (empty) for a rising tone
Orthography[edit]
Berom orthography:[4]
a, b, c, d, e, ɛ, f, g, gb, h, i, j, k, kp, l, m, n, ng, o, ɔ, p, r, s, sh, t, ts, u, v, w, y, z
References[edit]
- ^ Berom at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- ^ a b "Berom". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
- ^ a b c Blench, Roger. 2021. Introduction to Berom: Reading and Writing Guide.
- ^ Mbamalu, Socrates (2017-02-16). "The Berom people of Nigeria". This is africa. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
- ^ Bouquiaux, L. 1970. La langue Birom (Nigéria septentrional) –phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe. Paris: Société d’édition Les Belles Lettres.
- ^ Blench, Roger M. (2006). "Plural Verb Morphology in Eastern Berom" (PDF). rogerblench.info. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
External links[edit]
| Authority control databases: National |
|---|
