Dagur language

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Dagur
Dagur, Daghur, Dahur, or Daur language
Даор Усуву

ᡩᠠᠣ‍ᠷ
ᡠᠰᡠᠸᡠ

Daor Usuwu (Hailar)
ᡩᠠᠸᡠᠷ
ᡴᡝᠯ

Dagur Kel (Qiqihar)
Pronunciation[daɔr usuɣu]
Native toChina, Mongolia
RegionChina: Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang Province, Xinjiang
EthnicityDaur
Native speakers
(China: 91,000 cited 1999)[1]
Latin script, Mongol script (Historically)
and Cyrillic script.[citation needed]
Language codes
ISO 639-3dta
Glottologdaur1238
ELPDagur
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Dagur, Daghur, Dahur, or Daur language, is a Mongolic language, as well as a distinct branch of the Mongolic language family,[2] and is primarily spoken by members of the Daur ethnic group.

There is no written standard in use, although a Pinyin-based orthography has been devised; instead the Dagur make use of Mongolian or Chinese, as most speakers know these languages as well.[3] During the time of the Qing dynasty, Dagur was written with the Manchu alphabet.[4]

Distribution[edit]

Dagur is a Mongolic language consisting of five dialects:[5]

Phonology[edit]

Dagur phonology is peculiar in that some of its dialects have developed a set of labialized consonants (e.g. /sʷar/ 'flea' vs. /sar/ 'moon'),[7] while it shares palatalized consonants[8] with most Mongolian dialects that have not been developed in the other Mongolic languages. It also has /f/, which is, however, limited to loan words.[9] Word-final short vowels were lost[10] and historically short vowels in non-initial syllables have lost phoneme status.[11] Dagur is the only Mongolic language to share this development with Mongolian (i.e. Mongolian proper, Oirat, Buryat). Due to the merger of /ɔ/ and /ʊ/ with /o/ and /u/, vowel harmony was lost.[12] According to Tsumagari (2003), vowel harmony is still a productive synchronic phonotactic aspect of Dagur in which initial syllable long vowels are divided into "masculine" (back), "feminine" (front), and neutral groups. Likewise, suffixal long vowels must agree in harmonic group with the root.

Vowels[edit]

Dagur vowels (Chuluu 1994)
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i u
Mid e ə əː ɔ ɔː
Open a

Consonants[edit]

Dagur consonants (Chuluu 1994)
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Velar
plain lab. pal. plain lab. pal. plain lab. plain lab. pal.
Stop/
Affricate
voiceless p t tʃʷ k
voiced b d dʒʷ ɡ ɡʲ
Fricative f s ʃ x
Nasal m n ŋ
Trill r
Lateral l
Semivowel j w

Writing system[edit]

[citation needed]
Letters Contextual forms Transliteration International Phonetic Alphabet
Initial Medial Final Latin Cyrillic
ᠠ‍ ‍ᠠ‍ ‍ᠠ

‍ᠠ᠋

a а /a/
ᠡ‍ ‍ᠡ‍ ‍ᠡ

‍ᠡ᠋

e э /ə/
ᠢ‍ ‍ᠢ‍ ‍ᠢ i и /i/
ᠣ‍ ‍ᠣ‍ ‍ᠣ o о /ɔ/
ᡠ‍ ‍ᡠ᠊᠋‍ ‍᠊ᡠ u у /u/
ᠨ‍ ‍ᠨ‍

‍ᠨ᠋‍

‍ᠨ

‍ᠨ᠎

n н /n/
‍ᠩ‍ ‍ᠩ ng нг /ŋ/
ᠪ‍ ‍ᠪ‍ ‍ᠪ b б /b/
ᡦ᠊ ᡦ᠊‍ ‍᠊ᡦ᠊‍ p п /p/
ᡥ᠊ ᡥ᠊‍

‍ᡭ᠊᠎

‍᠊ᡥ᠊

‍᠊ᡭ᠊᠎

h х /x/

‍ᠺ᠊᠎

‍ᠬ‍

‍᠊ᠺ᠊᠎

‍ᠬ k к /k/
ᡤ᠊ ᡤ᠊

‍ᡬ᠊᠋‍

‍ᡤ᠊‍

‍᠊ᡬ᠊᠋‍

‍‍ᠭ᠎ g г /g/
ᠮ‍ ‍ᠮ‍ ‍ᠮ m м /m/
ᠯ‍ ‍ᠯ‍ ‍ᠯ l л /l/
ᠰ‍ ‍ᠰ‍ ‍ᠰ s с /s/
ᡧ᠊ ᡧ᠊‍ ‍᠊ᡧ᠊‍ ‍᠊ᡧ x ш /ʃ/
ᠲ‍ ‍ᠲ‍ ‍ᠲ t т /t/
ᡩ᠊ ᡩ᠊‍ ‍᠊ᡩ᠊‍ ‍ᡩ᠊ d д /d/
ᠴ‍ ‍ᠴ‍ ‍‍ᠴ q ч /t͡ʃ/
ᠵ‍ ‍ᠵ‍ ‍‍ᠵ j ж /d͡ʒ/
ᠶ‍ ‍ᠶ‍ ‍ᠶ y й /j/
ᠸ‍ ‍᠊ᠸ᠊‍ ‍᠊ᠸ w в /w/
ᠷ‍ ‍ᠷ‍ ‍ᠷ r р /r/

Grammar[edit]

Dagur has a pronominal system that distinguishes between first person plural inclusive /bed/ and exclusive /baː/ and, even more archaic, it distinguishes between third person singular /iːn/ and plural /aːn/.[13] While the phoneme /t͡ʃ/ (< *t͡ʃʰ) has been retained, the second person singular pronoun has become /ʃiː/ nevertheless,[14] resembling a more thorough sound change in Khorchin Mongolian. The second person plural is retained as /taː/.[14] The genitive and accusative have fused in some variants, becoming –ji, and the ablative may assume the form of the instrumental case. The old comitative has been lost, while the innovated comitative is the same as in Mongolian.[15] In addition, several other cases have been innovated that are not shared by Mongolian, including a new allative, -maji.[16]

Dagur has a fairly simple tense-aspect system consisting of the nonpast markers -/bəi/ and (marginally) -/n/ and the past forms -/sən/ and (marginally) /la/ and the non-finite imperfective marker -/d͡ʒa/-. These may be inflected for person. The attributive particle forms are limited to –/ɡʷ/ (< Written Mongolian -γ-a) for imperfective aspect and future tense, -sən (< -γsan) for perfective aspect, -/ɡat͡ʃ/ (< -gči) for habituality (instead of -daγ which used to fulfil this function) and -/mar/ for potential and probable actions. It has acquired a highly complex converbal system containing several innovations. Notably, -mar which is a participle in Mongolian serves as a converb as well.[17]

Grammatical case suffix table[edit]

[18]

Case Marker Note Example Meaning (Chinese and Cyrillic)
Genitive -ei Added to words ending in a consonant (except j, q, x) biteg + ei → bitegei битегей

书的

heleg + ei → helegei хелегей

肝的

adus + ei → adusei адусей

牲口的

aol + ei → aolei аолэй

山的

-ii Added to words ending in j, q, x kaiq + ii → kaiqii кайчий

书的

orj + ii → orjii оржий

肝的

tulx + ii → tulxii тульший

牲口的

-i Added to words ending in a short vowel mori + i → morii морий

马的

nowu + i → nowui новуй

狗的

danga + i → dangai дангай

烟的

-yi Appended to words ending in long vowels and diphthongs akaa + yi → akaayi акааий

哥哥的

kasoo + yi → kasooyi касооий

铁的

dao + yi → daoyi даоий

歌的

Locative -d Added to the stem (if ending in a consonant d, t, k, s, j, q, x add an appropriate vowel before -d) xiree + d → xireed ширээд

于桌子

horwu + d → horwud хорвуд

于柜子

tos + d → tosod тосод

于油

Accusative Same as genitive case
Sociative -aar, -eer, -oor Added to words ending in consonants (except j, q, x) according to vowel harmony sarp + aar → sarpaar сарпаар

用筷子

lek + eer → lekeer лэкээр

用磨石

topoor + oor → topooroor топоор用斧子
-ier Added to words ending in j, q, x onq + ier → onqier онкиэр用刀子
orj + ier → orjier оржиэр

用奶嘴

-ar, -er, -or Added according to vowel harmony to words ending in short vowels danga + ar → dangaar дангаар

用烟

gali + er → galier галиэр

用火

mori + er → morier мориэр

用马

nowu + or → nowuor новуор

用狗

-yaar, -yeer Added according to vowel harmony to words ending in long vowels and diphthongs qoloo + yaar → qolooyaar чолоояар

用铁

kasoo + yaar → kasooyaar касоояар

用奶嘴

Ablative Same as sociative case The ablative form is sometimes -aas, -ees, -oos, -ies, -as, -es, -os, -yaas, -yees.
和同格 -tii Added to the word stem akaa + tii → akaatii акаатий

同哥哥一起

ewee + tii → eweetii эвээтий

同妈妈一起

程度格 -qaar, -qeer Added to the word stem according to vowel harmony soo + qaar → sooqaar соочаар

到腋下

sak + qaar → sakqaar сакчаар

到踝骨处

Personal Reflexive Relationship Suffix Table[edit]

Pronoun Number Marker Example Meaning (Chinese)
1st Singular mini жакмини

jakmini

我的东西
хороомини

horoomini

我的手指头
Plural (exclusive) -maani себмаани

sebmaani

我们的老师
Plural (inclusive) -naani себнаани

sebnaani

咱们的老师
2nd Singular -xini васкалшини

waskalxini

你的衣服
Plural -taani гэритаани

geritaani

你们的房子
3rd Singular -ini агини

agini

-yini экээйини

ekeeyini

Plural -inaani этэвуйнаани

eteewuinaani

他们的祖母
-yinaani ачайинаани

aqaayinaani

他们的父亲

Table of Imperative Verb Suffixes[edit]

Pronoun Number 希望式 命令式 推迟式
1st Singular - яа

- yaa

- гаан, -гээн

gaan, geen

-гаамини

gaamini

-гэмини

ġeemini

Plural (exclusive) -гаамани

gaamaani

-гээмани

geemaani

Plural (inclusive) -гааннаани

gaannaani

-гээннаани

geennaani

2nd Singular -гаание

gaanie

(word stem) -гааншини

gaanxini

-геение

geenie

-гээншини

geenxini

Plural -гаантие

gaantie

-ту

tu

-гаантаани

gaantaani

-геентие

geentie

-геентаани

geentaani

3rd Singular & Plural -тгай

tgai

-гаанини

gaanini

-гээнини

geenini

Table of Declarative Verb Suffixes[edit]

Time Suffix Example Meaning (Chinese)
Present future tense -bei идбей

idbei (iden)

要吃
-n яобей (Явун)

yaobei (yawun)

要走
Past tense -sen идсен

idsen

吃了
Яосен

yaosen

走了

Table of pronouns verb suffix[edit]

Present future tensse[edit]

Pronoun Number Marker Example Meaning (Chinese)
1st Singular -wei(-w) би харивей

Bi hariwei(hariw).

我回去。
-nbi би харинби

Bi harinbi.

我回去。
Plural (exclusive) -waa баа хариваа

Baa hariwaa.

我们回去。
-nbaa баа харинбаа

Baa harinbaa.

我们回去。
Plural (inclusive) -wdaa бид харивдаа

Bid hariwdaa.

咱们回去。
-ndaa бид хариндаа

Bid harindaa.

咱们回去。
2nd Singular -beixi(-bxi) ши харибейши

Xi haribeixi.

你回去。
-nxi ши харинши

Xi harinxi.

你回去。
Plural -beitaa (-btaa) таа харибейтаа

Taa haribeitaa (haribtaa).

你们回去。
-ntaa таа харинтаа

Taa harintaa.

你们回去。

Past tense[edit]

Pronoun Number Marker Example Meaning (Chinese)
1st Singular -senbi би харисенби

Bi harisenbi.

我回去了。
Plural (exclusive) -senbaa баа харисенбаа

Baa harisenbaa.

我们回去了。
Plural (inclusive) -sendaa баа харисэндаа

Bid harisendaa.

咱们回去了。
2nd Singular -senxi ши харисенши

Xi harisenxi.

你回去了。
Plural -sentaa таа харисентаа

Taa harisentaa.

你们回去了。

Table of adverb suffix[edit]

[19]

Suffix Notes Example Meaning (Chinese)
-j 表示并列 Ийчиж ужсенби

iiqij ujsenbi.

我去看了。
-jie (dii) Indicates that two actions are performed simultaneously Саожие усвулжьжабей

Saojie (dii) uswuljjabei

坐着说话着呢。
-aar, -eer, -oor Indicates that the behavior occurred successively Гараар ирсэн

Garaar irsen.

出来了。
Энкуер яосэн

Enkuer yaosen.

咬着走了。
-jii Signifies the end of the act Ужьжий яосэн

Ujjii yaosen.

看完走的。
Иджий яо!

Idjii yao!

吃完走吧!
-n ...-n Indicates behaviors that occur together Гуйн кариен яосэн

Guin karien yaosen.

连蹦带跳地走了。
-mkii,-mklii Indicates that the behavior occurs immediately Мадемький (мэдемький) ичсэн

Medemkii(medemklii) iqsen.

一知道就去了。
-mder Indicates that the behavior occurs immediately Медемдерь (меднмкьлий) ичсэн

Medemder (medemklii) iqsen.

一知道就去了。
-wueter Indicates readiness Елвуетерь медсен

Elwueter medsen.

一说就知道了。
-aajaar, -eejeer (-eejaar), -oojaar Indicates simultaneous act Бариежаараа алдсэнх

Bariejaaraa aldsen.

抓着抓着放掉了。
-rsaar, rseer Indicates continuation and recurrence of behavior Элерсеерь араан

Elerseer araan bolsen.

说了多少遍才成了。
-aas, -ees, -oos Express the condition of the behavior Элеесшини укубей

Eleesxini ukubei.

如果你说了会给的。
-tgai q Indicates concessive act Учийкэн аатгай чукаатий.

Uqiiken aatgai qukaatii.

虽小但有智。
-worg, -wuar Indicates the act to follow Хийвуерь тортсен

Hiiwuer tortsen.

决定做了。
-gaanie, -geenie Expresses purpose Уйгеени игсен

Uigeenie igsen.

去看去了。
-tel Indicates behavioral boundaries Яотельмини аасен

Yaotelmini aasen.

直到我走还在。
-tlaa(-tlaanie), tlee(-tleenie) Expresses choice Элтлеение хиисехдь уль денген.

Eltleenie hiisehd ul dengen.

说倒不如去做。
-maak(-maaken), meek(-meken) Indicates the proximity and proximity of behavior Ванамаак (ванамаакен)

Wanamaak (wanamaaken) bolsen.

快要倒。

Table of personal pronouns[edit]

[20]
1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person
singular plural singular plural singular plural
exclusive inclusive
Nominative бий

bii

биэде

biede

баа

baa

ший

šii

таа

taa

инг

ing

аанг

aang

Genitive миний

minii

биэдний

biednii

мааний

(maanii)

шиний

šinii

тааний

taanii

иний

inii

ааний

aanii

Dative намд

namd

биэдендэ

biedende

маандэ

maande

шамд

šamd

таандэ

taande

я́мд

yamd (ind)

аандэ

aande

Accusative намий

namii

биэдний

biednii

мааний

(maanii)

шамий

šamii

Тааний

Taanii

я́мий

yamii

ааний

aanii

Ablative намаасэ

namaase

биэденаас

biedenaas

маанаас

maanaas

шамаасэ

šamaase

Таанаас

taanaas

я́маас

yamaas

аанаас

aanaas

Instrumental намаарэ

namaare

биэдэнаар

biedenaar

маанаар

maanaar

шамаарэ

šamaare

таанаар

taanaar

я́маар

yamaar

аанаар

aanaar

Comitative намтий

namtii

биэдентий

biedentii

маантий

maantii

шамтий

šamtii

таантий

taantii

я́мтий

yamtii

аантий

aantii

Lexicon[edit]

It is estimated that out of Dagur's entire language vocabulary, over half is Mongolic in origin.[21] Additionally, while Dagur has over 50% common Mongolic vocabulary, it has borrowed 5[22] to 10% of its words from Chinese, as well as 10% of its words from Manchu, and a small number vocabulary borrowed from Evenki[23] and Russian – leaving about 20% vocabulary that is specific to Dagur only.[24]

Middle Mongol words[edit]

Dagur retains quite a few archaic Mongolic words, and although they are not commonly found in the modern Mongolic languages, they do appear in Middle Mongol sources, like the Hua-Yi yiyu and the ‘Secret History’. These words include:[25]

  • tergul ~ terwul (тэргул ~ тервул) ‘road’ (in Mongol *jam)
  • najir (нажийр) ‘summer’ (Mongol *jun)
  • xeky (хэкый) ‘head’ (Mongol *tologai)
  • sorby (сорбый) ‘staff’ (Mongol *tayag)
  • kasoo (касоо) ‘iron’
  • saur (саур) ‘spade’
  • ogw (огв) ‘brain’
  • basert (басерть) ‘kidney’
  • twalcig (твалциг) ‘knee’
  • kataa (катаа) ‘salt’
  • warkel (варкэль) ‘clothes’
  • el- (эл-) ‘to say’ (cf. Mongol *kele-)

Numerals[edit]

All basic numerals are of Mongolic origin.

English Classical Mongolian Dagur (Hailar) Dagur (Qiqihar) IPA
1 One Nigen Нэкэн
Neken
Neke nəkən
2 Two Qoyar Хойир
Hoir
Hoyir hɔir
3 Three Ghurban Гуарбан
Guarban
Guarbe guarban
4 Four Dorben Дурубун
Durbun
Durbu durubun
5 Five Tabun Таавун
Taawun
Taawu taːwun
6 Six Jirghughan Жиргөө
Jirwoo
Jirgoo d͡ʒirwɔː
7 Seven Dologhan Долөөн
Doloon
Doloo dɔlɔːn
8 Eight Naiman Найман
Naiman
Naime naiman
9 Nine Yisun Йсэн
Isen
Yise isən
10 Ten Arban Харбан
Harban
Harbe harban

References[edit]

  1. ^ Dagur at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    zby/ {{{ld4}}} at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3820-7.
  3. ^ Tsumagari 2003: 129
  4. ^ Engkebatu 2001
  5. ^ Tsumagari 2003: 129, Sengge 2004: 616
  6. ^ a b Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. pp. On page 129, Janhunen writes: 'The Nonni Dagur are normally divided into speakers of the Butha (northern) and Tsitsikar (southern) dialects'. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
  7. ^ Chuluu 1994: 5, but for example not the Tacheng dialect, see Yu et al. 2008: 25-26
  8. ^ Sengge 2004a, Tsumagari 2003: 133
  9. ^ Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 66-67, cp. Tsumagari 2003: 131
  10. ^ Tsumagari 2003: 131
  11. ^ cp. Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 84
  12. ^ Tsumagari 2003: 131 basically in agreement with Sengge 2004a; in contrast, Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 37 give a pretty standard Mongolian vowel harmony system with the pharyngeal vowels /ɑ/, /ɔ/, /ʊ/ contrasting with the non-pharyngeal vowels /ə/, /o/, /u/, while /i/ is neutral.
  13. ^ Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 211-126, cp. Tsumagari 2003: 141
  14. ^ a b Sengge 2004c: 621
  15. ^ Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 110-121, Sengge 619-620
  16. ^ Sengge 2004c: 620
  17. ^ Tsumagari 2003: 144-148 supplemented with Sengge 2004c. The exact form of the plosive in -/ɡat͡ʃ/ is unclear as these two sources and Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983 give different phones.
  18. ^ 恩和巴图 (1983). 达汉小词典. 内蒙古人民出版社. p. 243.
  19. ^ 恩和巴图 (1983). 达汉小词典. 内蒙古人民出版社. p. 247.
  20. ^ Tsumagari 2003: 141
  21. ^ Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. pp. Page 151, under 'Lexicon', Janhunen writes: "It has been estimated that, roughly speaking, more than half of the entire vocabulary of Dagur is Mongolic in origin, including both inherited items and reintroduced borrowings.". ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
  22. ^ Sengge 2004b
  23. ^ Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. pp. Page 151, Janhunen writes: " Borrowings from Manchu amount to c.10 per cent, while borrowings from Chinese cover another 10 per cent of the lexicon. A smaller number of items has been borrowed from Ewenki. This means that a significant proportion, over 20 per cent, of all vocabulary items are specific only to Dagur". ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
  24. ^ Tsumagari 2003: 151-152
  25. ^ Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. pp. In pages 151 and 152: "Due to its peripheral position, Dagur retains a considerable number of archaic Mongolic words, which are not commonly found in the modern Mongolic languages, but which are attested in Middle Mongol sources, such as the Hua-Yi yiyu and the ‘Secret History’. Such words include: tergul ~ terwul ‘road’ (Mongol *jam), najir ‘summer’ (Mo. *jun), xeky ‘head’ (Mongol *tologai), sorby ‘staff’ (Mongol *tayag). Other more or less idiosyncratic words include several basic items, such as: kasoo ‘iron’, saur‘spade’, ogw ‘brain’, basert ‘kidney’, twalcig ‘knee’, kataa ‘salt’, warkel ‘clothes’, el- ‘to say’ (cf. Mongol *kele-).". ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Chuluu, Üjiyediin (1994), Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Dagur (PDF), Sino-Platonic Papers, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
  • Engkebatu (2001): Cing ulus-un üy-e-dü dagur kele-ber bicigdegsen jokiyal-ud-un sudulul. Kökeqota: Öbür monggol-un yeke surgaguli-yin keblel-ün qoriy-a.
  • Namcarai; Qaserdeni (1983), Daγur kele ba mongγul kelen-ü qaričaγulul, Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a, OCLC 45024952
  • Oyunčimeg, ed. (2004), Mongγul sudulul-un nebterkei toli, Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a, ISBN 978-7-204-07745-8, OCLC 67279589
  • Sengge (2004): Daγur kele. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 616-617.
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