Field hockey at the 1972 Summer Olympics

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Field hockey
at the Games of the XX Olympiad
VenueHockeyanlage
Dates27 August – 10 September 1972 (1972-09-10)
Teams16
Medalists
1st place, gold medalist(s)  West Germany
2nd place, silver medalist(s)  Pakistan
3rd place, bronze medalist(s)  India
← 1968
1976 →

The field hockey tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics was the 12th edition of the field hockey event at the Summer Olympics.[1]

The West German victory was the first title by a European nation since 1920, but this was marred by the behavior of Pakistani players, fans, and officials: during the last ten minutes of the gold-medal match, the umpires had to stop play twice so that Pakistani fans who had invaded the pitch could be removed, while Pakistani players and officials repeatedly remonstrated with the umpires throughout that time.

At the final whistle, Pakistani fans and officials invaded the pitch and assaulted West German police and stadium security before storming the tournament officials' table and pouring a bucket of water over International Hockey Federation president Rene Frank, while the players stormed their locker room before proceeding to destroy it.

At the medal ceremony, the Pakistani players refused to wear their silver medals or face the West German flag as it was raised, and turned their backs as the West German national anthem was played.[2]

The eleven Pakistani players were banned for life from their national team, but after a high-level apology, the ban was reduced to two years, and eight of them played at the 1976 Olympics.

Medalists[edit]

Gold Silver Bronze
 West Germany (FRG)
Wolfgang Baumgart
Horst Drose
Dieter Freise
Werner Kaessmann
Carsten Keller
Detlev Kittstein
Ulrich Klaes
Peter Kraus
Michael Krause
Michael Peter
Wolfgang Rott
Fritz Schmidt
Rainer Seifert
Wolfgang Strodter
Eckart Suhl
Eduard Thelen
Peter Trump
Ulrich Vos
 Pakistan (PAK)
Rashid Abdul
Akhtar Rasool
Ul Akhtar
Jahangir Butt
Fazalur Rehman
Islahuddin Siddiquee
Muhammad Asad Malik
Shahnaz Sheikh
Munawwaruz Zaman
Ahmad Riaz
Saeed Anwar
Saleem Sherwani
Iftikar Syed
Mudassar Syed
Zahid Sheikh
 India (IND)
B. P. Govinda
Charles Cornelius
Manuel Frederick
Michael Kindo
V.J. Philips
Ashok Kumar
M. P. Ganesh
Krishnamurty Perumal
Ajitpal Singh
Harbinder Singh
Harcharan Singh
Harmik Singh
Kulwant Singh
Mukhbain Singh
Virinder Singh
Vece Paes

Umpires[edit]

On 25 October 1971, 13 umpires were appointed by the FIH. It was reported that 12 more umpires would be selected in February 1972.[3]

  • Charan Singh (KEN)
  • Peter Lake (GBR)
  • A. F. Lathouwers (NED)
  • Sarosh Nagarwala (IND)
  • Naqi (PAK)
  • Andre Schittecalte (BEL)
  • Fritz Seegers (FRG)
  • Horacio Servetto (ARG)
  • Vijayanathan (MAS)
  • J. Richard Jewell (AUT)
  • Luigi Tinti (ITA)
  • Aziz Iskanbar (EGY)
  • John Martens (SIN)

Squads[edit]

Results[edit]

Preliminary round[edit]

Pool A[edit]

Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  West Germany (H) 7 6 1 0 17 5 +12 13 Advanced to Semi-finals
2  Pakistan 7 5 1 1 17 6 +11 11
3  Malaysia 7 4 1 2 9 7 +2 9
4  Spain 7 2 4 1 9 8 +1 8
5  Belgium 7 2 1 4 8 14 −6 5
6  France 7 2 0 5 6 13 −7 4
7  Argentina 7 0 3 4 4 9 −5 3
8  Uganda 7 0 3 4 6 14 −8 3
Source: FIH
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) games won; 3) head-to-head result; 4) goal difference.
(H) Hosts
27 August 1972
10:30
West Germany  5–1  Belgium
Krause field hockey ball 13'29'59'
Klaes field hockey ball 32'
Droese field hockey ball 63'
Report Miserque field hockey ball 33'
Umpires:
Luigi Tinti (ITA)
Osvaldo Pensosi (ITA)
27 August 1972
10:30
Pakistan  3–0  France
Anwar field hockey ball 29'61'
Rashid field hockey ball 51'
Report
Umpires:
Leonard Elsgeshuysen (NED)
A.W. Petrus Roef (NED)
27 August 1972
13:30
Uganda  1–3  Malaysia
Adiga field hockey ball 60' Report Harnahal field hockey ball 10'
Ramalingam field hockey ball 47'
Murugesan field hockey ball 57'
Umpires:
Peter Lake (GBR)
Randolph Hillary Selman (GBR)
27 August 1972
13:30
Argentina  1–1  Spain
Quaquarini field hockey ball 28' Report Ju. Amat field hockey ball 40'
Umpires:
Sarosh Nagarwala (IND)
Sundaram Mudaliar (IND)

28 August 1972
15:00
Malaysia  0–1  West Germany
Report Kittstein field hockey ball 29'
Umpires:
J. Richard Jewell (AUS)
Sheik Dawood (KEN)
28 August 1972
15:00
Belgium  1–1  Argentina
Vanderborght field hockey ball 20' Report Quaquarini field hockey ball 19'
Umpires:
Nemi Chand Agarwal (IND)
Charan Singh (KEN)
28 August 1972
16:30
Spain  1–1  Pakistan
J. Fábregas field hockey ball 41' Report Zaman field hockey ball 5'
Umpires:
Osvaldo Pensosi (ITA)
Luigi Tinti (ITA)
28 August 1972
16:30
France  3–1  Uganda
Burtschell field hockey ball 21'
Coutou field hockey ball 40'
Pous field hockey ball 44'
Report Kuldip field hockey ball 68'
Umpires:
Cho Myong-Yul (KOR)
Kasuo Oki (JPN)

29 August 1972
13:30
Uganda  1–3  Pakistan
Amarjit field hockey ball 38' Report Akhtarul field hockey ball 14'
Mudassar field hockey ball 23'
Shahnaz field hockey ball 38'
Umpires:
Kasuo Oki (JPN)
Cho Myong-Yul (KOR)
29 August 1972
15:00
Spain  0–0  Malaysia
Report
Umpires:
Aziz Iskandar (EGY)
A.W. Petrus Roef (NED)
29 August 1972
15:00
France  0–1  Belgium
Report Gilles field hockey ball 33'
Umpires:
Sarosh Nagarwala (IND)
J. Richard Jewell (AUS)
29 August 1972
16:30
West Germany  2–1  Argentina
Seifert field hockey ball 12'18' Report Quaquarini field hockey ball 61'
Umpires:
Sheik Dawood (KEN)
Randolph Hillary Selman (GBR)

31 August 1972
14:00
Pakistan  1–2  West Germany
Zaman field hockey ball 58' Report Baumgart field hockey ball 38'
Krause field hockey ball 57'
Umpires:
Horacio Servetto (ARG)
J. Richard Jewell (AUS)
31 August 1972
14:00
Argentina  0–0  Uganda
Report
Umpires:
A.W. Petrus Roef (NED)
Kasuo Oki (JPN)
31 August 1972
15:30
Belgium  0–1  Spain
Report Ju. Amat field hockey ball 55'
Umpires:
Charan Singh (KEN)
Sundaram Mudaliar (IND)
31 August 1972
15:30
Malaysia  1–0  France
Murugesan field hockey ball 18' Report
Umpires:
Leonard Elsgeshuysen (NED)
Peter Lake (GBR)

1 September 1972
10:00
Spain  3–2  France
J. Fábregas field hockey ball 11'17'
Sallés field hockey ball 14'
Report Pitau field hockey ball 32'
Pous field hockey ball 58'
Umpires:
Aziz Iskandar (EGY)
Charan Singh (KEN)
1 September 1972
10:00
Argentina  1–3  Pakistan
J. Sabbione field hockey ball 45' Report Rashid field hockey ball 17'53'
Asad field hockey ball 48'
Umpires:
Leonard Elsgeshuysen (NED)
Marten John Rowsing (SGP)
1 September 1972
11:30
West Germany  1–1  Uganda
Krause field hockey ball 10' Report Kuldip field hockey ball 26'
Umpires:
Nemi Chand Agarwal (IND)
Peter Lake (GBR)
1 September 1972
11:30
Malaysia  4–2  Belgium
Ramalingam field hockey ball 6'
Sri field hockey ball 26'
De Cruz field hockey ball 30'
Murugesan field hockey ball 58'
Report Miserque field hockey ball 12'
Vanderborght field hockey ball 52'
Umpires:
Sarosh Nagarwala (IND)
Sheik Dawood (KEN)

3 September 1972
10:30
Spain  1–2  West Germany
F. Amat field hockey ball 20' Report Krause field hockey ball 41'
Kaessmann field hockey ball 64'
Umpires:
Osvaldo Pensosi (ITA)
Luigi Tinti (ITA)
3 September 1972
10:30
Pakistan  3–0  Malaysia
Zaman field hockey ball 28'
Rashid field hockey ball 61'
Anwar field hockey ball 67'
Report
Umpires:
André Schittecatte (ITA)
J. Richard Jewell (AUS)
3 September 1972
14:30
France  1–0  Argentina
Darfeuille field hockey ball 26' Report
Umpires:
Sarosh Nagarwala (IND)
Sheik Dawood (KEN)
3 September 1972
14:30
Belgium  2–0  Uganda
Gillard field hockey ball 61'
Gilles field hockey ball 67'
Report
Umpires:
A.W. Petrus Roef (NED)
Aziz Iskandar (EGY)

4 September 1972
10:00
Uganda  2–2  Spain
Kuldip field hockey ball 26'
Lobo field hockey ball 28'
Report J. Fábregas field hockey ball 5'
Sallés field hockey ball 8'
Umpires:
Randolph Hillary Selman (GBR)
Sarosh Nagarwala (IND)
4 September 1972
10:00
Pakistan  3–1  Belgium
Zaman field hockey ball 20'
Rashid field hockey ball 44'46'
Report Gillard field hockey ball 16'
Umpires:
Bernard Valette (FRA)
J. Richard Jewell (AUS)
4 September 1972
11:30
West Germany  4–0  France
Krause field hockey ball 20'33'
Keller field hockey ball 24'
Kaessmann field hockey ball 46'
Report
Umpires:
Osvaldo Pensosi (ITA)
Kasuo Oki (JPN)
4 September 1972
11:30
Malaysia  1–0  Argentina
Belavantheran field hockey ball 69' Report
Umpires:
Luigi Tinti (ITA)
Aziz Iskandar (EGY)

Pool B[edit]

Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  India 7 5 2 0 25 8 +17 12 Advanced to Semi-finals
2  Netherlands 7 5 1 1 20 9 +11 11
3  Great Britain 7 4 1 2 15 10 +5 9
4  Australia 7 3 2 2 18 8 +10 8
5  New Zealand 7 2 3 2 16 11 +5 7
6  Poland 7 2 2 3 12 12 0 6
7  Kenya 7 1 1 5 8 17 −9 3
8  Mexico 7 0 0 7 1 40 −39 0
Source: FIH
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) games won; 3) head-to-head result; 4) goal difference.
27 August 1972
15:00
India  1–1  Netherlands
Kumar field hockey ball 29' Report Zweerts field hockey ball 1'
Umpires:
Horacio Servetto (ARG)
Aziz Iskandar (EGY)
27 August 1972
15:00
Poland  1–0  Kenya
Matuszyński field hockey ball 11' Report
Umpires:
Fritz Seegers (GER)
Fritz Möhr (GER)
27 August 1972
16:30
Australia  0–0  New Zealand
Report
Umpires:
Ahmed Abrar (PAK)
Khurshid Ahmad Sheik (PAK)
27 August 1972
16:30
Great Britain  6–0  Mexico
Svehlik field hockey ball 16'
Marsh field hockey ball 45'48'
Corby field hockey ball 53'
Saldanha field hockey ball 64'67'
Report
Umpires:
G. Vijayanathan (MAS)
Martens John Rowsing (SGP)

28 August 1972
10:00
Australia  3–1  Kenya
Nilan field hockey ball 30'60'
Riley field hockey ball 56'
Report Surjit field hockey ball 40'
Umpires:
André Schittecatte (BEL)
Francis Steurs (BEL)
28 August 1972
10:00
New Zealand  7–0  Mexico
Maister field hockey ball 14'18'19'
Borren field hockey ball 52'57'58'
Archibald field hockey ball 68'
Report
Umpires:
Saifi (PAK)
Ahmed Abrar (PAK)
28 August 1972
11:30
Great Britain  0–5  India
Report Mukhbain field hockey ball 15'30'32'
Kindo field hockey ball 19'
Harmik field hockey ball 67'
Umpires:
Jacky Manneback (BEL)
Hans Joachim Dröz (GER)
28 August 1972
11:30
Netherlands  4–2  Poland
Kruize field hockey ball 5'12'26'64' Report Kaźmierczak field hockey ball 39'
Grotowski field hockey ball 60'
Umpires:
Jaime Salvatella (ESP)
Bernard Valette (FRA)

30 August 1972
13:30
Mexico  0–3  Poland
Report Ziaja field hockey ball 21'
Grotowski field hockey ball 38'
Otulakowski field hockey ball 41'
Umpires:
G. Vijayanathan (MAS)
Jacky Manneback (BEL)
30 August 1972
15:00
Kenya  1–5  Netherlands
Surjit field hockey ball 70' Report Kruize field hockey ball 2'11'49'51'
F. Spits field hockey ball 56'
Umpires:
Horacio Servetto (ARG)
Bernard Valette (FRA)
30 August 1972
15:00
New Zealand  2–1  Great Britain
Dayman field hockey ball 24'
Maister field hockey ball 26'
Report French field hockey ball 40'
Umpires:
Jaime Salvatella (ESP)
André Schittecatte (BEL)
30 August 1972
16:30
India  3–1  Australia
Mukhbain field hockey ball 7'16'61' Report Mason field hockey ball 26'
Umpires:
Francis Steurs (FRA)
Fritz Seegers (GER)

31 August 1972
10:00
Kenya  0–2  Great Britain
Report Corby field hockey ball 29'
Crowe field hockey ball 65'
Umpires:
Hans Joachim Dröz (GER)
Fritz Möhr (GER)
31 August 1972
10:00
Poland  2–2  India
Ziaja field hockey ball 36'40' Report Harmik field hockey ball 7'
Billimoga field hockey ball 50'
Umpires:
Osvaldo Pensosi (ITA)
G. Vijayanathan (MAS)
31 August 1972
11:30
Netherlands  2–0  New Zealand
Kruize field hockey ball 9'67' Report
Umpires:
Saifi (PAK)
Luigi Tinti (ITA)
31 August 1972
11:30
Australia  10–0  Mexico
Riley field hockey ball 16'22'31'47'63'
Mason field hockey ball 24'30'
Charlesworth field hockey ball 35'
Browning field hockey ball 51'
Smart field hockey ball 55'
Report
Umpires:
Willy Arber (SUI)
Khurshid Ahmad Sheik (PAK)

2 September 1972
10:00
India  3–2  Kenya
Mukhbain field hockey ball 36'57'
Harmik field hockey ball 48'
Report Davinder field hockey ball 25'45'
Umpires:
Jacky Manneback (BEL)
André Schittecatte (BEL)
2 September 1972
10:00
Poland  3–3  New Zealand
Otulakowski field hockey ball 17'
Matuszyński field hockey ball 26'
Grotowski field hockey ball 36'
Report Dayman field hockey ball 11'48'53'
Umpires:
Bernard Valette (FRA)
Fritz Seegers (GER)
2 September 1972
11:30
Great Britain  1–1  Australia
Svehlik field hockey ball 22' Report Riley field hockey ball 21'
Umpires:
Jaime Salvatella (ESP)
Saifi (PAK)
2 September 1972
11:30
Mexico  0–4  Netherlands
Report Kruize field hockey ball 8'22'
F. Spits field hockey ball 34'
N. Spits field hockey ball 44'
Umpires:
Khurshid Ahmad Sheik (PAK)
Ahmed Abrar (PAK)

3 September 1972
14:30
Netherlands  1–3  Great Britain
Kruize field hockey ball 34' Report Mamood field hockey ball 1'
Corby field hockey ball 43'
Svehlik field hockey ball 47'
Umpires:
G. Vijayanathan (MAS)
Jaime Salvatella (ESP)
3 September 1972
14:30
Australia  1–0  Poland
Glencross field hockey ball 16' Report
Umpires:
Horacio Servetto (ARG)
Fritz Seegers (GER)
3 September 1972
16:00
Mexico  0–8  India
Report Harmik field hockey ball 6'
Kumar field hockey ball 9'61'
Kulwant field hockey ball 22'50'56'
Kindo field hockey ball 35'
Billimoga field hockey ball 63'
Umpires:
Fritz Möhr (GER)
Hans Joachim Dröz (GER)
3 September 1972
16:00
New Zealand  2–2  Kenya
Dayman field hockey ball 2'11' Report Panesar field hockey ball 21'24'
Umpires:
Bernard Valette (FRA)
Francis Steurs (BEL)

4 September 1972
14:00
Netherlands  3–2  Australia
Kruize field hockey ball 9'15'34' Report Glencross field hockey ball 32'
Mason field hockey ball 39'
Umpires:
André Schittecatte (BEL)
G. Vijayanathan (MAS)
4 September 1972
14:00
Kenya  2–1  Mexico
Tarlochan field hockey ball 16'
Brajinder field hockey ball 39'
Report Mascaro field hockey ball 59'
Umpires:
Fritz Möhr (GER)
Khurshid Ahmad Sheik (PAK)
4 September 1972
15:30
India  3–2  New Zealand
Kulwant field hockey ball 28'
Mullera field hockey ball 51'
Kindo field hockey ball 61'
Report Maister field hockey ball 6'
Dayman field hockey ball 58'
Umpires:
Jaime Salvatella (ESP)
Horacio Servetto (ARG)
4 September 1972
15:30
Great Britain  2–1  Poland
Langhorne field hockey ball 17'
Gregg field hockey ball 51'
Report Grotowski field hockey ball 33'
Umpires:
Fritz Seegers (GER)
Francis Steurs (BEL)

Classification round[edit]

Ninth to sixteenth place classification[edit]

Fifteenth and sixteenth place[edit]
7 September 1972
10:00
Uganda  4–1  Mexico
Rajinder field hockey ball 30'
Jagdish field hockey ball 52'
Ajit field hockey ball 53'
Kuldip field hockey ball 55'
Report Huacuja field hockey ball 11'
Umpires:
Ahmed Abrar (PAK)
Willy Arber (SUI)
Thirteenth and fourteenth place[edit]
7 September 1972
11:30
Argentina  0–1 (a.e.t.)  Kenya
Report Avtar field hockey ball 72'
Umpires:
A.W. Petrus Roef (NED)
Leonard Elsgeshuysen (NED)
Eleventh and twelfth place[edit]
8 September 1972
10:00
France  4–4 (a.e.t.)  Poland
Burtschell field hockey ball 29'
Coutou field hockey ball 31'
Pous field hockey ball 41'
Grain field hockey ball 46'
Report Wybieralski field hockey ball 18'
Wrona field hockey ball 45'
Grotowski field hockey ball 48'
Otulakowski field hockey ball 67'
Penalties
Penalty shoot-out missed
Penalty shoot-out missed
Penalty shoot-out missed
0–3 Penalty shoot-out scored Otulakowski
Penalty shoot-out scored Grotowski
Penalty shoot-out scored Kasprzyk
Umpires:
Saifi (PAK)
Luigi Tinti (ITA)
Ninth and tenth place[edit]
8 September 1972
11:30
Belgium  1–2  New Zealand
Collin field hockey ball 39' Report Borren field hockey ball 47'
Maister field hockey ball 49'
Umpires:
Sarosh Narerwala (IND)
Jaime Salvatella (ESP)

Fifth to eighth place classification[edit]

 
CrossoverFifth Place
 
      
 
7 September 1972
 
 
 Malaysia1
 
9 September 1972
 
 Australia (a.e.t)2
 
 Australia (a.e.t)2
 
7 September 1972
 
 Great Britain1
 
 Great Britain2
 
 
 Spain0
 
Seventh Place
 
 
9 September 1972
 
 
 Malaysia1
 
 
 Spain2
Crossover[edit]
7 September 1972
14:00
Malaysia  1–2 (a.e.t.)  Australia
Murugesan field hockey ball 6' Report Charlesworth field hockey ball 58'87'
Umpires:
Francis Steurs (BEL)
Jacky Manneback (BEL)

7 September 1972
16:00
Great Britain  2–0  Spain
Svehlik field hockey ball 14'59' Report
Umpires:
Fritz Seegers (GER)
Fritz Möhr (GER)
Seventh and eighth place[edit]
9 September 1972
10:00
Malaysia  1–2  Spain
Sri field hockey ball 54' Report Alustiza field hockey ball 29'
F. Amat field hockey ball 31'
Umpires:
A.W. Petrus Roef (NED)
Fritz Seegers (GER)
Fifth and sixth place[edit]
9 September 1972
11:30
Australia  2–1 (a.e.t.)  Great Britain
Glencross field hockey ball 43'
Riley field hockey ball 82'
Report Gregg field hockey ball 44'
Umpires:
Jaime Salvatella (ESP)
G. Vijayanathan (MAS)

Medal round[edit]

 
Semi-finalsGold-medal match
 
      
 
8 September 1972
 
 
 West Germany3
 
10 September 1972
 
 Netherlands0
 
 West Germany1
 
8 September 1972
 
 Pakistan0
 
 India0
 
 
 Pakistan2
 
Bronze-medal match
 
 
10 September 1972
 
 
 Netherlands1
 
 
 India2

Semi-finals[edit]

8 September 1972
14:00
West Germany  3–0  Netherlands
Vos field hockey ball 20'
Krause field hockey ball 53'
Droese field hockey ball 69'
Report
Umpires:
G. Vijayanathan (MAS)
Osvaldo Pensosi (ITA)

8 September 1972
16:00
India  0–2  Pakistan
Report Rehman field hockey ball 11'
Shahnaz field hockey ball 34'
Umpires:
Horacio Servetto (ARG)
J. Richard Jewell (AUS)

Bronze-medal match[edit]

10 September 1972
10:00
Netherlands  1–2  India
Kruize field hockey ball 6' Report Billimoga field hockey ball 15'
Mukhbain field hockey ball 70'
Umpires:
Osvaldo Pensosi (ITA)
Bernard Valette (FRA)

Gold-medal match[edit]

10 September 1972
12:00
West Germany  1–0  Pakistan
Krause field hockey ball 60' Report
Umpires:
J. Richard Jewell (AUS)
Horacio Servetto (ARG)

Final rankings[edit]

As per statistical convention in field hockey, matches decided in regular time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Final result
1st place, gold medalist(s)  West Germany (H) 9 8 1 0 21 5 +16 17 Gold Medal
2nd place, silver medalist(s)  Pakistan 9 6 1 2 19 7 +12 13 Silver Medal
3rd place, bronze medalist(s)  India 9 6 2 1 27 11 +16 14 Bronze Medal
4  Netherlands 9 5 1 3 21 14 +7 11 Fourth place
5  Australia 9 5 2 2 22 10 +12 12 Eliminated in
group stage
6  Great Britain 9 5 1 3 18 12 +6 11
7  Spain 9 3 4 2 11 11 0 10
8  Malaysia 9 4 1 4 11 11 0 9
9  New Zealand 8 3 3 2 18 12 +6 9
10  Belgium 8 2 1 5 9 16 −7 5
11  Poland 8 2 3 3 16 16 0 7
12  France 8 2 1 5 10 17 −7 5
13  Kenya 8 2 1 5 9 17 −8 5
14  Argentina 8 0 3 5 4 10 −6 3
15  Uganda 8 1 3 4 10 15 −5 5
16  Mexico 8 0 0 8 2 44 −42 0
Source: FIH
(H) Hosts

Goalscorers[edit]

17 goals

10 goals

9 goals

8 goals

7 goals

6 goals

5 goals

4 goals

3 goals

2 goals

1 goal

Source: Olympedia

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Hockey at the 1972 Munich Summer Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  2. ^ "Pakistan's Olympic medals: Hockey team's domination is clear". Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  3. ^ "IHF select S'pore umpire for Olympic Games". The Straits Times. 26 October 1971. p. 22.

External links[edit]