English: "Surge of gamma1 directed connectivity across the brain of the dying patients. (A) Spatial and temporal dynamics of directed connectivity in gamma1 band in the dying brain in Pt1. Direction of connectivity is listed from an electrode listed in the y axis to an electrode in the x axis. Black boxes indicate null interactions (with self); warmer color denotes higher connectivity. (B) Temporal progression of gamma1 directed connectivity within TPO junctions in the dying brain of Pt1. T5P3, for instance, indicates directed connectivity from T5 to P3, whereas P3T5 denotes directed connectivity from P3 to T5. (C) Directed connectivity in gamma1 oscillations shows marked and significant increase within the TPO junctions in S2 for both Pt1 (P < 0.001) and Pt3 (P < 0.001). (D) Long-range gamma1 directed connectivity between the TPO junctions and the prefrontal lobes in Pt1 in both feedforward [FF; from the left (T5, P3, O1) and right (T6, P4, O2) TPO clusters to the prefrontal areas] and feedback (FB; from the prefrontal areas to the TPO clusters) directions. (E) Interhemispheric (contra) and intrahemispheric (ipsi) gamma1 directed connectivity between the temporal (T5, T6), parietal (P3, P4) lobes and the prefrontal (F); Fp1, F7, F3, Fp2, F4, F8) lobes at near-death (S3) in both Pt1 (P < 0.01) and Pt3 (P < 0.001). T5F indicates the averaged NSTE values of T5 with each of the prefrontal (F) lobes of either the same hemisphere (ipsi; Fp1, F7, and F3; open boxes) or the contralateral hemisphere (contra; Fp2, F4, and F8; solid black boxes). (F), Long-range interhemispheric gamma1 directed connectivity between the TPO zones and ventrolateral prefrontal (VLPFC) lobes at near-death (S4, S9) for Pt1. Feedforward connectivity is shown as dashed lines and triangles, whereas feedback connectivity as solid lines and circles. (G) Interhemispheric feedforward (ff) and feedback (fb) connectivity between the TPO zone (TPO) and left (F7) and right (F8) VLPFC for both Pt1 (P < 0.01) and Pt3 (P < 0.01) at baseline (S1) and near-death (ND, S4 for Pt1, S3 for Pt3). The open boxes indicate the connectivity at baseline, the solid black boxes indicate the connectivity at near-death. The interhemispheric feedback connectivity (ffTPO and fbTPO) values were compared between baseline and near-death stages using two-sided paired t tests (P < 0.01)." "Analysis of directed connectivity in the dying brain, determined using the normalized symbolic transfer entropy (NSTE) method (18), shows dynamic temporal and spatial changes over multiple slower frequency bands (delta-alpha) in all four patients (SI Appendix, Fig. S5). Within faster oscillations (beta-gamma2; SI Appendix, Fig. S5 A and C), especially gamma1, a marked rise was found in S2 within both left and right TPO junctions (Fig. 5 A and B and SI Appendix, Fig. S5 A, Lower). The increase in gamma1 (Fig. 5B) directed connectivity was stimulated immediately within the left TPO junctions in both directions (T5P3/P3T5, O1T5/T5O1, P3O1/O1P3) upon the removal of ventilator support in S2, while gamma1 connectivity within the right TPO (T6P4/P4T6, O2T6/T6O2, P4O2/O2P4) appeared with a slight delay in both directions in S2 (Fig. 5B). Gamma1 connectivity between temporal and parietal lobes at the TP junctions (T5P3/P3T5, T6P4/P4T6) persisted at high levels for a longer time (S2 to S9) than those between occipital and parietal/temporal lobes within TPO zones (S2 to S4) (Fig. 5B). An additional increase was seen in S9 for the junctions within the right TPO zone (T6P4/P4T6, O2T6/T6O2, P4O2/O2P4) (Fig. 5B). Importantly, directed connectivity between cortical regions within both left and right TPO junctions displayed significantly higher levels in S2 compared to S1 in both Pt1 (P < 0.001) and Pt3 (P < 0.001) (Fig. 5C)."