English: "Typically, pharma utilizes a series of in vitro tests to guide chemical optimization ahead of animal testing. Promising drug candidates then progress to dose-range finding studies ahead of the required studies to enable regulatory approval to enter clinical trial. With the data presented in this investigation, Liver-Chip would be best placed in between the in vitro tests and dose-range finding animal studies. A drug candidate that did not show toxicity in the Liver-Chip, would increase confidence of the scientist that it can pass through animal testing without a liver toxicity flag and proceed into the clinic with a lower likelihood of clinical hepatic signals. A drug candidate that did show toxicity in the Liver-Chip would encourage scientists to stop and think about the relevance of the toxicity to the therapeutic indication and whether there was a potential margin between this finding and the exposure required for clinical efficacy. This would continue to increase the confidence that candidate drugs are entering the phase I clinical trial process with a greater likelihood of approval and may also reduce animal usage by not conducting dose-range finding or regulatory studies."