Frank Gray (researcher)
Frank Gray (13 September 1887 – 23 May 1969) was a physicist and researcher at Bell Labs who made numerous innovations in television, both mechanical and electronic, and is remembered for the Gray code.
The Gray code, or reflected binary code (RBC), appearing in Gray's 1953 patent,[1] is a binary numeral system often used in electronics, but with many applications in mathematics.
Gray conducted pioneering research on the development of television; he proposed an early form of "flying spot scanner" for early TV systems in 1927,[2][3] and helped develop a two-way mechanically scanned TV system in 1930.[4]
With Pierre Mertz, Gray wrote the classic paper on the mathematics of raster scan systems in 1934.[5] He later participated in the early days of the digital revolution, with Raymond W. Sears, William M. Goodall, John Robinson Pierce, and others at Bell Labs, by providing the binary code used by Sears in his PCM tube, a beam deflection tube of the type that Sears and Pierce collaborated on, which was used in Goodall's "Television by pulse code modulation".[6]
Early life[edit]
Gray graduated from Purdue University in 1911 with a degree in Physics.[7]
Patents[edit]
With Herbert E. Ives as co-inventor, Gray filed for two US patents in 1927: "Electro-optical system" (US 2,037,471, issued 14 April 1936) and "Electro-optical transmission" (US 1,759,504, issued 20 May 1930), and one in just his own name: "Television system" (US 2,113,254, issued 5 April 1938). He patented many other similar-sounding inventions over the years that followed.
His 1953 patent "Pulse Code Communication" with the Gray code was filed in 1947.[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Gray, Frank (1953-03-17). "Pulse code communication" (PDF). U.S. patent no. 2,632,058.
- ^ Gray, Frank; Horton, Joseph W.; Mathes, Robert C. (June 1927). "The Production and Utilisation of Television Signals". Transactions of the AIEE (46): 918–939. Also published in: Gray, Frank; Horton, Joseph W.; Mathes, Robert C. (October 1927). "The Production and Utilisation of Television Signals". Bell System Technical Journal. 6 (4): 579–584.
- ^ Gray, Frank (March 1928). "The Use of a Moving Beam of Light to Scan a Scene for Television". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 16 (3): 177–190. Bibcode:1928JOSA...16..177G. doi:10.1364/JOSA.16.000177. [1]
- ^ Ives, Herbert E.; Gray, Frank; Baldwin, Jr., Millard W. (July 1930). "Image Transmission System for Two-Way Television". Bell System Technical Journal. 9 (3): 449–469. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1934.tb00675.x. ISSN 0005-8580. (NB. Presented at Tune, 1930, meeting of A.I.E.E., Toronto, Canada.)
- ^ Mertz, Pierre; Gray, Frank (1934-07-03). "A Theory of Scanning and Its Relation to the Characteristics of the Transmitted Signal in Telephotography and Television". Bell System Technical Journal. 13 (3): 464–515. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1934.tb00675.x.
- ^ Goodall, William M. (January 1951). "Television by Pulse Code Modulation". Bell System Technical Journal. 30 (1): 33–49. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1951.tb01365.x. (NB. Presented orally before the I.R.E. National Convention, New York City, March 1949.)
- ^ Catalog. University of Wisconsin. 1914.
External links[edit]
- Science Newsletter, 16 April 1927 (reproduced at Science News Online) "How New Television Process Works" with Gray's flying-spot scanner innovation
- Two Way Television 1930 booklet by AT&T, with photo of Frank Gray
- Complete 1930 booklet at TV History
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