Haplogroup M-P256
Haplogroup M-P256 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 32,000-47,000 years BP[1] |
Possible place of origin | Wallacea (eastern Indonesia) or New Guinea [2] |
Ancestor | K2b1 |
Defining mutations | P256 |
Haplogroup M, AKA M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago[1].
M-P256 is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in West Papua and western Papua New Guinea[3]. In addition, M-P256 can be located in neighboring parts of Melanesia, Indonesia and among indigenous Australians.
Phylogenetic structure
[edit]This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based primarily on the trees published by YCC in 2008[4] and ISOGG in 2016[5].
- M* (P256)
- M1 (M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35)
- M1a(P34_1, P34_2, P34_3, P34_4, P34_5)
- M1a1 (P51)
- M1a2 (P94)
- M1b (P87)
- M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2)
- M1b1a (M16)
- M1b1b (M83)
- M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2)
- M1a(P34_1, P34_2, P34_3, P34_4, P34_5)
- M2 (M353, M387)
- M2a (M177/SRY9138)
- M3 (P117, P118)
- M1 (M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35)
Distribution
[edit]M* (M-P256*)
[edit]The paragroup M-P256* is found at low incidences[spelling?] in New Guinea (6.3%) and Flores (2.5%).[2]
M1 (M-M4)
[edit]Haplogroup M-M4 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 8,200 [3,800–20,600] years BP[3] |
Possible place of origin | Southeast Asia - Melanesia[citation needed] |
Ancestor | M-P256 |
Defining mutations | M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35[citation needed] |
Found frequently in New Guinea and Melanesia, with a moderate distribution in neighboring parts of Indonesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
- Una 100%[3]
- Ketengban 100%[3]
- Awyu 100%[3]
- Citak 86%[3]
- Asmat 75%[3]
- West Papua
- Kombai/Korowai 46%[3]
- Papua New Guinea
- Tolai (New Britain) 31%[3]
- Trobriand Islands 30%[3]
- Maluku (Moluccas) 21%[3]
- Torres Strait Islanders (Australia): up to 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% of samples, when 45% of the total were deemed to be "non-indigenous"[6]
An extreme geographical outlier was apparently identified in a 2012 study, which reported a Hazara individual from Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan, with M1 among a sample of 60 males from Mazar-e Sharif[7]. The Hazara individual carried the SNP M186 (which is believed to be equivalent to M4).
Old names (YCC 2002/2008) | M-M4 |
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 24 |
Underhill 2000 | VIII |
Hammer 2001 | 1U |
Karafet 2001 | 37 |
Semino 2000 | Eu16 |
Su 1999 | H17 |
Capelli 2001 | E |
YCC 2002 (Longhand) | M* |
YCC 2005 (Longhand) | M |
YCC 2008 (Longhand) | M1 |
YCC 2010r (Longhand) | M1 |
M1a (M-P34)
[edit]M1a (M-P34) is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in Western New Guinea. It is also found with moderate frequency in neighboring parts of Indonesia (Maluku, Nusa Tenggara) and throughout Papua New Guinea, including offshore islands.[3][8]
Old names (YCC 2002/2008) | M-P34 |
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 24 |
Underhill 2000 | VIII |
Hammer 2001 | 1U |
Karafet 2001 | 37 |
Semino 2000 | Eu16 |
Su 1999 | H17 |
Capelli 2001 | E |
YCC 2002 (Longhand) | M1 |
YCC 2005 (Longhand) | M1 |
YCC 2008 (Longhand) | M1a |
YCC 2010r (Longhand) | M1a |
M1b (M-P87)
[edit]M1b M-P87(xM104/P22) has been found in approximately 18% (20/109) of a pool of samples from New Ireland, approximately 12% (5/43) of a sample of Lavongai from New Hanover, approximately 5% (19/395) of a pool of samples from New Britain (and, in particular, in about 24% (15/63) of Baining from East New Britain), in addition to one Saposa individual from northern Bougainville, and another individual from the north coast of Papua New Guinea.[1]
The subclade M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2) is found frequently in populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island, with a moderate distribution in New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, East Futuna, and Samoa.[1][9]
Old names (YCC 2002/2008) | M-P22 |
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 24 |
Underhill 2000 | VIII |
Hammer 2001 | 1U |
Karafet 2001 | 38 |
Semino 2000 | Eu16 |
Su 1999 | H17 |
Capelli 2001 | E |
YCC 2002 (Longhand) | M2* |
YCC 2005 (Longhand) | M2a |
YCC 2008 (Longhand) | M1b1 |
YCC 2010r (Longhand) | M1b1 |
M2 (M-M353)
[edit]M2 is found at a low frequency in Fiji and East Futuna.[10]
The subclade M2a (M-M177, also referred to as M-SRY9138) has been found in one Nasioi individual from the eastern coast of Bougainville and in one individual from Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands.[11]
Alternative names previously used within peer-reviewed literature for the M2a subclade are listed below.
Old names (YCC 2002/2008) | K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138 AKA M-M177 |
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 23 |
Underhill 2000 | VIII |
Hammer 2001 | 1E |
Karafet 2001 | 25 |
Semino 2000 | Eu16 |
Su 1999 | H5 |
Capelli 2001 | F |
YCC 2002 (Longhand) | K1 |
YCC 2005 (Longhand) | K1 |
YCC 2008 (Longhand) | M2a |
YCC 2010r (Longhand) | M2a |
M3 (M-P117)
[edit]M3 (P117, P118) is found frequently in populations of New Britain, and is also observed occasionally in northern Bougainville, Fiji, and East Futuna.[9][1]
Previous phylogenetic history
[edit]Prior to 2002, at least seven different naming systems for the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree were used within academic literature, leading to considerable confusion. To resolve this, in 2002, major research groups collaborated to form the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC), resulting in the publishing of a joint paper that contained a single new tree that they all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely.
The table below brings together the nomenclature used in studies of Haplogroup M prior to the landmark 2002 YCC Tree, enabling researchers reviewing older literature to quickly convert between the different nomenclatures that were in use.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M4 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 37 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M* | M | M1 | M1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
M-P34 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 37 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M1 | M1 | M1a | M1a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
M-P22/M-M104 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 38 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M2* | M2a | M1b1 | M1b1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
M-M16 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 39 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M2a | M2a1 | M1b1a | M1b1a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
M-M83 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 38 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M2b | M2a2 | M1b1b | M1b1b | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138 | 23 | VIII | 1E | 25 | Eu16 | H5 | F | K1 | K1 | M2a | M2a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
- Sources
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree.[4] Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M-M4 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M-P256; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.[citation needed]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Scheinfeldt, Laura; Friedlaender, Françoise; Friedlaender, Jonathan; Latham, Krista; Koki, George; Karafet, Tatyana; Hammer, Michael; Lorenz, Joseph (2006-06-05). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–1641. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. ISSN 1537-1719. PMID 16754639.
- ^ a b Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox, Herawati Sudoyo , Sean Downey, J. Stephen Lansing and Michael F. Hammer, "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia", Molecular Biological Evolution, (2010), vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1833-1844.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kayser, Manfred; Brauer, Silke; Weiss, Gunter; Schiefenhövel, Wulf; Underhill, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, Mila; Stoneking, Mark (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.
- ^ a b Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Meilerman, Monica B.; Underhill, Peter A.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. (2008-05-01). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–838. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
- ^ "ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup M". isogg.org. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
- ^ Nagle, Nano; Ballantyne, Kaye N.; van Oven, Mannis; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Xue, Yali; Taylor, Duncan; Wilcox, Stephen; Wilcox, Leah; Turkalov, Rust; van Oorschot, Roland A.H.; McAllister, Peter; Williams, Lesley; Kayser, Manfred; Mitchell, Robert J.; The Genographic Consortium (2016). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y -chromosomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 159 (3): 367–381. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22886. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 26515539.
- ^ Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2012-03-28). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
- ^ Karafet, Tatiana M; Lansing, J. S; Redd, Alan J; Watkins, Joseph C; Surata, S. P. K; Arthawiguna, W. A; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; Jorde, Lynn B; Hammer, Michael F (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders". Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. ISSN 1534-6617. PMID 16114819.
- ^ a b Kayser, M.; Choi, Y.; van Oven, M.; Mona, S.; Brauer, S.; Trent, R. J.; Suarkia, D.; Schiefenhovel, W.; Stoneking, M. (2008-04-03). "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1362–1374. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. ISSN 0737-4038.
- ^ Kayser, Manfred; Brauer, Silke; Cordaux, Richard; Casto, Amanda; Lao, Oscar; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Moyse-Faurie, Claire; Rutledge, Robb B.; Schiefenhoevel, Wulf; Gil, David; Lin, Alice A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Oefner, Peter J.; Trent, Ronald J.; Stoneking, Mark (2006). "Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (11): 2234–2244. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl093. ISSN 1537-1719. PMID 16923821.
- ^ Cox, Murray P.; Mirazón Lahr, Marta (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20459. ISSN 1042-0533. PMID 16378340.
Sources for conversion tables
[edit]- Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891.
- Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906. PMID 11420360.
- Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID 10904265
- Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597. PMID 11313742.
- Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588.
- Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, PMID 11073453
- Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. doi:10.1086/302680. PMC 1288383. PMID 10577926.
- Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480.