List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office

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Canada's three longest-serving prime ministers, left to right:
William Lyon Mackenzie King; 21 years, 154 days
Sir John A. Macdonald; 18 years, 359 days
Pierre Trudeau; 15 years, 164 days
All served non-consecutive terms.
Canada's three shortest-serving prime ministers, left to right:
Sir Charles Tupper; 68 days
John Turner; 79 days
Kim Campbell; 132 days
Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the longest consecutively serving prime minister

The prime minister of Canada is the head of government of Canada. Since Canadian Confederation in 1867, there have been 23 prime ministers who have formed 29 Canadian ministries. The first prime minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, took office on July 1, 1867. The position does not have term limits. Instead, prime ministers can stay in office as long as their government has the confidence of a majority in the House of Commons of Canada under the system of responsible government.[1] Under this system, William Lyon Mackenzie King was Canada's longest-serving prime minister, holding office for a total of 21 years and 154 days over three non-consecutive terms.[2]

The prime minister's term begins upon appointment by the governor general of Canada, usually after winning a general election. One prime minister can also succeed another with no election—usually, but not necessarily, when they are successive leaders of the same party. A prime minister stays in office until they resign, die or are dismissed by the governor general.[3] Two prime ministers have died in office (Macdonald[4] and Sir John Thompson[5]). All others have resigned, either after losing an election, a parliamentary no confidence vote, or upon retirement. Theoretically, the governor general can dismiss a prime minister, but that has never happened.

The prime ministerial term is not tied directly to the term of the House of Commons, which the Constitution sets as a maximum of five years from the most recent general election.[6][7] A prime minister takes office after winning an election, and resigns after losing an election, but the term in office does not match up directly to the term of the Parliament. An incoming prime minister will normally take office a few weeks after the election, and an outgoing prime minister will usually stay in office for a few weeks after losing the election. The transition period and the date for the transfer of office are negotiated by the incoming and the outgoing prime ministers.

A prime minister who holds office in consecutive parliaments is not re-appointed as prime minister for each parliament, but rather serves one continuous term.[3] When a prime minister holds office in more than one parliament, it is customarily referred to as the prime minister's first government, second government, and so on.[8]

A majority government normally lasts around four years, since general elections for Parliament are normally held every four years. Minority governments generally last for a shorter period. The shortest minority government, Arthur Meighen's second government, lasted just under three months.[2] A prime minister who is selected by the governing party to replace an outgoing prime minister may also serve a short term, if the new prime minister is defeated at the general election. Charles Tupper served the shortest term in Canadian history, only sixty-eight days, in this way.[2] He was selected by the Conservative Party to replace Mackenzie Bowell just before the general election of 1896, which Tupper and the Conservatives lost.[9] John Turner[10] and Kim Campbell[11] both served short terms for similar reasons.

Of the other prime ministers who served short terms, Arthur Meighen,[12] Joe Clark,[13] and Paul Martin[14] had their time in office cut short by the collapse of their minority governments and the subsequent election of the opposition party.

In the late nineteenth century, three prime ministers succeeded to the office and did not call an election: John Abbott resigned for health reasons[15] and Thompson died in office.[16] Bowell resigned after a Cabinet revolt.[17]

On six occasions from the twentieth century, a prime minister has retired and the governing party has selected a new party leader, who automatically became prime minister. Arthur Meighen (1920), Louis St. Laurent (1948), Pierre Trudeau (1968),[18] John Turner (1984), Kim Campbell (1993) and Paul Martin (2003) all succeeded to the office in this way. The new prime minister may continue to govern in the parliament called by the previous prime minister, but normally calls an election within a few months. (Meighen was the exception, governing for over a year before calling an election.) In those cases, the time before and after the election is counted as one government for the purposes of this table.

When a general election is called, the current prime minister stays in office during the election campaign. If the prime minister's party wins the election, the prime minister remains in office without being sworn in again; the prime minister's tenure of office is continuous. If defeated in the election, the outgoing prime minister stays in office during the transition period, until the new prime minister takes office. All of that time is included in the total "Time in office". The first day of a prime minister's term is counted in the total, but the last day is not.[19]

For the first half century of Confederation, there were gaps between the term of an outgoing prime minister and the incoming prime minister. The shortest gap, two days, was between Macdonald and Alexander Mackenzie in 1873: Macdonald resigned office on November 5, 1873, and Mackenzie was appointed on November 7.[2] The longest gap, ten days, was upon the death of Macdonald on June 6, 1891. Abbott did not take office until June 16, 1891.[2] The last time there was a gap, of four days, occurred between Laurier and Robert Borden: Laurier resigned effective October 6, 1911, and Borden took office on October 10.[2] There have been no gaps in office since that transition, with the new prime minister taking office the day after the former prime minister leaves office.[2]

Table of prime ministers[edit]

Canadian custom is to count by the individuals who were prime minister, not by terms.[20] Since Confederation, 23 prime ministers have been "called upon" by the governor general to form 29 Canadian Ministries.[20]

  Historical conservative parties/Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (12)
  Liberal Party of Canada (10)
  Conservative Party of Canada (1)

Prime Minister Total time in office Dates in office Number of governments Comments
  1
William Lyon Mackenzie King 		21 years, 154 days[2] 1921-12-29 to 1926-06-28[21]

(4 years, 181 days)

1926-09-25 to 1930-08-06[21]
(3 years, 315 days)

1935-10-23 to 1948-11-14[21]
(13 years, 23 days)

Six governments in total.

Three majority governments:

1921–1925[22]
1935–1940[23]
1940–1945[24]

Three minority governments:

1925–1926[25]
1926–1930[26]
1945–1948[27]

King served three non-consecutive terms: from 1921 to the spring of 1926 (one majority and one minority government); from the fall of 1926 to 1930 (minority government); and from 1935 to 1948 (two majority governments and one minority government).

First term: King began his first term after winning a narrow majority government in the election of 1921, defeating Prime Minister Meighen. His government fluctuated between majority and minority over the course of four years, due to by-elections and political developments. He won a minority government in the 1925 election, but that government was cut short by the King-Byng Affair. To avoid a motion of censure in the Commons, King asked the governor general, Viscount Byng to call an election. Byng refused and King resigned. Byng appointed Meighen as prime minister, but Meighen's government fell after only four days in office, triggering a general election, which King won.[28]

Second term: King began his second term when he won a minority government in the 1926 election.[29] His second term lasted until 1930, when he was defeated by R.B. Bennett in the 1930 general election and resigned as prime minister. He stayed on as party leader and became Leader of the Opposition.[30]

Third term: King began his third and longest term when he won the election of 1935, defeating Prime Minister Bennett and winning a majority government.[31] He won the subsequent elections in 1940 and 1945, and retired in 1948.[32] He was succeeded by Louis St. Laurent.[33]

  2
Sir John A. Macdonald 		18 years, 359 days[2] 1867-07-01 to 1873-11-05[4]

(6 years, 127 days)

1878-10-17 to 1891-06-06[4]
(12 years, 232 days)

Six majority governments:

1867–1872[34]
1872–1873[35]
1878–1882[36]
1882–1887[37]
1887–1891[38]
1891[39]

Macdonald served two non-consecutive terms: from July 1, 1867 to the fall of 1873 (two majority governments), and from 1878 until his death in 1891 (four majority governments).

First term: The Governor-General, Viscount Monck, appointed Macdonald the first prime minister of Canada on July 1, 1867[40] prior to the first general election, which Macdonald won. His second government, elected in 1872, was cut short by the Pacific Scandal. When it became apparent that he had lost the confidence of the Commons in the fall of 1873, Macdonald resigned as prime minister, remaining party leader and becoming Leader of the Opposition. The Governor-General, the Earl of Dufferin, appointed Alexander Mackenzie as prime minister.[41] Mackenzie then called the general election of 1874, which he won.

Second term: Returned to power after defeating Prime Minister Mackenzie in the election of 1878, Macdonald won four successive majority governments. His last government, elected in April, 1891, ended upon his death on June 6, 1891.[42] The office of prime minister was vacant for ten days from Macdonald's death on June 6, 1891, until the appointment of Sir John Abbott as prime minister on June 16, 1891.[2] After Abbott, three other individuals served in turn as prime minister until the next election in 1896.[43][44]

  3
Pierre Trudeau 		15 years, 164 days[2] 1968-04-20 to 1979-06-03[18]

(11 years, 45 days)

1980-03-03 to 1984-06-29[18]
(4 years, 119 days)

Four governments in total.

Three majority governments:

1968–1972[45]
1974–1979[46]
1980–1984[47]

One minority government:

1972–1974[48]

Trudeau served two non-consecutive terms: from 1968 to 1979 (two majority governments and one minority government), and then from 1980 to 1984 (one majority government).

First term: When Prime Minister Pearson retired, Trudeau won the Liberal leadership and became prime minister on April 20, 1968.[49][18] He called a general election for June 25, 1968, winning a majority government. He remained in office for two more elections, but was defeated by Joe Clark in the 1979 general election. Trudeau resigned the leadership of the Liberal Party and announced his retirement from politics, staying on as interim leader until the Liberals elected a new party leader.[13]

Second term: In the first session of the new parliament it became clear that Clark's government was quickly losing popular support. The Liberals and the New Democratic Party combined to defeat the budget of the Clark government. Since that was a confidence matter, Clark was forced to call an election. Trudeau resumed the leadership of the Liberal Party and defeated Prime Minister Clark in the 1980 election.[13] He stayed in office until 1984, when he announced his retirement after taking a walk in the snow.[50] He was succeeded by John Turner.[51]

  4
Sir Wilfrid Laurier 		15 years, 86 days[2] 1896-07-11 to 1911-10-06[52] Four majority governments:

1896–1900[53]
1900–1904[54]
1904–1908[55]
1908–1911[56]

Laurier served one continuous term of fifteen years, the longest uninterrupted term of any prime minister. He took office after defeating Prime Minister Tupper in the 1896 general election. During his term, he won four majority governments. He was defeated by Robert Borden in the 1911 general election and resigned as prime minister, he remained the leader of the liberal party as leader of the opposition until his death in 1919.[57][58]
  5
Jean Chrétien 		10 years, 38 days[2] 1993-11-04 to 2003-12-11[59] Three majority governments:

1993–1997[60]
1997–2000[61] 2001–2003[62]

Chrétien served for one term, winning three majority governments. He took office after defeating Prime Minister Campbell in the 1993 general election and stayed in power for ten years. After a leadership challenge within the Liberal Party from Paul Martin, he retired as prime minister and leader of the Liberal Party on December 12, 2003 and was replaced by Martin.[63][64]
  6
Stephen Harper 		9 years, 271 days[2] 2006-02-06 to 2015-11-03[65] Three governments in total.

Two minority governments:

2006–2008[66]
2008–2011[67]

One majority government:

2011–2015[68]

Harper served for one term, winning two minority governments and one majority government. He took office after defeating Prime Minister Martin in the 2006 general election and stayed in office for nine years. He was defeated by Justin Trudeau in the 2015 general election and resigned as prime minister.[69][70][71]
  7
Brian Mulroney 		8 years, 281 days[2] 1984-09-17 to 1993-06-24[72] Two majority governments:

1984–1988[73]
1988–1993[74]

Mulroney served for one term, winning two majority governments. He took office after defeating Prime Minister Turner in the 1984 general election. He won the largest number of seats in Canadian history: 211 out of 295 seats in the House of Commons.[73] He retired in 1993 and was succeeded by Kim Campbell.
  8
Sir Robert Borden 		8 years, 274 days[2] 1911-10-10 to 1917-10-11[75]

1917-10-12 to 1920-07-09[75]

Two majority governments:

1911–1917[76]
1917–1921[77]

Borden served two consecutive terms, the only prime minister to do so, as a war-time measure.

First term: Borden was elected in the 1911 general election, defeating Prime Minister Laurier and forming a majority government.[78]

Second term: During the Conscription Crisis in World War I, Borden, a Conservative, approached Laurier and the Liberals to form a coalition war-time government. Laurier refused, but a large number of Liberals joined Borden, who formed a Unionist government.[79] He was formally re-appointed as prime minister under the new government.[75] Borden stayed in office after the end of the war, resigning in 1920. He was succeeded by Arthur Meighen.[80]

  9
Louis St. Laurent 		8 years, 218 days[2] 1948-11-15 to 1957-06-20[81] Two majority governments:

1948–1953[82]
1953–1957[83]

St. Laurent served for one term, with two majority governments. After King announced his retirement in 1948, St. Laurent won the Liberal leadership[84] and became prime minister. He won the general election of 1949 and stayed in office until 1957. He was defeated by Diefenbaker in the 1957 general election and resigned.[85][86]
  10
Justin Trudeau (Incumbent) 		8 years, 166 days[2]
(As of April 18, 2024) 		2015-11-04 to present[87] Three governments in total to date.

One majority government:

2015–2019[88]

Two minority governments:

2019–2021[89]
2021–present[90]

Trudeau is serving in his first term, winning one majority government and two minority governments. In his second minority government, he held a de facto majority due to a confidence and supply agreement with the New Democratic Party. He took office after defeating Prime Minister Harper in the 2015 general election,[70] remaining in office with a minority government following both the 2019 and the 2021 general elections.
  11
John Diefenbaker 		5 years, 305 days[2] 1957-06-21 to 1963-04-21[91] Three governments in total.

Two minority governments:

1957–1958[92]
1962–1963[93]

One majority government:

1958–1962[94]

Diefenbaker served for one term, with two minority governments and one majority government. In the 1957 general election, Diefenbaker defeated Prime Minister St. Laurent by winning a minority government. After a short parliamentary session of less than four months, Diefenbaker called a general election in early 1958. He won the largest majority ever in Canadian history up to that time (208 seats of the 265 seats in the House of Commons).[94] However, in the subsequent 1962 general election, he was reduced to a minority government, which lasted only half a year before being defeated on a confidence measure. In the 1963 general election, Diefenbaker was defeated by Pearson, who won a minority government. Diefenbaker resigned as prime minister.[95][96]
  12
R. B. Bennett 		5 years, 77 days[2] 1930-08-07 to 1935-10-22[97] One majority government:

1930–1935[98]

Bennett served for one term, with one majority government. He defeated Prime Minister King in the 1930 general election, but in turn lost to King in the 1935 general election. He resigned as prime minister and retired from Canadian politics, sitting in the British House of Lords for many years.[99][100]
  13
Lester B. Pearson 		4 years, 363 days[2] 1963-04-22 to 1968-04-19[101] Two minority governments:

1963–1965[102]
1965–1968[103]

Pearson served for one term, with two minority governments. He defeated Prime Minister Diefenbaker in the 1963 general election.[104] He maintained power, again with a minority government, in the 1965 general election. After he announced his retirement in 1968, Pierre Trudeau was elected leader of the Liberal Party[49] and succeeded him as prime minister.[105]
  14
Alexander Mackenzie 		4 years, 336 days[2] 1873-11-07 to 1878-10-08[106] One majority government:

1873 – 1878[35][107]

Mackenzie served one term, over two parliaments. He was appointed prime minister in the fall of 1873 by the Governor-General, the Earl of Dufferin, after Prime Minister Macdonald resigned over the Pacific Scandal.[41] Mackenzie then called a general election early in 1874, in which he won a majority government.[108] However, he lost the next general election in 1878 to Macdonald, and resigned as prime minister.[109][110]
  15
Paul Martin 		2 years, 56 days[2] [note 1] 2003-12-12 to 2006-02-05[111] One majority government:

2003–2004[62]

One minority government:

2004–2006[112]

Martin served one term over two parliaments, initially with a majority government, then with a minority government. He became prime minister in December, 2003, after winning the leadership of the Liberal Party after Prime Minister Chrétien announced he would step down.[64] He inherited the 37th Parliament, in which the Liberals held a majority, and held one session in the spring of 2004. He then called the general election of 2004, in which his government was reduced to a minority. Martin's government fell on a confidence vote in late 2005,[113] forcing him to call the general election of 2006. Harper and the Conservative Party won a minority government in that election and Martin resigned as prime minister.[114]
  16
Sir John Thompson 		2 years, 7 days[2] 1892-12-05 to 1894-12-12[5] One majority government:

1892–1894[39]

Thompson served one term of just over two years. He was the second prime minister to lead the Conservative government after Macdonald's death in 1891, prior to the next election in 1896. He had a majority in the parliament elected in the 1891 election, but never led his government in an election, as he died suddenly in 1894 at Windsor Castle. The office of prime minister was vacant for nine days until the governor general, the Earl of Aberdeen, appointed Mackenzie Bowell as prime minister.[2][115] Thompson was the second and last prime minister of Canada to die in office.[116]
  17
Arthur Meighen 		1 year, 260 days[2] 1920-07-10 to 1921-12-28[117]

(1 year, 172 days)

1926-06-29 to 1926-09-24[117]
(88 days)

Two governments in total.

One majority government:
1920–1921[77]

One minority government:
1926[25]

Meighen served two short non-consecutive terms, in 1920–1921 and 1926.

First term: When Borden announced his retirement in 1920, the Conservative party caucus asked him to recommend his successor. After consulting with the individual members of caucus, he recommended that Meighen be the new party leader. The caucus accepted that recommendation and Meighen became party leader and prime minister.[118] He governed for just over a year with a majority in the parliament elected under Borden's leadership in the 1917 election, then called the general election of 1921. He was defeated by King, who won a narrow majority government. Meighen resigned as prime minister, but remained as party leader. He had lost his own seat, but was elected in a by-election and returned to Parliament in January 1922. He served as Leader of the Opposition for the next four years.[119][118]

Second term: Meighen served a second term of just under three months in 1926. In the 1925 election, Meighen and the Conservatives won more seats than King and the Liberals, but did not win a majority. King was able to keep governing with the support of the Progressives until he faced a motion of censure in the Commons in the spring of 1926. The governor general refused King's request for a dissolution of Parliament and King resigned as prime minister. Governor General Byng then appointed Meighen as prime minister, but Meighen's government fell within four days, defeated in Parliament. The governor general now granted the dissolution of Parliament, triggering a general election.[28] Meighen lost the 1926 election to King and again was defeated in his own riding. He resigned as prime minister for the second time.[118]

  18
Sir John Abbott 		1 year, 161 days[2] 1891-06-16 to 1892-11-24[120] One majority government:

1891–1892[39]

Abbott served one short term of just over a year. Following Macdonald's death in the spring of 1891, Abbott was appointed prime minister by the governor general, Lord Stanley, on the recommendation of the Cabinet.[121] He was the first of four prime ministers to serve after Macdonald's death and prior to the next election, in 1896. He had a majority in the parliament elected in the 1891 election, but never led his government in an election, as he retired in 1892 due to health reasons.[122]
  19
Sir Mackenzie Bowell 		1 year, 128 days[2] 1894-12-21 to 1896-04-27[123] One majority government:

1894–1896[39]

Bowell served one short term of just over a year. After Thompson's sudden death in office in late 1894, Bowell was appointed prime minister by the governor general, the Earl of Aberdeen.[15] Bowell was the third prime minister to lead the Conservative government after Macdonald's death in 1891, prior to the next election in 1896. He had a majority in the parliament elected in the 1891 election, but never led his government in an election. He resigned from office after a Cabinet revolt over his handling of the Manitoba Schools Question.
  20
Joe Clark 		273 days[2] 1979-06-04 to 1980-03-02[124] One minority government:

1979–1980[125]

Joe Clark served one short term in a minority government. In office for just nine months, Clark's term was the shortest for a prime minister who won an election. Clark and the Progressive Conservatives defeated Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and the Liberals in the 1979 general election, but only won a minority in the Commons. The popularity of the Clark government dropped sharply after the election, and in December 1979, the opposition parties, the Liberals and New Democrats, combined to defeat the government's budget. Since that was a confidence measure, Clark was forced to call an election in early 1980, which he lost to Trudeau and the Liberals. He resigned as prime minister.[13]
  21
Kim Campbell 		132 days[2] 1993-06-25 to 1993-11-03[126] One majority government:

1993[74]

Campbell served one short term in 1993. After Brian Mulroney announced his resignation, Campbell won the leadership of the Progressive Conservative party[127] and became prime minister in June, 1993. She called an election shortly afterwards but was defeated in the largest electoral loss by a federal government in Canadian history, going from a majority in the thirty-fourth parliament to only two seats in the thirty-fifth parliament. Campbell lost her own seat and resigned as party leader.[126]
  22
John Turner 		79 days[2] 1984-06-30 to 1984-09-16[128] One majority government:

1984[47]

Turner served one short term as prime minister. He had come in third in the 1968 Liberal leadership convention,[49] which Pierre Trudeau won, and had served from 1968 to 1975 in Trudeau's cabinet. When Trudeau announced his retirement in early 1984, Turner re-entered politics. He won the Liberal leadership[129] and became prime minister. He called the 1984 election, which he lost to Brian Mulroney. He resigned as prime minister but stayed on as Liberal leader and Leader of the Opposition. After he lost the 1988 general election to Mulroney, he retired from politics.[128] Turner is one of three prime ministers who never sat in Parliament as prime minister, the others being Campbell and Tupper.
  23
Sir Charles Tupper 		68 days[2] 1896-05-01 to 1896-07-08[130] One majority government:

1896[39]

Tupper served the shortest term of any Canadian prime minister, only 69 days. Prime Minister Bowell resigned after a cabinet revolt over his handling of the Manitoba Schools Question. Tupper, with the support of the Cabinet, was appointed prime minister by the governor general, the Earl of Aberdeen. Tupper was the fourth and last prime minister to lead the Conservative government after Macdonald's death in 1891. He led the Conservatives into the 1896 election, which he lost to Laurier.[131] He resigned as prime minister but stayed on as leader of the Conservative party and Leader of the Opposition. He was defeated by Laurier in the 1900 election and retired from politics.[132] He was one of three prime ministers who never sat in Parliament while he was prime minister, the others being Campbell and Turner.

Footnotes

  1. ^ For the purposes of this table, when a prime minister takes office by succeeding to the party leadership, the time before and after the prime minister's first election is treated as one government.

Political parties by time in office[edit]

By cabinet party
Party Time in office
(days) 		# Ministries
  Liberal Party of Canada 33,450 13 2nd, 8th, 12th, 14th, 16th, 17th, 19th, 20th, 22nd, 23rd, 26th, 27th, and 29th (incumbent)
  Historical conservative parties 19,233 14 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 11th, 13th, 15th, 18th, 21st, 24th, and 25th
  Conservative Party of Canada 3,559 1 28th
  Unionist coalition 1,003 1 10th
By prime minister's party
Party Time in office
(days) 		# Name(s)
  Liberal Party of Canada 33,450 10 Jean Chrétien, William Lyon Mackenzie King, Louis St. Laurent, Wilfrid Laurier, Alexander Mackenzie, Paul Martin, Lester B. Pearson, Justin Trudeau (incumbent), Pierre Trudeau, and John Turner
  Liberal-Conservative Party 8,202 3 John Abbott, John A. Macdonald, and John Sparrow David Thompson
  Progressive Conservative Party of Canada 5,743 4 Kim Campbell, Joe Clark, John Diefenbaker, and Brian Mulroney
  Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) 4,750 5 R. B. Bennett, Robert Borden (1911–1917), Mackenzie Bowell, Arthur Meighen (1926), and Charles Tupper
  Conservative Party of Canada (2003–present) 3,559 1 Stephen Harper
  Unionist Party 1,003 1 Robert Borden (1917–1920)
  National Liberal and Conservative Party 538 1 Arthur Meighen (1920–1921)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Forsey, pp. 3–4.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Prime Ministers of Canada.
  3. ^ a b Eugene A. Forsey, How Canadians Govern Themselves (8th ed.), p. 5.
  4. ^ a b c Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Sir John Alexander Macdonald, P.C., Q.C., G.C.B., K.C.B.
  5. ^ a b Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Sir John Sparrow David Thompson, P.C., Q.C., K.C.M.G.
  6. ^ Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 4(1).
  7. ^ In 2007, Parliament passed a statute to provide for fixed election dates every four years, but the statute does not affect the governor general's discretionary power to dissolve Parliament: An Act to amend the Canada Elections Act, SC 2007, c. 10.
  8. ^ Library of Parliament: Overview of the Canadian Parliamentary System.
  9. ^ Bruce Hutchinson, Mr Prime Minister 1867-1964 (Don Mills: Longmans Canada Ltd., 1964), pp. 111-114.
  10. ^ Steve Paikin, "They still gather to honour John Turner" Daily Observer/Osprey Writers Group, July 5, 2008.
  11. ^ Library and Archives Canada: The Right Honourable A. Kim Campbell – Biography.
  12. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 230–231
  13. ^ a b c d Allan J. MacEachen, "Behind the Fall of Joe Clark", The Star, December 11, 2009.
  14. ^ "Liberals lose confidence of the House", CBC, November 28, 2005.
  15. ^ a b Hutchinson, p. 101.
  16. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 103-104.
  17. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 108-109.
  18. ^ a b c d Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, P.C., Q.C., C.C., F.R.S.C.
  19. ^ Interpretation Act, Revised Statutes of Canada 1985, c. I-21, s. 23(5).
  20. ^ a b "Prime Ministers of Canada". Library of the Canadian Parliament. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  21. ^ a b c Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie King, P.C., O.M., C.M.G.
  22. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Fourteenth Parliament.
  23. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Eighteenth Parliament.
  24. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Nineteenth Parliament.
  25. ^ a b Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Fifteenth Parliament.
  26. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Sixteenth Parliament.
  27. ^ Library of Parliaent – Parlinfo: Twentieth Parliament.
  28. ^ a b Hutchinson, pp. 224 to 231.
  29. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 232 to 233.
  30. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 235 to 236.
  31. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 254 to 256.
  32. ^ Hutchinson, p. 257.
  33. ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography: "King, William Lyon Mackenzie."
  34. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: First Parliament.
  35. ^ a b Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Second Parliament.
  36. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Fourth Parliament.
  37. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Fifth Parliament.
  38. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Sixth Parliament.
  39. ^ a b c d e Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Seventh Parliament.
  40. ^ Donald Creighton, John A. Macdonald – The Young Politician (Toronto: Macmillan Co., 1952), pp. 470 to 471, 476–477.
  41. ^ a b Hutchinson, p. 47.
  42. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 94–95.
  43. ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography: "Macdonald, Sir John Alexander".
  44. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 96-114.
  45. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Twenty-Eighth Parliament.
  46. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Thirtieth Parliament.
  47. ^ a b Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Thirty-Second Parliament.
  48. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Twenty-Ninth Parliament.
  49. ^ a b c CPAC: 1968 Liberal Convention.
  50. ^ Charlotte Montgomery and Thomas Walkom, "Pierre Trudeau steps down – New leader likely by end of June", Globe and Mail, March 1, 1984.
  51. ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography: "Trudeau, Pierre Elliott".
  52. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, P.C., K.C., G.C.M.G.
  53. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Eighth Parliament.
  54. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Ninth Parliament.
  55. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Tenth Parliament.
  56. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Eleventh Parliament.
  57. ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography: "Laurier, Sir Wilfrid".
  58. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 115-126.
  59. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, P.C., Q.C., C.C., O.M.
  60. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Thirty-Fifth Parliament.
  61. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Thirty-Sixth Parliament.
  62. ^ a b Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Thirty-Seventh Parliament.
  63. ^ "Jean Chrétien". The Canadian Who's Who. Vol. XLIII. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2008.
  64. ^ a b Susan Delacourt, "Chrétien attacks Martin in new book", The Star, October 13, 2007.
  65. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Stephen Harper, P.C.
  66. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Thirty-Ninth Canadian Parliament.
  67. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Fortieth Parliament.
  68. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Forty-First Parliament.
  69. ^ "Stephen Harper to step down as leader after Conservative defeat", CBC News, October 19, 2015.
  70. ^ a b Jim Sheppard and Matt Lundy, "Trudeau wins majority, Harper steps down," Globe and Mail, October 19, 2015.
  71. ^ "Stephen Harper". The Canadian Who's Who. Vol. XLIII. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2008.
  72. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Martin Brian Mulroney, P.C., C.C., G.O.Q.
  73. ^ a b Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Thirty-Third Parliament.
  74. ^ a b Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Thirty-Fourth Parliament.
  75. ^ a b c Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Sir Robert Laird Borden, P.C., K.C., G.C.M.G.
  76. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Twelfth Parliament.
  77. ^ a b Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Thirteenth Parliament.
  78. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 140 to 146.
  79. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 171 to 178.
  80. ^ Canadian Dictionary of Biography – Borden, Sir Robert Laird.
  81. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Louis Stephen St-Laurent, P.C., Q.C., C.C.
  82. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Twenty-First Parliament.
  83. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Twenty-Second Parliament.
  84. ^ CPAC: 1948 Liberal Convention.
  85. ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography: St-Laurent, Louis-Stephen.
  86. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 285 to 313.
  87. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Justin Trudeau, P.C.
  88. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Forty-Second Parliament
  89. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Forty-Third Parliament
  90. ^ "Canadians have re-elected a Liberal minority government | CBC News".
  91. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. John George Diefenbaker, P.C., Q.C., F.R.S.C., F.R.S.A.
  92. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Twenty-Third Parliament.
  93. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Twenty-Fifth Parliament.
  94. ^ a b Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Twenty-Fourth Parliament.
  95. ^ Canadian Dictionary of Biography: "Diefenbaker, John George."
  96. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 314–349.
  97. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Richard Bedford Bennett, P.C., K.C., K.G.St.J.
  98. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Seventeenth Canadian Parliament.
  99. ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography: "Bennett, Richard Bedford, 1st Viscount Bennett."
  100. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 236, 254, 256.
  101. ^ The Right Hon. Lester Bowles Pearson, P.C., C.C., O.M., O.B.E.
  102. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Twenty-Sixth Parliament.
  103. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Twenty-Seventh Parliament.
  104. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 348–349.
  105. ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography: "Pearson, Lester Bowles".
  106. ^ The Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, P.C.
  107. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Third Parliament.
  108. ^ Hutchinson, p. 54.
  109. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 73–74.
  110. ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography: "Mackenzie, Alexander".
  111. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Paul Edgar Philippe Martin, P.C., C.C.
  112. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Thirty-Eighth Parliament.
  113. ^ "Canadian government toppled in no-confidence vote", New York Times, November 29, 2005.
  114. ^ "Paul Martin". The Canadian Who's Who. Vol. XLIII. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2008.
  115. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 101–104.
  116. ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography: "Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David."
  117. ^ a b Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Arthur Meighen, P.C., Q.C.
  118. ^ a b c Dictionary of Canadian Biography: "Meighen, Arthur".
  119. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 198–201.
  120. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Hon. Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott, P.C., Q.C., K.C.M.G.
  121. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 96–98.
  122. ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography: Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell.
  123. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Hon. Sir Mackenzie Bowell, P.C., K.C.M.G.
  124. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Charles Joseph Clark, P.C., C.C., A.O.E.
  125. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: Thirty-First Parliament.
  126. ^ a b Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. A. Kim Campbell, P.C., Q.C., C.C.
  127. ^ CPAC: 1993 Progressive Conservative Leadership Convention.
  128. ^ a b Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. John Napier Turner, P.C., C.C., Q.C.
  129. ^ CPAC: 1984 Liberal Convention.
  130. ^ Library of Parliament – Parlinfo: The Right Hon. Sir Charles Tupper, P.C., K.C.M.G., G.C.M.G., C.B.
  131. ^ Hutchinson, pp. 109–11.
  132. ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography: "Tupper, Sir Charles".

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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