List of World Heritage Sites in Africa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A map of World Heritage Sites in Africa as of 2016. The northern, eastern, and southern parts of the continent are relatively dense with sites; in contrast the western coast is home to relatively few.
A map of World Heritage Sites in Africa as of 2016, each designated by a dot
  0 sites
  1–2 sites
  3–4 sites
  5–6 sites
  7–8 sites
  9 sites

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has designated 147 World Heritage Sites in Africa.[a] These sites are located in 46 countries (also called "state parties").

Selection of World Heritage Sites[edit]

Ethiopia has the lead with eleven sites; followed by South Africa with ten, Morocco and Tunisia being home to nine sites; then Algeria, Egypt, Senegal, and Tanzania at seven. Nine countries have only a single site each. Four sites are shared between two countries: Maloti-Drakensberg Park (Lesotho and South Africa), the Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea), the Stone Circles of Senegambia (the Gambia and Senegal), and Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls (Zambia and Zimbabwe). Two sites are shared among three countries: Sangha Trinational (Central African Republic, Cameroon, and Congo) and W-Arly-Penjari Complex (Benin, Burkina Faso, and Niger).[1]

The first sites from the continent were inscribed in 1978, when the Island of Gorée of Senegal and the Rock-Hewn Churches and Simien National Park of Ethiopia were chosen during the list's conception.[2][3]

As of September 2017, Somalia has no official World Heritage Sites since the Somali government is not party to the 1972 World Heritage Convention. However, there are -- at the very least -- around a dozen archaeological sites in the country that are believed to be potential future candidates for World Heritage status.[4]

Each year, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee may inscribe new sites on the list or delist sites that no longer meet the criteria. Selection is based on ten criteria: six for cultural heritage (i–vi) and four for natural heritage (vii–x).[5] Some sites, designated "mixed sites", represent both cultural and natural heritage. In Africa, there are 91 cultural, 50 natural, and 6 mixed sites.[1]

Several efforts have been devoted to increasing the number of sites and preserving the heritage of existing sites on the continent; for example, on 5 May 2006, the African World Heritage Fund was launched by UNESCO to target the region of Sub-Saharan Africa. It planned to protect the sites by hiring personnel for state parties to maintain national inventories of existing sites, as well as to "prepare nomination dossiers for inscription onto the World Heritage List". Grants were also destined to help the "[conservation] and management of heritage properties in general" and to rehabilitate properties in danger.[6]

The drive was initially funded by South Africa with US$3.5 million,[6] and, as of March 2011, has amassed $4.7 million from various countries, with an additional $4.1 million in pending pledges.[7] UNESCO has also attempted to increase awareness of African human origin sites in Ethiopia, with a goal of conserving and protecting the areas from further deterioration.[8]

The World Heritage Committee may also specify that a site is endangered, citing "conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List".[9] Along with other World Heritage Sites, sites in danger are subject to re-evaluation by the committee every year at their "ordinary sessions".[10][11] Africa has 21 sites on the danger list, accounting for 14% of all African sites and 40% of the 52 endangered sites worldwide. Libya has 5 sites on the danger list, the second-highest of any country in the world.[b][12]

Sites in Africa have been marked as such for a variety of reasons, such as deforestation and hunting,[13][14] civil war,[15] threats to and hostage taking of reserve staff,[16] oil and gas projects and mining,[17] declines in biodiversity,[18] and structural damage to buildings.[19] Ten sites were formerly declared as being in danger, but have since lost the status; examples include the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (1984–1989),[20] the Rwenzori Mountains National Park (1999–2004),[21] and Tipasa (2002–2006).[22] Garamba National Park and Timbuktu have also lost their statuses in 1992 and 2005, respectively, but later regained it in 1996 and 2012.[23][24] Despite its large number of endangered sites and the circumstances surrounding them, African World Heritage Sites have never been stripped of their title, something that has only occurred three times.

World Heritage Sites[edit]

Legend[edit]

The list below ignores UNESCO's geopolitical definition of Africa and includes what it describes as sites in the "Arab States".[25] Egypt is included as part of North Africa. The list also comprises a number of sites for which the state party is outside the continent, but the site itself is located in Africa; four such sites are located on the Canary Islands (belonging to Spain), one on Madeira (belonging to Portugal), one on Réunion (belonging to France), and one on the Tristan da Cunha archipelago (belonging to the United Kingdom).

The table is sortable by column by clicking on the at the top of the appropriate column; alphanumerically for the Site, Area, and Year columns; by state party followed by the region for the Location column; and by criteria type followed by the country for the Criteria column.
Site – named after the World Heritage Committee's official designation[1]
Location – sorted by country, followed by the region at the regional or provincial level. In the case of multinational or multi-regional sites, the names are sorted alphabetically.
Criteria – as defined by the World Heritage Committee[5]
Area – in hectares and acres, excluding any buffer zones. A value of "—" implies that no data has been published by UNESCO
Year – during which the site was inscribed to the World Heritage List
Description – brief information about the site, including reasons for qualifying as an endangered site, if applicable
  † In danger
  * Trans-border site

Sites[edit]

Site Image Location Criteria Area
ha (acre)
Year Description
Aapravasi Ghat A picture of four rectangular stone structures a few feet high, laid against a wall of a larger height. MauritiusPort Louis District,
 Mauritius
20°09′31″S 57°30′11″E / 20.158611°S 57.503056°E / -20.158611; 57.503056 (Aapravasi Ghat)
Cultural:MauritiusAap
(vi)
0.16 (0.40) 2006 After the British abolished slavery in Mauritius, the Aapravasi Ghat was chosen by the British government to receive Indian indentured laborers into the country to work on farms and sugar estates. Between 1834 and 1920, almost half a million contracted workers passed through Port Louis from India, either to work in Mauritius or to transfer to other British colonies.[26]
Abu Mena Photograph of a large, weathered, stone capital resting on the ground, with a low-relief cross enclosed in a cartouche EgyAbusir,
 Egypt
30°50′28″N 29°39′47″E / 30.84098°N 29.663117°E / 30.84098; 29.663117 (Abu Mena)
Cultural:EgyAbu
(iv)
182 (450) 1979 The ruins of the former Christian holy city contain a church, a baptistery, basilicas, public buildings, streets, monasteries, houses, and workshops, and were built over the tomb of Menas of Alexandria.[27] The World Heritage Committee designated Abu Mena as an endangered site in 2001, due to cave-ins in the area caused by the clay at the surface, which becomes semi-liquid when met with "excess water".[28]
Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves A picture of a large, depressed area of sand to the right and a mountain range in the background. Relatively small vehicles are parked alongside the massive hole. Niger1Arlit Department,
 Niger
18°N 9°E / 18°N 9°E / 18; 9 (Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves)
Natural:Niger1Air
(vii), (ix), (x)
7,736,000 (19,120,000) 1991 Africa's largest protected area, located in the Saharan desert of Ténéré, consists of the volcanic rock mass of Aïr and a small isolated Sahelian pocket with unique flora and fauna.[29] The natural reserve was placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 1992, due to the increase in military conflicts and the hostage-taking of six reserve staff in February. Removal from this list was considered in 1999, but as of 2011, its position remains unchanged.[30][31]
Aksum A large site containing several very high tombs. EthTigray Region,
 Ethiopia
14°07′49″N 38°43′07″E / 14.130190°N 38.718605°E / 14.130190; 38.718605 (Aksum)
Cultural:EthAks
(i), (iv)
1980 The ruins of the city of Aksum, dating from the 1st to the 13th century, marks the heart of ancient Ethiopian civilisation. It includes monolithic obelisks, giant stelae, royal tombs, and ruins of former castles.[32]
Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad A picture of a deteriorating stone wall spanning the frame, with a blue sky in the background. AlgMaadid,
 Algeria
35°49′06″N 4°47′13″E / 35.818440°N 4.786840°E / 35.818440; 4.786840 (Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad)
Cultural:AlgAlq
(iii)
150 (370) 1980 The fortified first capital of the Hammadid emirs was originally built in 1007 and demolished in 1152. It features an 8-bay, 13-aisle mosque, which is one of the largest in Algeria.[33]
Aldabra Atoll Photograph of the head and forequarters of a giant tortoise SeyAldabra Group,
 Seychelles
9°25′00″S 46°25′00″E / 9.416681°S 46.41665°E / -9.416681; 46.41665 (Aldabra Atoll)
Natural:SeyAld
(vii), (ix), (x)
35,000 (86,000) 1982 The Aldabra Atoll consists of four large coral islands and a lagoon, surrounded by a coral reef. The islands are home to the world's largest population of giant tortoises.[34]
Amphitheatre of El Jem A picture of a large stone building, with several framed openings meant to resemble windows. TunEl Djem,
 Tunisia
35°17′47″N 10°42′25″E / 35.296390°N 10.706940°E / 35.296390; 10.706940 (Amphitheatre of El Jem)
Cultural:TunEld
(iv), (vi)
1.37 (3.4) 1979 The Amphitheatre of El Jem, built during the 3rd century, is North Africa's largest amphitheatre, and the largest one built outside of Italy, with a capacity of 35,000 spectators, and "illustrates the grandeur and extent of Imperial Rome".[35]
Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso Burkina FasoDouroula,
Tiwêga,
Yamané,
Kindibo,
Békuy,
 Burkina Faso
12°35′16″N 3°19′44″W / 12.5877583°N 3.3289861°W / 12.5877583; -3.3289861 (Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso)
Cultural:BurAnc
(iii), (iv), (vi)
122.3 (302) 2019 [36]
Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata A picture of a tall stone and medieval looking tower, surrounded by buildings constructed with the same material. MauritaniaChinguetti,
Ouadane,
Oualata,
and Tichitt,
 Mauritania
20°55′44″N 11°37′25″W / 20.928890°N 11.623610°W / 20.928890; -11.623610 (Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata)
Cultural:MauAnc
(iii), (iv), (v)
1996 "Founded in the 11th and 12th centuries to serve the caravans crossing the Sahara, these trading and religious centres became focal points of Islamic culture. [...] Typically, houses with patios crowd along narrow streets around a mosque with a square minaret. They illustrate a traditional way of life centred on the nomadic culture of the people of the western Sahara."[37]
Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis A picture of a ruined temple; outer buildings to the left remain erected, but the wall in the foreground and other stone beams have crumbled. EgyLuxor,
 Egypt
25°44′00″N 32°36′00″E / 25.733330°N 32.600000°E / 25.733330; 32.600000 (Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis)
Cultural:EgyAnc
(i), (iii), (vi)
7,390 (18,300) 1979 The former capital of Egypt and city of the Egyptian god Amun contains relics from the height of Ancient Egypt. The temples, palaces, and the necropolises of the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens bear "a striking testimony to Egyptian civilization".[38]
Archaeological Site of Carthage A picture of several deteriorating stone structures, with two thin cylindrical towers of varying heights standing to the left of the background. TunTunis,
 Tunisia
36°51′10″N 10°19′24″E / 36.852780°N 10.323330°E / 36.852780; 10.323330 (Archaeological Site of Carthage)
Cultural:TunArc
(ii), (iii), (vi)
498 (1,230) 1979 Founded in the 9th century BCE, Carthage was developed into a trading empire spanning the Mediterranean and was, according to UNESCO, "home to a brilliant civilization". The city was destroyed in 146 BCE in the Punic Wars at the hands of the Romans, but was later rebuilt by these.[39]
Archaeological Site of Cyrene A picture of a demolished city, located on a cliff looking out to the right. A relatively larger building's beams in the middle of the city continue to stand without a roof. LibJebel Akhdar,
 Libya
32°49′30″N 21°51′30″E / 32.825000°N 21.858330°E / 32.825000; 21.858330 (Archaeological Site of Cyrene)
Cultural:LibArc
(ii), (iii), (vi)
132 (330) 1982 The formerly Greek colony was Romanized and transformed into a capital, until it was destroyed by the 365 Crete earthquake. The thousand-year-old ruins have remained renowned since the 18th century.[40] All five sites in Libya, including Cyrene, were placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 2016, due to ongoing conflict in the country.[41]
Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna A picture of a large and square-shaped stone monument with a visible entrance on every side. LibKhoms,
 Libya
32°38′18″N 14°17′35″E / 32.638330°N 14.293060°E / 32.638330; 14.293060 (Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna)
Cultural:LibArc
(i), (ii), (iii)
387 (960) 1982 The Roman city of Leptis Magna was enlarged by Emperor Septimius Severus, who was born there. Public monuments, a harbour, a marketplace, storehouses, shops, and homes were among the reasons for its induction into the list.[42] All five sites in Libya, including Leptis Magna, were placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 2016, due to ongoing conflict in the country.[43]
Archaeological Site of Sabratha A side view of a large building to the right, with stone, cylindrical pillars running along its front. LibSabratha,
 Libya
32°48′19″N 12°29′06″E / 32.805280°N 12.485000°E / 32.805280; 12.485000 (Archaeological Site of Sabratha)
Cultural:LibArc
(iii)
91 (220) 1982 "A Phoenician trading-post that served as an outlet for the products of the African hinterland, Sabratha was part of the short-lived Numidian Kingdom of Massinissa before being Romanized and rebuilt in the 2nd and 3rd centuries."[44] All five sites in Libya, including Sabratha, were placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 2016, due to ongoing conflict in the country.[45]
Archaeological Site of Volubilis A picture of a rectangular building whose back side has been demolished. A green mountain range fills the background. MorMeknes,
 Morocco
34°04′26″N 5°33′25″W / 34.073890°N 5.556940°W / 34.073890; -5.556940 (Archaeological Site of Volubilis)
Cultural:MorArc
(ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)
42 (100) 1997 The important Roman outpost of Volubilis was founded in the 3rd century BCE to become the capital of Mauretania. It contained many buildings, the remains of which have survived extensively to this day.[46]
Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe An aerial view of a dozen pyramids in relatively bad shape in the foreground, and a deserted view in the background. SudMeroë,
 Sudan
16°56′00″N 33°43′00″E / 16.933333°N 33.716667°E / 16.933333; 33.716667 (Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe)
Cultural:SudArc
(ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
2,357 (5,820) 2011 The site was the centre of the Kingdom of Kush, a major force active from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE. It is home to pyramids, temples, and domestic buildings, among other vestiges.[47]
Asante Traditional Buildings GhaKumasi,
 Ghana
6°24′04″N 1°37′33″W / 6.401111°N 1.625833°W / 6.401111; -1.625833 (Asante Traditional Buildings)
Cultural:GhaAsa
(v)
1980 The site, north-east of Kumasi, hosts the final intact remains of the Ashanti Empire, which peaked in the 18th century. The dwellings, which are made of earth, wood, and straw, are susceptible to the damages caused by the "onslaught of time and weather".[48]
Asmara: A Modernist African City[c] City of Asmara EriMaekel,
 Eritrea
15°20′07″N 38°56′09″E / 15.335277777777778°N 38.935833333333335°E / 15.335277777777778; 38.935833333333335 (Asmara)
Cultural:EriAsm
(ii)(iv)
481 (1,190) 2017 Located at over 2000 metres above sea level, the capital of Eritrea developed from the 1890s onwards as a military outpost for the Italian colonial power. After 1935, Asmara underwent a large scale programme of construction applying the Italian rationalist idiom of the time to governmental edifices, residential and commercial buildings, churches, mosques, synagogues, cinemas, hotels, etc.[49]
Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains SouMpumalanga,
 South Africa
25°58′26″S 31°00′50″E / 25.973889°S 31.013889°E / -25.973889; 31.013889 (Barberton Makhonjwa)
Natural:SouBar
(viii)
113,137 (279,570) 2018 The mountains contain the world's oldest geological structures and are known to have preserved volcanic and sedimentary rocks estimated to be between 3.6 and 3.25 billion years old.[50]
Banc d'Arguin National Park A front view of four small ships, without their sails, overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in the background. Three narrow shoals fill the foreground. MauritaniaAzefal
and Nouadhibou,
 Mauritania
20°14′05″N 16°06′32″W / 20.234720°N 16.108890°W / 20.234720; -16.108890 (Banc d'Arguin National Park)
Natural:MauBan
(ix), (x)
1,200,000 (3,000,000) 1989 The park consists of sand dunes, coastal swamps, small islands, and shallow bodies of water, all bordering the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Birds are often found to migrate in the area, accompanied by various species of sea turtles and dolphins, whose presence fishermen often use to attract fish.[51]
Bassari Country: Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural Landscapes A Bedik village with a traditional house and two women working. Sen Senegal
12°35′36″N 12°50′45″W / 12.593333°N 12.845833°W / 12.593333; -12.845833 (Bassari Country: Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural Landscapes)
Cultural:SenBas
(iii), (v), (vi)
50,309 (124,320) 2012 [52]
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park A view inside of a dense forest with a gorilla roaming a few metres away on its hind legs. UgandaKabale District,
Kisoro District,
and Rukungiri District,
 Uganda
1°04′50″S 29°39′41″E / 1.080556°S 29.661389°E / -1.080556; 29.661389 (Bwindi Impenetrable National Park)
Natural:UgandaBwi
(vii), (x)
32,092 (79,300) 1994 Located on the border of plains and mountain forests, the park in south-western Uganda is home to over 160 species of trees, over a hundred species of ferns, and various species of birds and butterflies. Many endangered species are within its boundaries as well, including the mountain gorilla.[53]
Cape Floral Region Protected Areas A view of a forest in the foreground, with a mountain range in the background. SouEastern Cape
and Western Cape,
 South Africa
34°21′40″S 18°28′30″E / 34.361111°S 18.475000°E / -34.361111; 18.475000 (Cape Floral Region Protected Areas)
Natural:SouCap
(ix), (x)
1,094,742 (2,705,170) 2004[d] The site consists of eight protected areas that are among the richest in plant life worldwide, containing nearly 20% of Africa's total flora. Its scientific value is demonstrated by the presence of fire and radiation adaptivity in plants and seed dispersal by insects.[54]
Chongoni Rock-Art Area A picture of various red markings on a stone wall. MalawiDedza District,
 Malawi
14°17′36″S 34°16′45″E / 14.293333°S 34.279167°E / -14.293333; 34.279167 (Chongoni Rock-Art Area)
Cultural:MalawiCho
(iii), (vi)
12,640 (31,200) 2006 The 127-site area contains the richest concentration of rock art in Central Africa, ranging from Stone Age paintings to contemporary work from farmers. The symbols depicted in the rock art are strongly centred around women and retain a cultural significance for the Chewa.[55]
Cidade Velha, Historic Centre of Ribeira Grande A picture of a small monument in front of a large, crooked tree, with a row of small houses in the background. CapeRibeira Grande,
 Cape Verde
14°54′55″N 23°36′19″W / 14.915139°N 23.605194°W / 14.915139; -23.605194 (Cidade Velha, Historic Centre of Ribeira Grande)
Cultural:CapeCid
(ii), (iii), (vi)
209 (520) 2009 The town, in the south of the island of Santiago, was the first European colonial outpost in the tropics, with remains dating back to the 16th century. Two churches, a royal fortress, and Pillary Square help comprise the tropical town's original street layout.[56]
Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) A view of a small, grassy field in front of a row of trees. A large ledge made of rock fills the background while a small waterfall emerges from the centre-left of its top. MaliBandiagara Cercle,
 Mali
14°20′00″N 3°25′00″W / 14.333330°N 3.416670°W / 14.333330; -3.416670 (Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons))
Mixed:MaliCli
(v), (vii)
327,390 (809,000) 1989 The sandy plateau and cliffs of Bandiagara outline the site, featuring houses, granaries, altars, sanctuaries, and Togu-Na meeting-places. Age-old social traditions such as masks, feasts, rituals, and ancestral worship also add to its cultural significance.[57]
Comoé National Park A bushbuck stands in a calm river browsing on the thick vegetation along the shore. CoteZanzan,
 Côte d'Ivoire
9°N 4°W / 9°N 4°W / 9; -4 (Comoé National Park)
Natural:CotCom
(ix), (x)
1,150,000 (2,800,000) 1983 Among the largest protected sites of West Africa, the park features the Comoé River and the unique flora which accompanies it.[58] The site was placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 2003, due to unrest in Côte d'Ivoire, and various other factors such as poaching, wildfires, lack of proper management of the site, and overgrazing.[59] It was later removed from the list in 2017 following successful efforts to fight poaching, leading to increases in populations of fauna such as elephants and chimpanzees.[60]
Dja Faunal Reserve A long but narrow boat floats on a wide river, with a dense forest bordering the side. CameDja-et-Lobo
and Haut-Nyong,
 Cameroon
3°N 13°E / 3°N 13°E / 3; 13 (Dja Faunal Reserve)
Natural:CameDja
(ix), (x)
526,000 (1,300,000) 1987 Among Africa's largest and best-protected rain forests, the Cameroonian reserve is almost completely surrounded by the Dja River and contains 107 mammal species, of which five are threatened.[61]
Djémila AlgSétif,
 Algeria
36°19′14″N 5°44′12″E / 36.320560°N 5.736670°E / 36.320560; 5.736670 (Djémila)
Cultural:AlgDje
(iii), (iv)
30 (74) 1982 The ruins of a Roman town in a mountainous location, including a forum, temples, basilicas, triumphal arches, and houses, each adapted to a location 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level.[62]
Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary A very small grassy island cramped with white, long-beaked pelicans. SenSaint-Louis Region,
 Senegal
16°30′00″N 16°10′00″W / 16.500000°N 16.166670°W / 16.500000; -16.166670 (Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary)
Natural:SenDjo
(vii), (x)
16,000 (40,000) 1981 The Senegal River delta wetland area consists of streams, lakes, ponds, and backwaters. It is the home to 1.5 million birds, including the great white pelican, the purple heron, the African spoonbill, the great egret, and cormorants. The sanctuary also features crocodiles, African manatees, and other typical Sahelian species.[63] The site was previously on the danger list from 1984 to 1988 due to potential impact from a dam[64][65] and again from 2000 to 2006 due to invasive species.[66][67]
Dougga / Thugga A set of stone seats laid out in a semi-circle to the left overlook a restored stage made up of similar materials to the right. A view of grassy plains precede a wide, mountainous range. TunBeBéja Governorate,
 Tunisia
36°25′25″N 9°13′13″E / 36.423610°N 9.220280°E / 36.423610; 9.220280 (Dougga/Thugga)
Cultural:TunDou
(ii), (iii)
75 (190) 1997 The site features the ruins of Dougga, a former capital of a LibyanPunic state, which flourished under Ancient Rome and the Byzantine Empire, but declined in the Islamic period.[68]
Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda A view of a wide river in the foreground, with a single dirt mountain surrounded by trees in the background. GabOgooué-Ivindo
and Ogooué-Lolo,
 Gabon
0°30′N 11°30′E / 0.5°N 11.5°E / 0.5; 11.5 (Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda)
Mixed:GabLop
(iii), (iv),
(ix), (x)
491,291 (1,214,010) 2007 The park features well-preserved tropical rain forests and savanna, resulting in a diverse ecosystem consisting of endangered, large mammals.[69]
Ennedi Massif: Natural and Cultural Landscape Chad Chad
17°02′30″N 21°51′46″E / 17.04167°N 21.86278°E / 17.04167; 21.86278 (Ennedi Massif: Natural and Cultural Landscape)
Mixed:ChaEnn
(iii), (vii), (ix)
2,441,200 (6,032,000) 2016 [70]
Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region A picture of a four-storey stone castle surrounded by a grassy lawn and four cylindrical towers. EthAmhara Region,
 Ethiopia
12°36′25″N 37°27′58″E / 12.606920°N 37.466170°E / 12.606920; 37.466170 (Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region)
Cultural:EthFas
(ii), (iii)
1979 The fortress was the residence of the Ethiopian emperors during the 16th and 17th century. The city remains, which feature buildings with Hindu and Arab influences, were later remodelled with Baroque-style architecture by Jesuit missionaries.[71]
Fort Jesus, Mombasa A fortified, but badly-faded yellow-coloured wall looks off into distant sea to the left. KenMombasa,
 Kenya
4°03′46″S 39°40′46″E / 4.062778°S 39.679444°E / -4.062778; 39.679444 (Fort Jesus, Mombasa)
Cultural:KenLak
(ii), (iv)
2.36 (5.8) 2011 Fort Jesus is a Portuguese fort built from 1593 to 1596 on Mombasa Island to guard the old port of Mombasa, Kenya. The site's layout follows the Renaissance ideal that the human body is perfectly proportionate.[72]
Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions A picture taken in foggy weather depicting a white, contemporary building several storeys high. GhaCentral Region,
Greater Accra,
Volta Region,
and Western Region,
 Ghana
5°14′51″N 0°47′07″W / 5.247398°N 0.785167°W / 5.247398; -0.785167 (Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions)
Cultural:GhaFor
(vi)
1979 The site features the remains of fortified trading posts, built along the Ghanaian coast between 1482 and 1786.[73]
Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa A picture of dozens of pointed limestone formations hanging from a ceiling inside a cave. SouthGauteng,
Limpopo,
and North West,
 South Africa
24°09′31″S 29°10′37″E / 24.158610°S 29.176940°E / -24.158610; 29.176940 (Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa)
Cultural:SouthCra
(iii), (vi)
1999[e] The various fossil sites contain traces of human occupation and evolution dating 3.3 million years.[74]
French Austral Lands and Seas FranceCrozet Islands,
Kerguelen Islands,
Île Saint-Paul,
Île Amsterdam
 France
49°22′49″S 69°21′10″E / 49.3803611°S 69.3528056°E / -49.3803611; 69.3528056 (French Austral Lands and Seas)
Natural:FraAus
(vii), (ix), (x)
67,296,900 (166,294,000) 2019 [75]
Garajonay National Park A foggy picture of a rain forest riddled with weeds and various plant life. SpaLa Gomera,
 Spain
28°07′34″N 17°14′14″W / 28.126250°N 17.237222°W / 28.126250; -17.237222 (Garajonay National Park)
Natural:SpaGara
(vii), (ix)
3,984 (9,840) 1986 Most of the park, in the middle of the island of La Gomera of the Canary Islands, is covered with a lush laurel forest.[76]
Garamba National Park An overhead and cloudy view of a wide, swampy river with grassy plains on both sides. DemOrientale,
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
4°00′N 29°15′E / 4°N 29.25°E / 4; 29.25 (Garamba National Park)
Natural:DemGar
(vii), (x)
500,000 (1,200,000) 1980 The park has vast savannas, grasslands, and woodlands, featuring elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, and the white rhinoceros.[77] Garamba was deemed to be endangered following the diminution of the white rhinoceros population in the area,[78] but it was removed from the list in 1991.[79] However, it later regained the status in 1996, when three rangers were killed and the population of white rhinoceros fell once again.[80][81]
Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region A large, square-shaped mound made up of dirt and rock in the middle of a deserted area. SudMeroë,
 Sudan
18°32′00″N 31°49′00″E / 18.533333°N 31.816667°E / 18.533333; 31.816667 (Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region)
Cultural:SudGeb
(i), (ii),
(iii), (iv), (vi)
183 (450) 2003 The five sites in the Nile Valley feature temples that are testimonial to the Napatan and Meroitic cultures.[82]
Gough and Inaccessible Islands A large rock in the distance is surrounded by a dampened and partially snowy field. UniSaint Helena,
 United Kingdom
40°19′29″S 9°55′43″W / 40.324722°S 9.928611°W / -40.324722; -9.928611 (Gough and Inaccessible Islands)
Natural:UniGou
(vii), (x)
7,900 (20,000) 1995[f] The site represents one of the least-disrupted islands and marine ecosystems in the South Temperate Zone. The cliffs are free of introduced mammals and feature one of the world's largest colonies of seabirds.[83]
Great Zimbabwe National Monument A picture of a semi-spherically shaped stone enclosure sitting in front of a larger wall. ZimMasvingo Province,
 Zimbabwe
20°17′00″S 30°56′00″E / 20.283333°S 30.933333°E / -20.283333; 30.933333 (Great Zimbabwe National Monument)
Cultural:ZimGre
(i), (iii), (vi)
722 (1,780) 1986 The city, now in ruins, was an important trading centre between the 11th and 15th centuries and was capital of the Bantu civilization.[84]
Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town The Harar city wall (jugol). EthHarari Region,
 Ethiopia
9°18′32″N 42°08′16″E / 9.308889°N 42.137778°E / 9.308889; 42.137778 (Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town)
Cultural:EthHar
(ii), (iii),
(iv), (v)
48 (120) 2006 The city is on a plateau and surrounded by gorges and savanna. It contains 82 mosques, 102 shrines, and unique interior design in the townhouses. It is said to be the fourth-holiest city of Islam.[85]
Historic Cairo[g] A front view of a large, white building standing behind a thin palm tree. EgyCairo,
 Egypt
30°03′00″N 31°15′40″E / 30.050000°N 31.261110°E / 30.050000; 31.261110 (Historic Cairo)
Cultural:EgyHis
(i), (v), (vi)
524 (1,290) 1979 One of the world's oldest Islamic cities and in the middle of urban Cairo, the site dates from the 10th century and reached its golden age in the 14th century. It contains mosques, madrasahs, hammams, and fountains.[86]
Historic Centre of Agadez Niger1Tchirozerine Department,
 Niger
16°58′25″N 7°59′29″E / 16.973611°N 7.991389°E / 16.973611; 7.991389 (Historic Centre of Agadez)
Cultural:Niger1Aga
(ii), (iii)
78 (190) 2013 [87]
Historic City of Meknes A picture of a large gate several metres high covered with various abstract designs. MorMeknes,
 Morocco
33°53′00″N 5°33′30″W / 33.883330°N 5.558330°W / 33.883330; -5.558330 (Historic City of Meknes)
Cultural:MorHis
(iv)
1996 The former capital was founded in the 11th century and turned into a city with Spanish-Moorish influence during the 17th and 18th centuries.[88]
Historic Town of Grand-Bassam A picture of an old home with large vegetation growing out of it, its structure slightly caving inward. CoteSud-Comoé,
 Côte d'Ivoire
5°11′45″N 3°44′11″W / 5.195914°N 3.736369°W / 5.195914; -3.736369 (Historic Town of Grand-Bassam)
Cultural:CotSud
(iii), (iv)
110 (270) 2012 A colonial town built during the 19th and 20th centuries, Grand-Bassam was the first Ivorian capital following French rule in the region. Its quarters, which specialised in commerce, administration and general housing, helped the city become the economic and judicial hub of the country, in addition to being its most important port.[89]
Ichkeul National Park A view of two large hills and a small beach, partially obstructed from the left by a larger vegetated hill. TunBiBizerte,
 Tunisia
37°09′49″N 9°40′29″E / 37.163610°N 9.674720°E / 37.163610; 9.674720 (Ichkeul National Park)
Natural:TunIch
(x)
12,600 (31,000) 1980 Ichkeul Lake and the surrounding wetlands is a destination for hundreds of thousands of migrating birds, including ducks, geese, storks, and pink flamingos. It was once part of a chain that extended across North Africa.[90] Previously, the World Heritage Committee had designated Ichkeul National Park as an endangered site in 1996, due to construction of dams that increased the salinity of the lake and reduced its ability to support bird populations.[91] In 2006 it was removed from the endangered list as the lake was no longer used for agriculture, reducing salinity and allowing birds to return.[92]
iSimangaliso Wetland Park[h] A view of a large bed of water near sunset. Onshore to the right is a small shack made of a thin material elevated with wooden poles. SouthKwaZulu-Natal,
 South Africa
27°50′20″S 32°33′00″E / 27.838890°S 32.550000°E / -27.838890; 32.550000 (iSimangaliso Wetland Park)
Natural:SouthiSi
(vii), (ix), (x)
239,566 (591,980) 1999 The park features a variety of landforms, including coral reefs, long sandy beaches, coastal dunes, lake systems, and papyrus wetland, caused by fluvial, marine, and aeolian processes.[93]
Island of Gorée A picture with a beige dock in the foreground and a multicoloured city in the background. SenDakar Region,
 Senegal
14°40′02″N 17°24′03″W / 14.667220°N 17.400830°W / 14.667220; -17.400830 (Island of Gorée)
Cultural:SenIslandofGor
(vi)
1978 The island was the largest slave-trading centre on the African coast from the 15th to the 19th century.[94]
Island of Mozambique Several small boats float onshore. A white church with a red roof stands several metres away up a sandy path. MozNampula,
 Mozambique
15°02′03″S 40°44′09″E / 15.034170°S 40.735830°E / -15.034170; 40.735830 (Island of Mozambique)
Cultural:MozIsl
(iv), (vi)
96 (240) 1991 The fortified former Portuguese trading post has used the same architectural techniques, style, and materials since the 16th century.[95]
Island of Saint-Louis A somewhat narrow street runs straight between several lightly coloured buildings. SenSaint-Louis Region,
 Senegal
16°01′40″N 16°30′16″W / 16.027780°N 16.504440°W / 16.027780; -16.504440 (Island of Saint-Louis)
Cultural:SenIslandofSai
(ii), (iv)
2000 The French colonial settlement from the 17th century is on an island in the mouth of the Sénégal River. It played an important role in the culture and economy of West Africa.[96]
Ivindo National Park GabIv Gabon
0°24′22″N 12°38′27″E / 0.406111°N 12.640833°E / 0.406111; 12.640833 (Ivindo National Park)
Natural:GabIv
(ix), (x)
298,758 (738,250) 2021 [97]
Kahuzi-Biega National Park A gorilla eating in a shrub. DemManiema
and South Kivu,
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
2°30′S 28°45′E / 2.5°S 28.75°E / -2.5; 28.75 (Kahuzi-Biega National Park)
Natural:DemKah
(x)
600,000 (1,500,000) 1980 The park is dominated by two extinct volcanoes, Kahuzi and Biega. It also has abundant fauna, including the graueria gorillas.[98] The park was deemed to be endangered in 1997 when deforestation and hunting became a major problem. Militia groups and illegal settlers were also settling in the park, while fire and poaching helped justify the World Heritage Committee's decision.[99]
Kairouan A picture with a dozen stone tombs, all of which are enclosed within a large wall. A large tower stands behind the wall several stories high. TunKairouan Governorate,
 Tunisia
35°40′54″N 10°06′14″E / 35.681670°N 10.103890°E / 35.681670; 10.103890 (Kairouan)
Cultural:TunKai
(i), (ii),
(iii), (v), (vi)
68 (170) 1988 The former capital was founded in 670 and flourished in the 9th century. Its heritage includes the Mosque of Uqba and the Mosque of the Three Gates.[100]
Kasbah of Algiers A skyline of a moderately large city, coloured mostly in white. AlgAlgiers,
 Algeria
36°47′00″N 3°03′37″E / 36.783330°N 3.060280°E / 36.783330; 3.060280 (Kasbah of Algiers)
Cultural:AlgKas
(ii), (v)
60 (150) 1992 A unique Islamic city on the Mediterranean coast, the former site overlooks the Carthaginian trading posts of the 4th century BCE. It contains remains of a citadel, old mosques, and Ottoman-style palaces.[101]
Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley An aerial view of a large, grassy plain by the water. A small road zigzags through the field. KenRift Valley Province,
 Kenya
0°26′33″N 36°14′24″E / 0.442500°N 36.240000°E / 0.442500; 36.240000 (Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley)
Natural:KenLak
(vii), (ix),
(x)
32,034 (79,160) 2011 Located in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya, the site features three lakes: Lake Bogoria, Lake Nakuru, and Lake Elementaita. A highly diverse population of birds, including thirteen threatened species, frequent the area.[102]
Khami Ruins National Monument A black and white photo of a partially ruined wall from above. ZimMatabeleland,
 Zimbabwe
20°09′30″S 28°22′36″E / 20.158333°S 28.376667°E / -20.158333; 28.376667 (Khami Ruins National Monument)
Cultural:ZimKha
(iii), (iv)
1986 The city was built after the mid-16th century and was an important trading centre.[103]
ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape SouthNorthern Cape,
 South Africa
25°41′15″S 20°22′29″E / 25.68761111111111°S 20.374583333333334°E / -25.68761111111111; 20.374583333333334 (ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape)
Cultural:ZimKha
(v), (vi)
959,100 (2,370,000) 2017 "The ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape is located at the border with Botswana and Namibia in the northern part of the country, coinciding with the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (KGNP). The large expanse of sand contains evidence of human occupation from the Stone Age to the present and is associated with the culture of the formerly nomadic ǂKhomani San people and the strategies that allowed them to adapt to harsh desert conditions."[104]
Kilimanjaro National Park An aerial view of a large mountain's peak, encircled by many thick white clouds. TanKilimanjaro Region,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
3°04′00″S 37°22′00″E / 3.066670°S 37.366670°E / -3.066670; 37.366670 (Kilimanjaro National Park)
Natural:TanKil
(vii)
75,575 (186,750) 1987 The volcanic massif Mount Kilimanjaro is Africa's highest point at 5,895 metres (19,341 ft) and is surrounded by a park with savanna and forest featuring numerous mammals.[105]
Kondoa Rock-Art Sites TanKondoa district,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
4°43′28″S 35°50′02″E / 4.724444°S 35.833889°E / -4.724444; 35.833889 (Kondoa Rock-Art Sites)
Cultural:TanKon
(iii), (vi)
233,600 (577,000) 2006 Two millennia of rock carvings, many of high artistic value, have been found at 150 shelters in the site. They tell the tale of socio-economic development from hunter-gatherer to agro-pastoralism.[106]
Konso Cultural Landscape A Konso Waga sculpture. EthSouthern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region,
 Ethiopia
5°18′N 37°24′E / 5.3°N 37.4°E / 5.3; 37.4 (Konso Cultural Landscape)
Cultural:EthKon
(iii), (v)
23,000 (57,000) 2011 The site features 55 kilometres (34 mi) of stonewalled terraces and fortified settlements in the Konso highlands of Ethiopia.[107]
Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba A picture of a large hut resembling a castle, in front of several trees. TogKara Region,
 Togo
10°04′00″N 1°08′00″E / 10.066667°N 1.133333°E / 10.066667; 1.133333 (Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba)
Cultural:TogKou
(v), (vi)
50,000 (120,000) 2004 The Batammariba's mud tower houses have become a symbol of Togo. They range up to two stories and feature spherical granaries.[108]
Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou A distant view of a monotonous city on a very slanted hill. MorAït Benhaddou,
 Morocco
31°02′50″N 7°07′44″W / 31.047220°N 7.128890°W / 31.047220; -7.128890 (Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou)
Cultural:MorKsa
(iv), (v)
3 (7.4) 1987 The ksar is an example of a traditional pre-Saharan habitat, surrounded by high walls and reinforced with corner towers.[109]
Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites[i] A distant view of very small island home to several thin trees, a brown dock, and a partially obstructed brown shack. GambBanjul,
Lower Niumi,
and Upper Niumi,
 Gambia
13°18′58″N 16°21′26″W / 13.316166°N 16.357194°W / 13.316166; -16.357194 (Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites)
Cultural:GamJam
(iii), (vi)
8 (20) 2003 The site is a testimony to the encounters between Africa and Europe from pre-colonial times to independence along the Gambia River.[110]
Lake Malawi National Park Several children are playing beneath a very large tree. A large, uninhabited island is surrounded by water in the background. MalawiCentral Region
and Southern Region,
 Malawi
14°02′00″S 34°53′00″E / 14.033330°S 34.883330°E / -14.033330; 34.883330 (Lake Malawi National Park)
Natural:MalawiLak
(vii), (ix), (x)
9,400 (23,000) 1984 Lake Malawi contains hundreds of fish species, mostly endemic.[111]
Lakes of Ounianga A lake in a desert area, surrounded by sandstone formations. ChadEnnedi Region,
 Chad
19°03′18″N 20°30′20″E / 19.055000°N 20.505556°E / 19.055000; 20.505556 (Lakes of Ounianga)
Natural:ChadOun
(vii)
62,808 (155,200) 2012 The Lakes of Ounianga are a series of 18 lakes located in the Sahara desert, in North-Eastern Chad. They exhibit a variety of sizes, depths, chemical compositions, and colourations, and some of them are home to aquatic fauna.[112]
Lake Turkana National Parks A view of a wide river separating two landmasses, on the left and right. KenLake Turkana,
 Kenya
3°03′05″N 36°30′13″E / 3.051306°N 36.503667°E / 3.051306; 36.503667 (Lake Turkana National Parks)
Natural:KenLak
(viii), (x)
161,485 (399,040) 1997[j] Turkana, as Africa's largest saline lake, is an important area for the study of fauna and flora. It is a breeding ground for the Nile crocodile, hippopotamus, and several venomous snakes.[113] The site was placed the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2018, primarily due to the potential impact of Ethiopia's Gilgel Gibe III Dam.[114]
Lamu Old Town An aerial view of a path (that doubles as a wharf) along the coast of a large body of water. KenLamu,
 Kenya
2°16′05″S 40°54′07″E / 2.268°S 40.902°E / -2.268; 40.902 (Lamu Old Town)
Cultural:KenLam
(ii), (iv), (vi)
16 (40) 2001 The town is the oldest Swahili settlement and is built in coral stone and mangrove timber. It features inner courtyards, verandas, and elaborate wooden doors.[115]
Laurisilva of Madeira A foggy picture of the top of a very dense forest. PorMadeira,
 Portugal
32°46′00″N 17°00′00″W / 32.766667°N 17°W / 32.766667; -17 (Laurisilva of Madeira)
Natural:PorLau
(ix), (x)
15,000 (37,000) 1999 The site is the largest surviving area of laurel forest. It consists of approximately 90% old-growth forest and is home to endemic species such as the Madeiran long-toed pigeon.[116]
Le Morne Cultural Landscape An aerial view of a sandspit, home to a large, pointy boulder. Shallow water surrounds its sides, while the sea covers its backside. MauritiusRivière Noire District,
 Mauritius
20°27′07″S 57°19′42″E / 20.451944°S 57.328333°E / -20.451944; 57.328333 (Le Morne Cultural Landscape)
Cultural:MauritiusLem
(iii), (vi)
349 (860) 2008 The rugged mountain that juts into the ocean was used as a shelter by runaway slaves through the 18th and early 19th centuries. They formed small settlements in the caves and on its summit.[117]
Lower Valley of the Awash A picture of a waterfall to the right, shooting water into the side of a rapid flowing river. EthAfar Region,
 Ethiopia
11°06′00″N 40°34′46″E / 11.100060°N 40.579390°E / 11.100060; 40.579390 (Lower Valley of the Awash)
Cultural:EthLow
(ii), (iii), (iv)
1980 Palaeontological findings from at least four million years ago, such as Lucy, give evidence of human evolution.[118]
Lower Valley of the Omo The Omo River near Omorati. EthSouthern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region,
 Ethiopia
4°48′00″N 35°58′00″E / 4.8°N 35.966667°E / 4.8; 35.966667 (Lower Valley of the Omo)
Cultural:EthLow
(iii), (iv)
1980 The prehistoric site near Lake Turkana is the location of many fossil findings, such as Homo gracilis.[119]
M'Zab Valley A panoramic view of a large city, with sand dunes filling the background. AlgGhardaïa,
 Algeria
32°29′00″N 3°41′00″E / 32.483330°N 3.683330°E / 32.483330; 3.683330 (M'Zab Valley)
Cultural:AlgMZa
(ii), (iii), (v)
665 (1,640) 1982 The intact, traditional human habitat was built around five ksour in the 10th century by the Ibadites.[120]
Maloti-Drakensberg Park A ground view of a valley and several mountain tops. LesothXQacha's Nek District,
 Lesotho*;
KwaZulu-Natal,
 South Africa*
29°45′55″S 29°07′23″E / 29.765278°S 29.123056°E / -29.765278; 29.123056 (Maloti-Drakensberg Park)
Mixed:SouthUkh
(i), (iii),
(vii), (x)
249,313 (616,070) 2000 The park features incisive dramatic cutbacks, golden sandstone ramparts, and the largest concentration of cave art in Sub-Saharan Africa.[121]
Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas A view of a vegetated plain, with a river flowing in the foreground alongside it. ZimMashonaland West,
 Zimbabwe
15°49′10″S 29°24′29″E / 15.819444°S 29.408056°E / -15.819444; 29.408056 (Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas)
Natural:ZimMan
(vii), (ix), (x)
676,600 (1,672,000) 1984 The park, located on the banks of the Zambezi River, features a variety of wild animals, such as buffalo, leopards, cheetahs, and Nile crocodiles.[122]
Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park CenBamingui-Bangoran,
 Central African Republic
9°00′N 21°30′E / 9°N 21.5°E / 9; 21.5 (Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park)
Natural:CenMan
(ix), (x)
1,740,000 (4,300,000) 1988 The park features vast savannas with a wealth of flora and fauna, such as black rhinoceros, elephants, cheetahs, leopards, wild dogs, red-fronted gazelles, and buffalo.[123] The site was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger in 1997 due to grazing and poaching that is thought to have claimed 80% of the wildlife in the park. Also cited was the shooting of four park staff and "a general state of deteriorating security".[14]
Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape A picture of a very rocky hill, spanning several hundred metres. SouthLimpopo,
 South Africa
22°11′33″S 29°14′20″E / 22.192500°S 29.238890°E / -22.192500; 29.238890 (Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape)
Cultural:SouthMap
(ii), (iii),
(iv), (v)
28,168 (69,600) 2003 The open savanna landscape lies at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers. It was the heart of the Mapungubwe Kingdom until the 14th century, when the area was abandoned, leaving untouched remains of palaces and settlements.[124]
Matobo Hills A leafless tree partially obstructs a sunrise over a large field. ZimMatabeleland South,
 Zimbabwe
20°30′S 28°30′E / 20.5°S 28.5°E / -20.5; 28.5 (Matobo Hills)
Cultural:ZimMat
(iii), (v), (vi)
205,000 (510,000) 2003 The large boulders have been used as natural shelters since the early Stone Age and feature a collection of rock paintings.[125]
Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo ANGZaire Province,
 Angola
6°16′04″S 14°14′53″E / 6.267778°S 14.248056°E / -6.267778; 14.248056 (Mbanza-Kongo)
Cultural:MorMedinaofMarra
(iii), (iv)
89.29 (220.6) 2017 The town of Mbanza Kongo, located on a plateau at an altitude of 570 metres, was the political and spiritual capital of the Kingdom of Kongo, one of the largest constituted states in Southern Africa from the 14th to 19th centuries.[126]
Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador) A seaside view of a large city enclosed by an orange barricade. MorEssaouira,
 Morocco
31°31′00″N 9°46′10″W / 31.516670°N 9.769440°W / 31.516670; -9.769440 (Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador))
Cultural:MorEss
(ii), (iv)
57 (140) 2001 The fortified seaport built during the late 18th century has a mix of North African and European architecture and was a major trading hub between the Sahara and Europe.[127]
Medina of Fez A picture of a sun-lit back alley with trash scattered across the area. Various buildings of varying architecture are clearly visible. MorFez,
 Morocco
34°03′40″N 4°58′40″W / 34.061110°N 4.977780°W / 34.061110; -4.977780 (Medina of Fez)
Cultural:MorMedinaofFez
(ii), (v)
280 (690) 1981 The former capital was founded in the 9th century and features the world's oldest university. The urban fabric and main monuments date from the 13th and 14th centuries.[128]
Medina of Marrakesh A ground view of an artificially lit tower, reaching several storeys high, at the beginning of a sunset. MorMarrakesh,
 Morocco
31°37′53″N 7°59′12″W / 31.631390°N 7.986670°W / 31.631390; -7.986670 (Medina of Marrakesh)
Cultural:MorMedinaofMarra
(i), (ii),
(iv), (v)
1,107 (2,740) 1985 The town was founded in the 1070s and remained a political, economic, and cultural centre for a long time. Monuments from that period include the Koutoubia Mosque, the kasbah, and the battlements. The city also holds newer features, including palaces.[129]
Medina of Sousse An aerial view of a town square. The inside of a large, square building is visible. TunSousse Governorate,
 Tunisia
35°49′40″N 10°38′19″E / 35.827780°N 10.638610°E / 35.827780; 10.638610 (Medina of Sousse)
Cultural:TunMedinaofSou
(iii), (iv), (v)
32 (79) 1988 A prime example of a town from the early Islamic period, the city was an important port during the 9th century.[130]
Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin) A picture of a very large and cramped city, set on a very slanted hill. MorTétouan,
 Morocco
35°34′15″N 5°22′00″W / 35.570830°N 5.366670°W / 35.570830; -5.366670 (Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin))
Cultural:MorMedinaofTet
(ii), (iv), (v)
7 (17) 1997 Morocco's most complete medina served as the main point of contact between Morocco and Andalusia during the 8th century. The town was rebuilt by Andalusian refugees following the reconquista.[131]
Medina of Tunis A picture of the lobby inside a luxurious building. TunTunis,
 Tunisia
36°49′00″N 10°10′00″E / 36.816670°N 10.166670°E / 36.816670; 10.166670 (Medina of Tunis)
Cultural:TunMedinaofTun
(ii), (iii), (v)
296 (730) 1979 The medina holds 700 monuments, including palaces, mosques, mausoleums, madrasahs, and fountains, testifying to Tunis's golden age from the 12th to the 16th century.[132]
Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur A picture of several pyramids of varying heights side-to-side. EgyGiza,
 Egypt
29°58′34″N 31°07′49″E / 29.976040°N 31.130410°E / 29.976040; 31.130410 (Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur)
Cultural:EgyMem
(i), (iii), (vi)
16,358 (40,420) 1979 The former capital features funerary monuments, like rock tombs, mastabas, temples, and pyramids. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.[133]
Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls A view of dozens of waterfalls side-by-side crashing into the water below. A rainbow forms at the right. ZamXLivingstone District
and Matabeleland North,
 Zambia*;
 Zimbabwe*
17°55′28″S 25°51′19″E / 17.924530°S 25.855390°E / -17.924530; 25.855390 (Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls)
Natural:ZamMos
(vii), (viii)
6,860 (17,000) 1989 The falls of the Zambezi River, which is more than 2 km (1.2 mi) wide, plunge down various basalt gorges resulting in a colourful mist.[134]
Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest A view of a very slanted and lengthy hill leading to a very foggy top. KenCentral Province
and Eastern Province,
 Kenya
0°09′18″N 37°18′56″E / 0.155000°N 37.315556°E / 0.155000; 37.315556 (Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest)
Natural:KenMou
(vii), (ix)
202,334 (499,980) 1997[k] The park surrounds the 5,199 m (17,057 ft) Mount Kenya and features twelve glaciers.[135]
Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve A chimpanzee in a tree. CotXLola Prefecture,
 Côte d'Ivoire*;
 Guinea*
7°36′11″N 8°23′27″W / 7.603180°N 8.390970°W / 7.603180; -8.390970 (Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve)
Natural:CotMou
(ix), (x)
17,540 (43,300) 1981[l] The reserve features Mount Nimba, its slopes covered in dense forest and grassy mountain pastures.[136] In 1992, the park was inscribed on the World Heritage Committee's danger list, citing a proposed iron and ore mining concession inside the park's boundaries and the apparition of refugees. The state party later stated that there was an error with the proposed mining site's boundaries and that it was not in the reserve.[137] However, as of 2019, the site remains on the list due to mining activity near the site.[138]
Namib Sand Sea Nam Namibia
24°53′07″S 15°24′28″E / 24.885278°S 15.407778°E / -24.885278; 15.407778 (Namib Sand Sea)
Natural:NamNam
(vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
3,077,700 (7,605,000) 2013 [139]
Ngorongoro Conservation Area Two rhinos walk alongside each other in an empty field, with shadowed mountain ranges in the background. TanArusha Region,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
3°11′14″S 35°32′27″E / 3.187220°S 35.540830°E / -3.187220; 35.540830 (Ngorongoro Conservation Area)
Mixed:TanNgo
(iv)[m], (vii),
(viii), (ix), (x)
809,440 (2,000,200) 1979 The site features a concentration of wild animals in a crater beside the active volcano Oldonyo Lengai.[140] Ngorongoro was previously on the danger list from 1984 to 1989 due to decreased conservation and poor management.[141][142]
Niokolo-Koba National Park A bird's eye view of a river running through a forested plain. SenKédougou Region
and Tambacounda Region,
 Senegal
13°04′00″N 12°43′00″W / 13.066670°N 12.716670°W / 13.066670; -12.716670 (Niokolo-Koba National Park)
Natural:SenNio
(x)
913,000 (2,260,000) 1981 The forests and savannas bordering the Gambia River have a diverse fauna, including Derby eland, chimpanzees, lions, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.[143] The park was listed as being endangered in 2007 for low mammal populations, the construction of a dam, and management problems.[144]
Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae A picture of a large, trapezoidal-shaped stone monument. EgyAswan,
 Egypt
22°20′11″N 31°37′34″E / 22.336390°N 31.626110°E / 22.336390; 31.626110 (Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae)
Cultural:EgyNub
(i), (iii), (vi)
374 (920) 1979 Located along the Nile, the site contains monuments such as the Temple of Ramesses II and the Sanctuary of Isis.[145]
Okapi Wildlife Reserve River lined by tropical vegetation. Many stones are found in the river. Dem Orientale,
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
2°00′N 28°30′E / 2°N 28.5°E / 2; 28.5 (Okapi Wildlife Reserve)
Natural:DemOka
(x)
1,372,625 (3,391,830) 1996 Covering a fifth of the Ituri Rainforest in the Congo River basin, the reserve contains many threatened species of primates and birds. It is inhabited by the nomadic pygmy Mbuti and Efé tribes.[146] In 1997, looting, the killing of elephants, and the departure of reserve staff led the World Heritage Committee to place the reserve on its List of World Heritage in Danger, only a year following its inscription as a natural heritage site.[147]
Okavango Delta Areal view of Okavango Delta Bot Okavango,
 Botswana
19°17′00″S 22°54′00″E / 19.283333°S 22.9°E / -19.283333; 22.9 (Okavango Delta)
Natural:DemOka
(vii), (ix), (x)
2,023,590 (5,000,400) 2014 [148]
Old Towns of Djenné A large mud stone castle with hundreds of wooden poles sticking out around its upper half. MaliDjenné,
 Mali
13°54′23″N 4°33′18″W / 13.906390°N 4.555000°W / 13.906390; -4.555000 (Old Towns of Djenné)
Cultural:MaliOld
(iii), (iv)
1988 Inhabited since 250 BCE, the city was an important link in the trans-Saharan gold trade. It contains 2,000 traditional houses.[149] Djenné was placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 2016, due to deterioration, urbanization, and erosion of the site.[150]
Old Town of Ghadamès A picture of a man standing in the middle of a hallway made of limestone. LibGhadames,
 Libya
30°08′00″N 9°30′00″E / 30.133333°N 9.5°E / 30.133333; 9.5 (Old Town of Ghadamès)
Cultural:LibGha
(v)
38 (94) 1986 Located in an oasis, Ghadames is one of the oldest pre-Saharan cities and represents a traditional architecture with vertical division of functions.[151] All five sites in Libya, including Ghadames, were placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 2016, due to ongoing conflict in the country.[152]
Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove A picture of an abstract-looking hut. Niger2Osogbo,
 Nigeria
7°45′20″N 4°33′08″E / 7.755560°N 4.552220°E / 7.755560; 4.552220 (Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove)
Cultural:Niger2Osu
(ii), (iii), (vi)
75 (190) 2005 The dense forests are one of the final remnants of high forests in southern Nigeria. It is the last sacred grove of the Yoruba culture.[153]
Pitons, cirques and remparts of Reunion Island An overhead view of an island filled with high-altitude peaks. FraLa Réunion,
 France
21°05′58″S 55°28′48″E / 21.099444°S 55.480000°E / -21.099444; 55.480000 (Pitons, cirques and remparts of Reunion Island)
Natural:MorPor
(vii), (x)
105,838 (261,530) 2010 Outstanding terrain and biodiversity, as part of La Réunion National Park.[154]
Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida) A panoramic view of a large city, largely coloured beige. MorEl Jadida,
 Morocco
33°15′24″N 8°30′07″W / 33.256670°N 8.501940°W / 33.256670; -8.501940 (Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida))
Cultural:MorPor
(ii), (iv)
8 (20) 2004 The fortification, akin to Renaissance military design from the early 16th century, was taken over by Morocco in 1769. Surviving buildings include the cistern and a Gothic church.[155]
Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis A picture of four stone pillars which once held up a house. TunNabeul Governorate,
 Tunisia
36°56′47″N 11°05′57″E / 36.946390°N 11.099170°E / 36.946390; 11.099170 (Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis)
Cultural:TunPun
(iii)
0.11 (0.27) 1985[n] The city was abandoned in 250 BCE during the First Punic War and is the only surviving example of a PhoenicioPunic settlement.[156]
Rabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage A large, architecturally detailed entrance to a big palace. Several guards are posted out front. MorRabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaer,
 Morocco
34°01′27″N 6°49′22″W / 34.024167°N 6.822778°W / 34.024167; -6.822778 (Rabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage)
Cultural:RabMor
(ii), (iv)
349 (860) 2012 Rebuilt under the direction of the French from 1912 to the 1930s, the city blends historic and modern features, such as botanical gardens, the Hassan Mosque, and the remnants of Moorish and Andalusian settlements from the 17th century.[157]
Rainforests of the Atsinanana A picture of a very small river running through a dense forest. Several mountains fill the background. MadEastern Madagascar,
 Madagascar
14°27′35″S 49°42′09″E / 14.459722°S 49.702500°E / -14.459722; 49.702500 (Rainforests of the Atsinanana)
Natural:MadRai
(ix), (x)
479,660 (1,185,300) 2007 The site consists of six national parks and protects the island's unique biodiversity, which has evolved in isolation for 60 million years.[158] The park was deemed to be in danger in 2010, when logging and hunting activities continued to escalate, despite a ban by Madagascar on exporting illegal timber.[159]
Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape A picture of several shrubs obstructing a view of a large desert. SouthNorthern Cape,
 South Africa
28°36′00″S 17°12′14″E / 28.6°S 17.203889°E / -28.6; 17.203889 (Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape)
Cultural:SouthRic
(iv), (v)
160,000 (400,000) 2007 The mountainous desert sustains the semi-nomadic livelihood of the Nama, which includes seasonal migrations that have gone unchanged for two millennia.[160]
Risco Caido and the Sacred Mountains of Gran Canaria Cultural Landscape SpainRisco Caído,
 Spain
28°02′40″N 15°39′40″W / 28.0443889°N 015.6611944°W / 28.0443889; -015.6611944 (Risco Caído and the Sacred Mountains of Gran Canaria Cultural Landscape)
Cultural:SpaRis
(iii), (v)
9,425 (23,290) 2019 [161]
Robben Island A view of a moderately fortified prison and a guard tower. SouthWestern Cape,
 South Africa
33°48′00″S 18°22′00″E / 33.8°S 18.366667°E / -33.8; 18.366667 (Robben Island)
Cultural:SouthRob
(iii), (vi)
475 (1,170) 1999 Between the 17th and 20th century, the island was used as a prison, including for political prisoners, a hospital for socially unacceptable groups, and a military base.[162]
Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus A drawing of a giraffe on a cave wall. LibFezzan,
 Libya
24°50′00″N 10°20′00″E / 24.833330°N 10.333330°E / 24.833330; 10.333330 (Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus)
Cultural:LibRoc
(iii)
3,923,961 (9,696,320) 1985 Thousands of cave paintings are visible in different styles, dating from 12,000 BCE to 100 CE.[163] All five sites in Libya, including Tadrart Acacus, were placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 2016, due to ongoing conflict in the country.[164]
Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela A picture of a pick-coloured building intact inside of a large, square hole. EthAmhara Region,
 Ethiopia
12°01′46″N 39°02′26″E / 12.029350°N 39.040420°E / 12.029350; 39.040420 (Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela)
Cultural:EthRoc
(i), (ii), (iii)
1978 The site contains eleven medieval cave churches from the 13th century.[165]
Royal Hill of Ambohimanga A picture of a fortified wall and gate between two trees. MadAntananarivo,
 Madagascar
18°45′33″S 47°33′46″E / 18.759170°S 47.562780°E / -18.759170; 47.562780 (Royal Hill of Ambohimanga)
Cultural:MadRoy
(iii), (iv), (vi)
59 (150) 2001 The royal city and burial site is a spiritual and sacred site which has created strong feelings of national identity for several centuries.[166]
Royal Palaces of Abomey A picture of a beige-coloured dirt courtyard with a shack in the corner. BenZou Department,
 Benin
7°11′00″N 1°59′00″E / 7.183333°N 1.983333°E / 7.183333; 1.983333 (Royal Palaces of Abomey)
Cultural:BenRoy
(iii), (iv)
48 (120) 1985 The city held the seat of twelve kings who ruled the Kingdom of Dahomey between 1625 and 1900. All but one king built their palace within the area.[167] The site was originally classified as endangered from its inception in 1985 due to extensive damage caused by a tornado,[168] but was later removed from the list in 2007.[169]
Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara Vault of a ramshackled and possibly ruined building. TanKilwa District,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
8°57′28″S 39°31′22″E / 8.957780°S 39.522780°E / -8.957780; 39.522780 (Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara)
Cultural:TanRui
(iii)
1981 The site features the remains of two ports used extensively for trade across the Indian Ocean from the 13th through 16th centuries.[170] It was placed onto the List of World Heritage in Danger by the World Heritage Committee in 2004, citing "the continuing deterioration and the serious threats affecting the property of the Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara".[171] Conditions subsequently improved and the site was removed from the World Heritage in Danger list in 2014.[172]
Ruins of Loropéni BurLoropéni,
 Burkina Faso
10°15′00″N 3°35′00″W / 10.25°N 3.583333°W / 10.25; -3.583333 (Ruins of Loropéni)
Cultural:BurRui
(iii)
1.1 (2.7) 2009 More than a thousand years old, Loropéni is the best-preserved of ten fortresses in Lobi, which were part of about a hundred stone enclosures built during the trans-Saharan gold trade.[173]
Rwenzori Mountains National Park A panoramic view of a slightly foggy plain, with mountains filling the background. UgandaBundibugyo District,
Kabarole District,
and Kasese District,
 Uganda
0°13′25″N 29°55′27″E / 0.223611°N 29.924167°E / 0.223611; 29.924167 (Rwenzori Mountains National Park)
Natural:UgandaRuw
(vii), (x)
99,600 (246,000) 1994 Covering most of the Rwenzori Mountains, including Mount Margherita, Africa's third-highest peak, the park features glaciers, waterfalls, and lakes in an alpine landscape. It also features various endangered species and unusual flora.[174] The park was previously listed as endangered from 1999 through 2004 due to general lack of security and conservation.[175][176]
Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests Two women discuss beside two very long tree roots in a forest. KenCoast Province,
 Kenya
3°55′55″S 39°35′46″E / 3.931944°S 39.596111°E / -3.931944; 39.596111 (Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests)
Cultural:KenSac
(iii), (v), (vi)
1,538 (3,800) 2008 The site comprises eleven forests spread 200 km (120 mi) along the coast of Kenya. They hold the remains of villages built during the 16th century by the Mijikenda and are now considered sacred sites.[177]
Saint Catherine Area A distant view of a very small city enclosed within stone walls. Behind it is a very rocky slope. EgySouth Sinai Governorate,
 Egypt
28°33′22″N 33°58′32″E / 28.556230°N 33.975430°E / 28.556230; 33.975430 (Saint Catherine Area)
Cultural:EgySai
(i), (iii),
(iv), (vi)
60,100 (149,000) 2002 The orthodox monastery from the 6th century is positioned near Mount Horeb where, according to the Old Testament, Moses received the Tablets of the Law. The region is sacred for Christians, Muslims, and Jews.[178]
Salonga National Park A river meandering through a wooded plain. DemManiema
and South Kivu,
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
2°S 21°E / 2°S 21°E / -2; 21 (Salonga National Park)
Natural:DemSal
(vii), (ix)
3,600,000 (8,900,000) 1984 Africa's largest tropical rain forest reserve is situated at the heart of the Congo River basin and only accessible by water. It is the habitat of endangered species such as the bonobo, the Congo peafowl, the forest elephant, and the slender-snouted crocodile.[179] The site was deemed to be in danger in 1999, due to increased poaching activities and encroachments.[180] However, this categorization was eventually removed in 2021 due to increased conservation efforts.[181]
Saloum Delta An aerial view of a river zigzagging sharply through a damp field. Sen Senegal
13°50′07″N 16°29′55″W / 13.835278°N 16.498611°W / 13.835278; -16.498611 (Saloum Delta)
Cultural:SenSal
(iii), (iv), (v)
145,811 (360,310) 2011 The area has sustained human life thanks to fishing and shellfish gathering, for which there are 218 shellfish mounds across the site.[182]
Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay – Mukkawar Island Marine National Park SudSan Sudan
19°44′10″N 37°26′35″E / 19.73611°N 37.44306°E / 19.73611; 37.44306 (Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay – Mukkawar Island Marine National Park)
Natural:SdnSan
(vii), (ix), (x)
260,700 (644,000) 2016 Situated in the central Red Sea, Sanganeb, Dungonab Bay, and Mukkawar Island feature a diverse system of coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, beaches, and islets. They host populations of seabirds, marine mammals, fish, sharks, turtles, manta rays, and dugongs.[183]
San Cristóbal de la Laguna A modern plaza with many large trees and a fountain in the middle. SpaProvince of Santa Cruz de Tenerife,
 Spain
28°28′40″N 16°18′42″W / 28.477889°N 16.311778°W / 28.477889; -16.311778 (San Cristóbal de La Laguna)
Cultural:SpaSan
(ii), (iv)
60 (150) 1999 The city contains two centres: the unplanned Upper Town; and the planned Lower Town, laid out according to philosophical principles. Many of the buildings date from the 16th to the 18th centuries.[184]
Sangha Trinational A gorilla wading in waist-deep water with its arms outstretched and holding an object in its right hand. The water is surrounded by thick vegetation. CamX Cameroon*;
 Central African Republic*;
 Congo*
2°36′34″N 16°33′15″E / 2.609444°N 16.554167°E / 2.609444; 16.554167 (Sangha Trinational)
Natural:CamCen
(ix), (x)
746,309 (1,844,170) 2012 [185]
Selous Game Reserve Five elephants drinking from a flooded field from afar. TanLindi Region,
Morogoro Region,
Mtwara Region,
Pwani Region,
and Ruvuma Region,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
9°00′S 37°24′E / 9°S 37.4°E / -9; 37.4 (Selous Game Reserve)
Natural:TanSel
(ix), (x)
5,120,000 (12,700,000) 1982 The park's vegetation varies from dense thickets to open wooded grasslands and features large numbers of elephants, black rhinoceros, cheetahs, giraffes, hippos, and crocodiles.[186] It was placed onto the List of World Heritage in Danger by the World Heritage Committee in 2014 due to widespread poaching, especially of elephants and rhinoceros.[187]
Serengeti National Park A family of zebras walking through a plain, with four elephants and a few trees wandering in the background. TanArusha Region,
Mara Region,
and Shinyanga Region,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
2°20′00″S 34°34′00″E / 2.333330°S 34.566670°E / -2.333330; 34.566670 (Serengeti National Park)
Natural:TanSer
(vii), (x)
1,476,300 (3,648,000) 1981 The vast savanna is known for the annual migration for herds of wildebeest, gazelle, zebras, and their predators.[188]
Simien National Park A mountain landscape with deep precipices. EthAmhara Region,
 Ethiopia
13°11′00″N 38°04′00″E / 13.183333°N 38.066667°E / 13.183333; 38.066667 (Simien National Park)
Natural:EthSem
(vii), (x)
13,600 (34,000) 1978 The eroded Ethiopian plateau comprises jagged mountain peaks, deep valleys, and sharp precipices dropping about 1,500 m (4,900 ft).[189] The decrease of the walia ibex, bushbuck, and bushpig populations, as well as an increase of the human population in the park, prompted the World Heritage Committee to place it on their List of World Heritage in Danger in 1996.[190] However, the park was removed from the danger list in 2017 after improvements in management and reduction of overgrazing.[191]
Stone Circles of Senegambia A picture of several mounds of dirt. GamXCentral River Division
and Kaolack Region,
 Gambia*;
 Senegal*
13°41′28″N 15°31′21″W / 13.691111°N 15.522500°W / 13.691111; -15.522500 (Stone Circles of Senegambia)
Cultural:GamSto
(i), (iii)
10 (25) 2006 The groups of stone circles are among over 1,000 different monuments along the Gambia River. Used as burial grounds, they were erected between the 3rd century BCE and the 16th century CE.[192]
Stone Town of Zanzibar A distant view of a very large and luxurious building near a wide river. TanZanzibar,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
6°09′47″S 39°11′21″E / 6.163060°S 39.189170°E / -6.163060; 39.189170 (Stone Town of Zanzibar)
Cultural:TanSton
(ii), (iii), (vi)
96 (240) 2000 A prime example of an East African coastal trading town, its urban fabric and townscape remain intact.[193]
Sudanese style mosques in northern Côte d’Ivoire Cote Côte d'Ivoire
10°29′25″N 6°24′37″W / 10.490317°N 6.410167°W / 10.490317; -6.410167 (Sudanese style mosques in northern Côte d’Ivoire)
Cultural:CotSudMos
(ii), (iv)
0.13 (0.32) 2021 [194]
Sukur Cultural Landscape A landscape view of a series of rocky valleys. Niger2Madagali,
 Nigeria
10°44′26″N 13°34′19″E / 10.740560°N 13.571940°E / 10.740560; 13.571940 (Sukur Cultural Landscape)
Cultural:Niger2Suk
(iii), (v), (vi)
764 (1,890) 1999 The site features the Palace of the Hidi, terraced fields, and the remains of a former iron industry.[195]
Taï National Park CoteGuiglo
and Sassandra,
 Côte d'Ivoire
5°45′00″N 7°07′00″W / 5.750000°N 7.116667°W / 5.750000; -7.116667 (Taï National Park)
Natural:CotTai
(vii), (x)
330,000 (820,000) 1982 One of few remaining sections of the West African tropical forest, the park features rich flora as well as eleven species of monkeys.[196]
Tassili n'Ajjer A picture of a very faint drawing of an elephant and a giraffe on a cave wall. AlgIllizi
and Tamanrasset,
 Algeria
25°30′N 9°00′E / 25.5°N 9°E / 25.5; 9 (Tassili n'Ajjer)
Mixed:AlgTas
(i), (iii),
(vii), (viii)
7,200,000 (18,000,000) 1982 The site is in a landscape with 15,000 cave engravings that record climatic changes, animal migrations, and the evolution of human life, dating from 6,000 BCE to the first centuries CE.[197]
Teide National Park A ground view of a mountain top, obstructed by a few low-level clouds. SpaProvince of Santa Cruz de Tenerife,
 Spain
28°16′17″N 16°38′37″W / 28.271389°N 16.643611°W / 28.271389; -16.643611 (Teide National Park)
Natural:SpaTei
(vii), (viii)
18,990 (46,900) 2007 The national park features the Teide stratovolcano, which at 3,718 m (12,198 ft) is Spain's tallest mountain and the world's third-tallest volcano.[198]
Thimlich Ohinga Archaeological Site A picture of a stone wall with a gate. KenMigori County,
 Kenya
0°53′28″S 34°19′31″E / 0.891101°S 34.325173°E / -0.891101; 34.325173 (Thimlich Ohinga)
Cultural:KenThi
(iii), (iv), (v)
21 (52) 2018 Dating back to the 16th century CE, the dry-stone walled settlement is the largest and best-preserved traditional enclosure of its kind.[199]
Timbuktu A picture of a very small pyramid with dozens of wooden poles sticking out around it. MaliTimbuktu Cercle,
 Mali
16°46′24″N 2°59′58″W / 16.773333°N 2.999444°W / 16.773333; -2.999444 (Timbuktu)
Cultural:MaliTim
(ii), (iv), (v)
1988 The city was a centre for the propagation of Islam in the 15th and 16th centuries and features three mosques and many madrasahs.[200] The site was deemed endangered in 1990 due to encroaching sand,[201] but was removed from the list in 2005 after successful conservation efforts.[202] The site was once again deemed endangered after the Battle of Gao in June 2012, which followed several weeks of constant threats to the area.[203] Days later, some sites within Timbuktu were destroyed by Ansar Dine, an Islamist group, citing religious reasons.[204]
Timgad A picture of a city ruins and a still-standing building near the back. AlgBatna Province,
 Algeria
35°29′03″N 6°28′07″E / 35.484167°N 6.468611°E / 35.484167; 6.468611 (Timgad)
Cultural:AlgTim
(ii), (iii), (iv)
90.54 (223.7) 1982 A military colony built by Emperor Trajan in 100 CE, the site features cardo and decumanus streets, typical of a Roman town.[205]
Tipasa A mosaic made of tiles covers the ground of a small square near a grave site. AlgTipaza,
 Algeria
36°35′31″N 2°26′58″E / 36.591944°N 2.449444°E / 36.591944; 2.449444 (Tipasa)
Cultural:AlgTip
(iii), (iv)
52 (130) 1982 First a Carthaginian trading centre, Tipasa was converted into a military base by the Romans. Heavy Christian influences can be seen from the 3rd and 4th centuries, though Tipasa went into steady decline in the Byzantine period.[206] Tipasa was classified as endangered in 2002 due to natural and human-caused deterioration of the archaeological remains,[207] but was removed from the list in 2006 due to improved protection of the site.[208]
Tiya A view of several tombstones lined up side-by-side. EthSouthern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region,
 Ethiopia
8°26′06″N 38°36′44″E / 8.434910°N 38.612100°E / 8.434910; 38.612100 (Tiya)
Cultural:EthTiy
(i), (iv)
1980 The archaeological site contains 36 monuments, which includes 32 carved stelae covered with symbols hard to decrypt.[209]
Tomb of Askia A large dirt mound shaped like a pyramid with sticks sticking out around it. MaliGao Region,
 Mali
16°17′23″N 0°02′40″E / 16.289800°N 0.044560°E / 16.289800; 0.044560 (Tomb of Askia)
Cultural:MaliTom
(ii), (iii), (iv)
4 (9.9) 2004 Built in 1495, the pyramid was built as a tomb for Emperor Askia Mohamed. It represents the power of an empire that controlled the trans-Saharan gold trade.[210] The site was deemed endangered after the Battle of Gao in June 2012, which followed several weeks of constant threats to the area.[211]
Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi A picture of a dome-shaped house made of natural materials. UgandaKampala District,
 Uganda
0°19′45″N 32°33′12″E / 0.329167°N 32.553333°E / 0.329167; 32.553333 (Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi)
Cultural:UgandaTom
(i), (iii),
(iv), (vi)
27 (67) 2001 The tombs, built after 1884, are a major example of prime architecture using organic materials, principally wood, thatch, reed, and wattle and daub.[212] The tombs were almost completely destroyed by a fire in March 2010, prompting the World Heritage Committee to reluctantly mark the site as being in danger.[213] The Ugandan government has since called for the reconstruction of the tombs, and UNESCO has agreed to mobilise funds for the project.[214]
Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve A complex, heavily eroded dark grey limestone rock formation. MadMelaky,
 Madagascar
18°40′00″S 44°45′00″E / 18.666670°S 44.75°E / -18.666670; 44.75 (Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve)
Natural:MadTsi
(vii), (x)
152,000 (380,000) 1990 The canyon of the Manambolo River comprises karstic and limestone landscapes cut into peaks and a forest of limestone needles. It also holds undisturbed forests, lakes, and mangrove swamps, which are the habitat for lemurs and birds.[215]
Tsodilo A drawing of two rhinos and a bull on a cave wall. BotNorth-West,
 Botswana
18°45′00″S 21°44′00″E / 18.75°S 21.733333°E / -18.75; 21.733333 (Tsodilo)
Cultural:BotTso
(i), (iii), (vi)
4,800 (12,000) 2001 The site features more than 4,500 rock art paintings in the Kalahari Desert. Archaeological records provide evidence of human and environmental activities ranging over 100,000 years.[216]
Twyfelfontein or /Ui-//aes Various drawings on a cave wall. NamTwyKunene,
 Namibia
20°35′44″S 14°22′21″E / 20.595583°S 14.372583°E / -20.595583; 14.372583 (Twyfelfontein or /Ui-//aes)
Cultural:NamTwy
(iii), (v)
57 (140) 2007 The site has one of the largest concentrations of rock engravings in Africa, which range from a period of over 2,000 years.[217]
Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve A picture of a waterfall obstructed by a couple of palm trees. SeyPraslin,
 Seychelles
4°19′45″S 55°44′15″E / 4.329170°S 55.737500°E / -4.329170; 55.737500 (Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve)
Natural:SeyVal
(vii), (viii),
(ix), (x)
20 (49) 1983 The natural palm forest is preserved in almost its original state.[218]
Virunga National Park A picture of a mountain landscape with trunks of trees or shrubs that appear to have burned. DemNorth Kivu
and Orientale,
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
0°55′00″N 29°10′00″E / 0.916667°N 29.166667°E / 0.916667; 29.166667 (Virunga National Park)
Natural:DemVir
(vii), (viii), (x)
800,000 (2,000,000) 1979 The park comprises swamps, savannas, and snowfields.[219] Virunga was inscribed on the World Heritage Committee's List of World Heritage in Danger in 1994, due to the genocide in Rwanda and the subsequent increase of the refugee population in the park, deforestation, poaching, departure of park staff, and depletion of forests.[220]
Vredefort Dome A view of a multicoloured cave ceiling. SouthFree State
and North West,
 South Africa
26°52′S 27°16′E / 26.86°S 27.26°E / -26.86; 27.26 (Vredefort Dome)
Natural:SouthVre
(viii)
30,000 (74,000) 2005 The crater, with a diameter of 190 km (120 mi), is the largest, oldest, and most deeply eroded astrobleme found on Earth, dating back more than two billion years.[221]
W-Arly-Pendjari Complex A picture of a marshy river surrounded on both sides by shrubs and trees. BenBurkNig Benin*;
 Burkina Faso*;
 Niger*
11°53′3″N 2°29′16″E / 11.88417°N 2.48778°E / 11.88417; 2.48778 (W-Arly-Pendjari Complex)
Natural:Niger1WNa
(ix), (x)
1,714,831 (4,237,440) 1996[o] The parks are in the zone between savanna and forest lands and are an important ecosystem for the biogeographical area.[222]
Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) A picture of a long skeleton surrounded by a circular wire. A large rock formation is visible in the background. EgyFaiyum Governorate,
 Egypt
29°20′00″N 30°11′00″E / 29.333330°N 30.183330°E / 29.333330; 30.183330 (Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley))
Natural:EgyWad
(viii)
20,015 (49,460) 2005 Located in western Egypt, the site contains fossil remains of the now extinct Archaeoceti, mapping the evolution of the whales from a land-based to an aquatic mammal.[223]

Performance of Africa in UNESCO[edit]

The countries are divided according to their regions: blue for Northern Africa, orange for Eastern Africa, purple for Central Africa, green for Western Africa, and red for Southern Africa. (Note: this chart does not include the sites located in Africa that belong to European countries.)

See also[edit]

Pre historic sites in africa

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ For purposes of this article, "Africa" includes the entire African continent, along with certain Atlantic and Indian Ocean islands in the geographic vicinity of Africa that remain under the sovereignty of European states. This differs from UNESCO's regional classification which places several North African countries in the "Arab States" region, while World Heritage Sites on the islands are included in the "Europe and North America" region with their respective metropolitan states. Also see the table legend.
  2. ^ Syria has 6 sites on the World Heritage in Danger list.
  3. ^ Asmara: A Modernist African City was originally inscribed as Asmara: A Modernist City in Africa. The World Heritage Committee adopted the changed name in 2018.
  4. ^ Extended in 2015 but retained the same name.
  5. ^ Extended in 2005 to include Makapan Valley and Taung Skull Fossil Site. The name of the site was later changed accordingly from Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs at the time of inscription to the present name in 2013.
  6. ^ Extended in 2004 to include Inaccessible Island. The name of the site was changed accordingly from Gough Island Wildlife Reserve at the time of inscription to the present name in 2004.
  7. ^ Historic Cairo was originally inscribed as Islamic Cairo. The World Heritage Committee adopted the changed name in 2007.
  8. ^ iSimangaliso Wetland Park was originally inscribed as Greater St Lucia Wetland Park. The World Heritage Committee adopted the changed name in 2008.
  9. ^ Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites was originally inscribed as James Island and Related Sites. The World Heritage Committee adopted the changed name in 2011.
  10. ^ Extended in 2001 to include South Island National Park. The name of the site was changed accordingly from Sibiloi/Central Island National Parks at the time of inscription to the present name in 2001.
  11. ^ Extended in 2013 to include Lewa Wildlife Conservancy and Ngare Ndare Forest Reserve but retained the same name.
  12. ^ Extended in 1982 to include the portion of the Reserve in Ivory Coast (in addition to the existing portion in Guinea).
  13. ^ Ngorongoro Conservation Area was originally inscribed as a Natural site. The World Heritage Committee also insribed it as a Cultural site in 2010 due to Olduvai Gorge.
  14. ^ Extended in 1986 to include the Necropolis. The name of the site was changed accordingly from Punic Town of Kerkuane at the time of inscription to the present name in 1986.
  15. ^ Extended in 2017 to include Arli National Park and Pendjari National Park. The name of the site was changed accordingly from W National Park of Niger at the time of inscription to the present name in 2017.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 November 2021..
  2. ^ "Number of World Heritage properties inscribed each Year". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  3. ^ Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Second Session, Final Report (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: UNESCO. 5–8 September 1978. pp. 7–8. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  4. ^ Hegarty, Stephanie (20 September 2011). "Sada Mire: Uncovering Somalia's Heritage". BBC. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  5. ^ a b "The Criteria for Selection". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  6. ^ a b "Launch of African World Heritage Fund" (Press release). UNESCO. 3 May 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  7. ^ Annual Report 2010 (PDF) (Report). African World Heritage Fund. Retrieved 10 September 2011.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ "UNESCO meeting to promote African human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention" (Press release). UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  9. ^ "World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  10. ^ "The World Heritage Committee". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  11. ^ "Sessions". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  12. ^ "List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 12 November 2021..
  13. ^ "Kahuzi-Biega National Park – Threats to the Site (1997)". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  14. ^ a b "Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park – Threats to the Site (1997)". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  15. ^ "Comoé National Park – Threats to the Site (2003)". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  16. ^ "Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves – Threats to the Site (1992)". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  17. ^ "Mining threats on the rise in World Heritage Sites" (Press release). IUCN. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  18. ^ Concerns Regarding the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Thirty-Fifth Session (PDF) (Report). Paris: UNESCO. 19–29 June 2011. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  19. ^ "Abu Mena – Threats to the Site (2001)". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  20. ^ "Ngorongoro Conservation Area – History". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  21. ^ "Rwenzori Mountains National Park – History". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  22. ^ "Tipasa – History". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  23. ^ "Garamba National Park – History". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  24. ^ "Timbuktu – History". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  25. ^ "Number of World Heritage Properties by region". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  26. ^ "Aapravasi Ghat". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  27. ^ "Abu Mena". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  28. ^ "Abu Mena – Threats to the Site (2001)". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  29. ^ "Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  30. ^ "Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves – Threats to the Site (1992)". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  31. ^ "Decision 33COM 7A.10 – Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves (Niger) (N 573)". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  32. ^ "Aksum". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  33. ^ "Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  34. ^ "Aldabra Atoll". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  35. ^ "Amphitheatre of El Jem". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  36. ^ "Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  37. ^ "Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  38. ^ "Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  39. ^ "Archaeological Site of Carthage". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  40. ^ "Archaeological Site of Cyrene". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  41. ^ "Libya's five World Heritage sites put on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  42. ^ "Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  43. ^ "Libya's five World Heritage sites put on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  44. ^ "Archaeological Site of Sabratha". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  45. ^ "Libya's five World Heritage sites put on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  46. ^ "Archaeological Site of Volubilis". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  47. ^ "Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  48. ^ "Asante Traditional Buildings". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  49. ^ "Asmara: a Modernist African City". UNESCO. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  50. ^ "Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains". UNESCO. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  51. ^ "Banc d'Arguin National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  52. ^ "Bassari Country: Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural Landscapes". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  53. ^ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  54. ^ "Cape Floral Region Protected Areas". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  55. ^ "Chongoni Rock-Art Area". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  56. ^ "Cidade Velha, Historic Centre of Ribeira Grande". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  57. ^ "Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons)". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  58. ^ "Comoé National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  59. ^ "Decision – 27 COM 8B.1 – New Incriptions on the List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  60. ^ "The World Heritage site of Comoé National Park in Côte d'Ivoire no longer in danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  61. ^ "Dja Faunal Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  62. ^ "Djémila". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  63. ^ "Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  64. ^ "Decision – CONF 004 X.26-27 – Inscriptions on the List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  65. ^ "Decision – CONF 001 XIV.C – Removal from the List of World Heritage in Danger: Djoudj National Park (Senegal)". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  66. ^ "Decision – CONF 204 VIII.22 – Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary (Senegal)". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  67. ^ "Decision – 30 COM 7A.11 – Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary (Senegal) (N 25)". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  68. ^ "Dougga / Thugga". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  69. ^ "Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  70. ^ "Ennedi Massif: Natural and Cultural Landscape". UNESCO. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  71. ^ "Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  72. ^ "Fort Jesus, Mombasa". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  73. ^ "Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  74. ^ "Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  75. ^ "French Austral Lands and Seas". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  76. ^ "Garajonay National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  77. ^ "Garamba National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  78. ^ "Decision – 08COM X.26–27 – Inscriptions on the List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  79. ^ "Decision – 16COM X.E – Removed from the World Heritage List in Danger: Garamba National Park (Zaire)". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  80. ^ Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Eighth Ordinary Session (PDF) (Report). Buenos Aires: UNESCO. 29 October – 2 November 1994. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  81. ^ "VII.37 Garamba National Park (Zaire)". Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Twentieth Session (Report). Merida, Mexico: UNESCO. 2–7 December 1996. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  82. ^ "Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  83. ^ "Gough and Inaccessible Islands". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  84. ^ "Great Zimbabwe National Monument". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  85. ^ "Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  86. ^ "Historic Cairo". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  87. ^ "Historic Centre of Agadez". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  88. ^ "Historic City of Meknes". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  89. ^ "Historic Town of Grand-Bassam". UNESCO. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  90. ^ "Ichkeul National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  91. ^ "Decision – CONF 201 VII.D.36 – SOC: Ichkeul National Park (Tunisia)". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  92. ^ "Cologne Cathedral (Germany), Djoudj Bird Sanctuary (Senegal), Ichkeul National Park (Tunisia), and Hampi (India) removed from List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  93. ^ "iSimangaliso Wetland Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  94. ^ "Island of Gorée". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  95. ^ "Island of Mozambique". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  96. ^ "Island of Saint-Louis". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  97. ^ "Ivindo National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  98. ^ "Kahuzi-Biega National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  99. ^ "Kahuzi-Biega National Park – Threats to the Site (1997)". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  100. ^ "Kairouan". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  101. ^ "Kasbah of Algiers". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  102. ^ "Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  103. ^ "Khami Ruins National Monument". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  104. ^ "ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape". UNESCO. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  105. ^ "Kilimanjaro National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  106. ^ "Kondoa Rock-Art Sites". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  107. ^ "Konso Cultural Landscape". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  108. ^ "Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  109. ^ "Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  110. ^ "Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites". UNESCO. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  111. ^ "Lake Malawi National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  112. ^ "Lakes of Ounianga". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  113. ^ "Lake Turkana National Parks". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  114. ^ "Lake Turkana National Parks (Kenya) inscribed on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  115. ^ "Lamu Old Town". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  116. ^ "Laurisilva of Madeira". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  117. ^ "Le Morne Cultural Landscape". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  118. ^ "Lower Valley of the Awash". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  119. ^ "Lower Valley of the Omo". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  120. ^ "M'Zab Valley". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  121. ^ "Maloti-Drakensberg Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  122. ^ "Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  123. ^ "Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  124. ^ "Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  125. ^ "Matobo Hills". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  126. ^ "Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo". UNESCO. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  127. ^ "Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador)". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  128. ^ "Medina of Fez". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  129. ^ "Medina of Marrakesh". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  130. ^ "Medina of Sousse". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  131. ^ "Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin)". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  132. ^ "Medina of Tunis". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  133. ^ "Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  134. ^ "Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  135. ^ "Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  136. ^ "Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  137. ^ "Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve – Threats to the Site (1992)". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  138. ^ "Decision – 43 COM 7A.6 – Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (Côte d'Ivoire/Guinea) (N 155bis)". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  139. ^ "Namib Sand Sea". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  140. ^ "Ngorongoro Conservation Area". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  141. ^ "Decision – CONF 004 X.26-27 – Inscriptions on the List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  142. ^ "Decision – CONF 004 XV.D – Removal from the List of World Heritage in Danger: Ngoronaoro Conservation Area (Tanzania)". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  143. ^ "Niokolo-Koba National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  144. ^ "Decision – 31COM 7B.1 – State of conservation of World Heritage Properties – Niokolo-Koba National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  145. ^ "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  146. ^ "Okapi Wildlife Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  147. ^ "Okapi Wildlife Reserve – Threats to the Site (1997)". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  148. ^ "Okavango Delta". UNESCO. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  149. ^ "Old Towns of Djenné". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  150. ^ "Mali's Old Towns of Djenné on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  151. ^ "Old Town of Ghadamès". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  152. ^ "Libya's five World Heritage sites put on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  153. ^ "Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  154. ^ "Pitons, cirques and remparts of Reunion Island". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  155. ^ "Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida)". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  156. ^ "Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  157. ^ "Rabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  158. ^ "Rainforests of the Atsinanana". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  159. ^ "Decision – 34COM 7B.2 – Rainforests of Atsinanana (Madagascar) (N 1257)". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  160. ^ "Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  161. ^ "Risco Caido and the Sacred Mountains of Gran Canaria Cultural Landscape". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  162. ^ "Robben Island". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  163. ^ "Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  164. ^ "Libya's five World Heritage sites put on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  165. ^ "Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  166. ^ "Royal Hill of Ambohimanga". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  167. ^ "Royal Palaces of Abomey". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  168. ^ "Inscription on the List of World Heritage in Danger: Royal Palaces of Abomey (Benin)". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  169. ^ "Update of the list of the World Heritage in danger - removal - Royal Palaces of Abomey, Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, Kathmandu Valley, Everglades National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  170. ^ "Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  171. ^ "Decision – 28COM 15B.41 – Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara (United Republic of Tanzania)". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  172. ^ "Tanzania's Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara removed from UNESCO List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  173. ^ "Ruins of Loropéni". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  174. ^ "Rwenzori Mountains National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  175. ^ "World Heritage Committee Adds Four Sites to the List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  176. ^ "Angkor Among the three Properties Removed from Unesco's List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  177. ^ "Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  178. ^ "Saint Catherine Area". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  179. ^ "Salonga National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  180. ^ "Decision – 23COM X.B.21 – SOC: Salonga National Park (Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC))". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  181. ^ "Salonga National Park (Democratic Republic of the Congo) removed from the List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  182. ^ "Saloum Delta". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  183. ^ "Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay – Mukkawar Island Marine National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  184. ^ "San Cristóbal de la Laguna". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  185. ^ "Sangha Trinational". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  186. ^ "Selous Game Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  187. ^ "Poaching puts Tanzania's Selous Game Reserve on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  188. ^ "Serengeti National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  189. ^ "Simien National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  190. ^ "Decision – CONF 201 VII.D.32 – SOC: Simien National Park (Ethiopia)". UNESCO. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  191. ^ "Ethiopian World Heritage site, Simien National Park no longer in danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  192. ^ "Stone Circles of Senegambia". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  193. ^ "Stone Town of Zanzibar". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  194. ^ "Sudanese style mosques in northern Côte d'Ivoire". UNESCO. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  195. ^ "Sukur Cultural Landscape". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  196. ^ "Taï National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  197. ^ "Tassili n'Ajjer". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  198. ^ "Teide National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  199. ^ "Thimlich Ohinga Archaeological Site". UNESCO. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  200. ^ "Timbuktu". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  201. ^ "Decision – CONF 004 VII.C – Inscription on the List of World Heritage in Danger: Timbuktu (Mali)". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  202. ^ "Decision – 29 COM 7A.14 – Timbuktu (Mali)". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  203. ^ "Heritage sites in northern Mali placed on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  204. ^ "Ansar Dine fighters destroy Timbuktu shrines". Al Jazeera. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  205. ^ "Timgad". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  206. ^ "Tipasa". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  207. ^ "Tipasa (Algeria) Added to List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  208. ^ "Updates of the World Heritage List in Danger (Removed Properties)". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  209. ^ "Tiya". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  210. ^ "Tomb of Askia". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  211. ^ "Heritage sites in northern Mali placed on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  212. ^ "Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  213. ^ "Decision – 34COM 7B.53 – Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi (Uganda) (C 1022)". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  214. ^ "Uganda tombs to be reconstructed". Afrol News. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  215. ^ "Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  216. ^ "Tsodilo". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  217. ^ "Twyfelfontein or /Ui-//aes". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  218. ^ "Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  219. ^ "Virunga National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  220. ^ "Virunga National Park – Threats to the Site (1994)". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  221. ^ "Vredefort Dome". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  222. ^ "W-Arly-Pendjari Complex". UNESCO. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  223. ^ "Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley)". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.

External links[edit]