List of events named massacres

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This is a list of events named "massacre". The term suggests mass murder and its usage may be controversial.

The English word massacre comes from Middle French, derived from Old French maçacre (and variants) "slaughterhouse, butcher's shop". The term maçacre was already used in Anglo-Norman in the sense of "slaughter of many people" in the 12th century. The word's ultimate origin is from late Latin mazacrium "slaughter".[1] The first recorded use in English of the word massacre dates to the late 16th century, in reference to the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. The Oxford English Dictionary records:[2]

1578 (R. Lindsay, Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) II. 291): "The xxiiij day of August..the grytt..murther and massecar of Paris wes committit."
1593 (Marlowe) "The massacre at Paris"
1617, (F. Moryson Itinerary I. 131) "I wondered to see the Massacre of Paris painted upon the wall."

Massacre can also be used as a verb (the first usage of which was "1588 J. PENRY Viewe Publ. Wants Wales 65 Men which make no conscience for gaine sake, to breake the law of the æternall, and massaker soules..are dangerous subjects."),[3] and this usage is not recorded in this list.

Massacre is also used idiomatically for events that do not involve any deaths, such as the Saturday Night Massacre, which was a mass firing of political appointees during the Watergate scandal. Such events are not listed in the table below.


[edit] List of events

Note: the location column will sort by the following sub regions: Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Central America, Northern America, South America, Eastern Asia, South-eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Western Asia, Eastern Europe, Northern Europe Southern Europe, Western Europe, and Oceania

Date Location Name Deaths Description
00390 390 Thessaloniki, Macedonia Massacre of Thessaloniki 0,007,000 7,000 Emperor Theodosius I of Rome ordered the executions after the citizens of Thessaloniki murdered a top-level military commander during a violent protest against the arrest of a popular charioteer.[4][5]
01002-11-13 November 13, 1002 various cities, England St. Brice's Day massacre 0,000,001 unknown King Ethelred II of England ordered all Danes living in England killed. The Danes were accused of aiding Viking raiders. The King of Denmark invaded England and deposed King Ethelred.[6][7][8]
01066-12-30 December 30, 1066 Granada, Al-Andalus Granada massacre 0,004,0004,000 A Muslim mob crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and killed most of the Jewish population of the city, apparently angered by the prominence and wealth attained by Naghrela and his people. [9][10][11][12]
01182-05 May 1182 Constantinople, Byzantine Empire Massacre of the Latins[13] 0,070,000 ca. 60,000-80,000[citation needed] Wholesale massacre of all Latin (Western European) inhabitants of Constantinople by a mob.
01325 1325 Crow Creek Site, South Dakota) Crow Creek massacre[14][15] 0,000,500 c.500[16] Native Americans indigenous to South Dakota killed Central Plains villagers.[16][17]
01570 1570 Cyprus Cyprus massacre 0,030,000 ca. 30,000-50,000[18][19][20][21] Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus killed mostly Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants.
01572 1572 Paris, France St. Bartholomew's Day massacre[22][23] 0,003,000 c.3,000[24] over several days. A wave of Catholic mob violence against the Huguenots.[24][25][26]
01615 1615 Westfjords, Iceland Spanish Killings 0,000,03131 Spanish whalers went on a whaling expedition to Iceland and were killed after conflict with the people of Iceland.
01622-03-22 March 22, 1622 Jamestown, Virginia Jamestown Massacre[27][28] 0,000,347 347[citation needed] The Powhatans killed 347 settlers, almost one-third of the English population of the Virginia colony.
01644-05-28 May 28, 1644 Bolton, England Bolton Massacre 0,000,800 up to 1,600[citation needed] Royalist forces killed many of the town's defenders and citizens.[29][30][31]
01649-09-11 September 11, 1649 Drogheda, Ireland Siege of Drogheda 0,003,000 up to 4,000[32] Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army massacred almost all of the town's defenders and many citizens.[32]
01692-02-13 February 13, 1692 Scotland Massacre of Glencoe[33] 0,000,038 38[34] Government soldiers, mainly from Clan Campbell, killed members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe.[34]
01770-03-05 March 05, 1770 Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay Boston Massacre 0,000,005 5 [35] British troops fired at a mob of colonists. This helped spark the American Revolution even though an all-colonist jury found the soldiers innocent. [36][37]
01771-07-17 July 17, 1771 Kugluktuk, Nunavut Bloody Falls Massacre 0,000,020 20[38] Chipewyan warriors attacked an Inuit camp, killing men, women and children.[39][40][41]
01778-09-28 September 28, 1778 River Vale, New Jersey Baylor Massacre 0,000,015 15 killed[42] British infantry troops attacked sleeping Continental Light Dragoons using bayonets.[42]
01782-03-08 March 08, 1782 Gnadenhutten, Ohio Gnadenhutten massacre, also called the Moravian massacre[43] 0,000,096 96 Pennsylvania militia men attacked a Moravian mission and killed 96 peaceful Christian American Indians there in retaliation for unrelated deaths of several white Pennsylvanians.[43]
01790-12-22 December 22, 1790 Ismail, Bessarabia Ismail Massacre/Russian conquest of Ismail[44] 0,040,000 about 40,000 Russian forces pressed the assault from house to house, room to room, and nearly every Muslim man, woman, and child in the city had been killed in three days of uncontrolled massacre - some 40,000 Turks dead, only a few hundred surviving to be taken into captivity. General Alexander Suvorov later told an English traveller that when the massacre was over he went back to his tent and wept.
01792 1792 France September Massacres[45][46] 0,001,440 c. 1440[citation needed] Popular courts in the French Revolution sentenced prisoners to death, including around 240 priests.[47]
01809-12 December 1809 Whangaroa, New Zealand Boyd massacre 0,000,066 66[citation needed] Whangaroa Maori killed and ate 66 crew and passengers on ship The Boyd.[48]
01819-08-16 August 16, 1819 Manchester, England Peterloo Massacre 0,000,011 11 killed, over 500 injured[48] Armed cavalry charged a peaceful pro-democracy meeting of 60,000 people.[48]
01838-01 January 1838 Waterloo Creek, Australia Waterloo Creek massacre[49] 0,000,200 100 to 300[citation needed] Aboriginal Australians killed. [50][citation needed]
01838-06-10 June 10, 1838 Myall Creek, Australia Myall Creek massacre[49] 0,000,028 28[citation needed] A white posse killed Aboriginal Australians. The perpetrators were convicted and sentenced to death.[51]
01838-10-30 October 30, 1838 Caldwell County, Missouri Haun's Mill massacre[52] 0,000,019 19[citation needed] About 240 Livingston County Missouri Regulators militiamen and volunteers killed 18 Mormons and one ally.[53][54]
01840 1840 Gippsland, Australia Gippsland massacres[55]. 0,000,450 circa 450 [56] A series of massacres spanning several years: 1840 - Nuntin, 1840 - Boney Point, 1841 - Butchers Creek - 30-35, 1841 - Maffra, 1842 - Skull Creek, 1842 - Bruthen Creek - "hundreds killed", 1843 - Warrigal Creek - between 60 and 180 shot, 1844 - Maffra, 1846 - South Gippsland - 14 killed, 1846 - Snowy River - 8 killed, 1846-47 - Central Gippsland - 50 or more shot, 1850 - East Gippsland - 15-20 killed, 1850 - Murrindal - 16 poisoned, 1850 - Brodribb River - 15-20 killed.[56]. See also Angus McMillan.
01842-01-06 January 06, 1842 Afghanistan Massacre of Elphinstone's Army 0,016,000 16,000[citation needed] Afghan tribes massacred Elphinstone's British army including some 12,000 civilians.[57][58][59]
01854-08-20 August 20, 1854 Oregon Territory (near

Caldwell, Idaho)

 Ward massacre[60] 0,000,019 19[60] Shoshone tortured, killed and plundered Oregon emigrant wagon train members.[61]
01857-09-11 September 11, 1857 Mountain Meadows, Utah Mountain Meadows massacre 0,000,120 120[62]

-140[63]

 Mormon militia, some dressed as Indians, and Paiute tribesmen killed and plundered unarmed members of the Fancher-Baker emigrant wagon train.[64]
01857-11 November 1857 Utah Territory Aiken massacre 0,000,006 6[65] Six wealthy Californians travelling through the territory, arrested as spies, released, then killed.[66]
01859-07-27 July 27, 1859 Washington Territory near Holbrook, Idaho Shepherd massacre 0,000,0055[67] Bannock, Shoshone, and whites dressed as Indians killed and plundered California emigrant wagon train members.[68]
01859-08-31 August 31, 1859 Washington Territory near Massacre Rocks, Idaho Miltimore massacre 0,000,0088[69]. Bannock, Shoshone, and whites dressed as Indians tortured, killed and plundered Oregon emigrant wagon train members.[70]
01863-01-18 January 18, 1863 Madison County, NC Shelton Laurel Massacre 0,000,01313 Thirteen boys and men, who were accused of being Union sympathizers, were summarily executed by members of the 64th North Carolina Regiment of the Confederate Army. [71]
01863-08-21 August 21, 1863 Lawrence, Kansas Lawrence Massacre 0,000,150 c.150[72][73] Pro-Confederate bushwhackers attacked the town of Lawrence, Kansas during the American Civil War.[74][75]
01864-11-29 November 29, 1864 Kiowa County, Colorado Sand Creek massacre 0,000,200 c. 200[76] Colorado Territory militia destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho on the eastern plains.[77][78]
01876-04-30 April 30, 1876 Batak Ottoman Empire Batak massacre[79][80][81] 0,005,000 5,000[citation needed] Ottoman army irregulars killed Bulgarian civilians barricaded in Batak's church.[82]
01890-12-29 December 29, 1890 Wounded Knee, South Dakota Wounded Knee Massacre 0,000,250c.200-300[83] The U.S. 7th Cavalry intercepted a band of Lakota Sioux people on their way to the Pine Ridge Reservation for shelter from the winter; as they were disarming them, a gun was fired, and the soldiers turned their artillery on the Lakota, killing men women and children.[84][85]
01906-03-10 March 10, 1906 Bud Dajo, Jolo Island, Philippines Moro Crater massacre[86][87] 0,000,900 800 to 1,000[citation needed] Forces of the U.S. Army under the command of Major General Leonard Wood, a naval detachment comprising 540 soldiers, along with a detachment of native constabulary, armed with artillery and small firearms, attacked a village hidden in the crater of a dormant volcano.[88]
01919-04-13 April 13, 1919 Amritsar, India Amritsar massacre 0,000,379 379[89][90] British Indian Army soldiers, led by Brigadier Reginald Dyer fired at unarmed civilians.[89][90]
01920-11-21 November 21, 1920 Dublin, Ireland Croke Park Massacre 0,000,023 23[91] British Auxiliary police and Black and Tans fired at Gaelic football spectators at Croke Park.[91][92]
01921-05-31 May 31, 1921 Tulsa, Oklahoma Tulsa Massacre 0,000,300c.300[93] White mobs looted and burned Tulsa's prosperous African American neighborhood, shooting and clubbing to death many of its inhabitants.[94][95][96]
01929-02-14 February 14, 1929 Chicago Saint Valentine's Day massacre 0,000,007 7[97] Al Capone's gang shot rival gang members and their associates.[98]
01930-04-23 April 23, 1930 Peshawar, British Raj Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre 0,000,225 200 to 250[99][100] Soldiers of the British Raj fired on unarmed non-violent protestors of the Khudai Khidmatgar with machine guns during the Indian independence movement[99][100]
01937 1937 Nanjing, China Nanking Massacre[101][102] (Rape of Nanking) 0,220,000 42,000–400,000, median: 260,000[103] The Imperial Japanese Army pillaged Nanking for six weeks[104]
01940 1940 Katyn, Soviet Union Katyn massacre 0,024,000 21,857[105][106] to 25,700[107] Soviet NKVD executed Polish intelligentsia, POWs and reserve officers.[108][109]
01941 1941 Soviet Union NKVD prisoner massacres 0,100,000 c.100,000[110] The Soviet People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del, or NKVD) executed tens of thousands of political prisoners in the initial stages of Operation Barbarossa.[110][111]
01941-09-29 September 29, 1941 Ukraine Babi Yar massacre 0,030,001 more than 30,000[112] Germans killed the Jewish population of Kiev.[112][113][114][115][116]
01942 1942 Laha Airfield, Ambon Island Laha massacre 0,000,300 ~300[117] The Japanese killed surrendered Australian soldiers.[117][118]
01942-03-26 March 26, 1942 Lari near Nairobi, Kenya Lari Massacre 0,000,150 ~150 About 150 Kikuyu were killed by fellow tribesmen.[119][120]
01942-06-10 June 10, 1942 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Lidice massacre 0,000,340 340[121] Nazis killed 192 men, and sent the women and children to Nazi concentration camps where many died.[121][122][123]
01943-09-21 September 21, 1943 Kefalonia, Greece Massacre of the Acqui Division 0,005,000 c. 5000 Wehrmacht troops executed POWs from the 33 Infantry Division Acqui
01944 1944 Italy Marzabotto massacre 0,001,250 c.700 to 1,800[124] The SS killed Italian civilians in reprisal for support given to the resistance movement.[124][125]
01944 1944 Oradour-sur-Glane, France Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 0,000,642 642[126] The Waffen-SS killed 642 men, women and children without giving any specific reasons for their actions.[126]

[127] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132]
01944-12 December 1944 the Battle of the Bulge, Belgium Malmedy massacre 0,000,088 88[citation needed] German soldiers shot American POWs (43 escaped).[133]
01947-02-28 February 28, 1947 Taiwan 228 Incident 0,020,000 10,000-30,000
01960-03-21 March 21, 1960 Sharpeville, South Africa Sharpeville massacre 0,000,081 72 to 90[134] South African police shot down black protesters.[135]
01962 1962 Novocherkassk, Soviet Union Novocherkassk massacre 0,000,044 23 to 70[136] killed, over 40 wounded[137] The MVD open fire on a crowd of protesters demonstrating against inflation.[138]
01966-08-01 August 01, 1966 Austin, Texas University of Texas massacre 0,000,016 16 University of Texas was the site of a massacre by Charles Whitman, who killed his mother and wife at their homes before killing 14 and wounding 32 others at the University atop the university tower before the police killed him.
01968-03-16 March 16, 1968 South Vietnam My Lai Massacre 0,000,504 504[139] US soldiers killed 504 unarmed South Vietnamese villagers ranging in ages from 1 to 81 years, mostly women and children.[139][140]
01968 1968 Mexico City, Mexico Tlatelolco massacre 0,000,160 25 to 350[141][142] Government troops massacred between 25 (officially) and 350 (according to human rights activists) students on the eve of the 1968 Summer Olympics taking place in Mexico City, and then tried to wash the blood away, along with evidence of the massacre. [142][143]
01970-05-04 May 04, 1970 Kent State University, Ohio Kent State massacre 0,000,004 4 [144] 29 members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on unarmed students protesting the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia on the Kent State University college campus, killing 4 and wounding 9, one of whom was permanently paralyzed.[144][145][146]
01972-05-30 May 30, 1972 Lod, Israel Lod Airport massacre 0,000,02426[147] Three members of the Japanese Red Army, on behalf of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, killed 26 people and injured 80 others at Tel Aviv's Lod airport (now Ben Gurion International Airport).[147][148][149][150][151]
01972-09-05 September 05, 1972 Munich, Germany Munich Massacre[152] 0,000,011 12[153] Members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and killed by the Palestinian Black September group. Also killed was a West German police officer.
01974-05-15 May 15, 1974 Ma'alot, Israel Ma'alot massacre[154][155] 0,000,029 29[155] Members of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine infiltrate Israel from Lebanon, shoot and kill a Christian Arab woman and a Jewish couple and their 4 year old son, and then take hostage and kill 22 high school students and three of their adult escorts.[155]
01975-07-31 July 31, 1975 Northern Ireland Miami Showband massacre 0,000,005 5[citation needed] Members of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) killed three members of pop group the Miami Showband in a gun and bomb attack. Two UVF members also died when the bomb exploded prematurely.[156][157][158][159][160]
01976 1976 Northern Ireland Kingsmill massacre 0,000,010 10[161] Irish republicans shot ten Irish Protestant workers dead outside the village of Kingsmill in County Armagh, Northern Ireland.[161][162]
01976 1976 Lebanon Damour massacre 0,000,010 582[163] Palestinian militia aligned with the Lebanese National Movement kill 582 civilians in the village of Damour during the Lebanese Civil War.[163][164]
01978-03-11 March 11, 1978 Israel Coastal Road massacre 0,000,035 35[165] Palestinian Fatah members based in Lebanon land on a beach north of Tel Aviv, kill an American photographer, and hijack an inter-city bus driving along Israel's Coastal Highway. 35 civilians are killed and 80 wounded.[165][166][167][168]
01979 1979 Mexico Tula Massacre 13 13 tortured bodies were found at Tula,Hidalgo,Mexico at the time of Arturo Durazo Moreno Administration
01982 1982 Syria Hama massacre 0,000,148 30,000-40,000[169] The Syrian Army kills an estimated 30,000 people in the city of Hama. Instances of mass execution and torture by the Syrian military were documented during the attacks.[170]
01982 1982 Iraq Dujail Massacre 0,000,148 148[171] Dujail was the site of an unsuccessful assassination attempt against then Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein, on July 8, 1982. Saddam Hussein ordered his special security and military forces to carry out a reprisal attack against the town, which resulted in 148 of the town's men being killed.[171][172]
01982-09 September 1982 Lebanon Sabra and Shatila massacre 0,002,000 700 to 3,500 Refugees are killed by the Christian Lebanese Forces militia in refugee camps surrounded by Israel Defense Forces. The United Nations General Assembly condemned the massacre and declared it to be an act of genocide.[173][174][175]
01985-08-14 August 14, 1985 Peru Accomarca massacre 0,000,069 47[176], 69[177] or 74[178] An army massacre of campesinos (including six children) in Accomarca, Ayacucho.[177]
01987-08-19 August 19, 1987 Hungerford, England Hungerford massacre 0,000,016 16[179] A gunman armed with semi-automatic rifles and a handgun killed 16 people before committing suicide.[180]
01988-03-16 March 16, 1988 Belfast, Northern Ireland Milltown massacre 0,000,003 3[citation needed] Ulster Freedom Fighters member Michael Stone kills three people and injures 60 others in a gun and grenade attack at the funeral of three IRA members being held in Milltown Cemetery, Belfast.[181][182]
01989-06-04 June 04, 1989 Tiananmen Square, Beijing Tiananmen Square Massacre 0,000,600 400 to 3,000[183] Student pro-democracy protestors were killed by the Chinese military.[184][185]
01989-12-06 December 06, 1989 École Polytechnique, Montréal, Canada École Polytechnique massacre[186] 0,000,014 14[citation needed] Marc Lépine, claiming to fight feminism, shot and killed 14 female students of the École Polytechnique de Montréal and wounded 14 other people before turning his gun on himself. The event led to stricter gun control laws[187] and changes in police tactical response to shootings in Canada.[188]
01990-09-05 September 05, 1990 Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka Eastern University massacre, 0,000,158 158 [189] Eastern University massacre is the massacre of 158 minority Sri Lankan Tamil civilians by the Sri Lankan Army in the eastern Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka.[189][190][191]
01990-09-09 September 09, 1990 Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka Sathurukondan massacre 0,000,184 184 [192][193] Sathurukondan massacre, also known as the 1990 Batticaloa massacre is the massacre of 184 minority Sri Lankan Tamil civilians by the Sri Lankan Army in the eastern Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka. [192][193][194][195][196]
01991-10-16 October 16, 1991 Killeen, Texas Luby's massacre 0,000,023 23[citation needed] George Jo Hennard drove his pickup truck into a Luby's Cafeteria and shot and killed 22 people, wounded another 20 and then committed suicide by shooting himself.

[197]
01991 1991 Croatia Vukovar massacre 0,000,264 264[citation needed] Members of the Serb militias, aided by the Yugoslav People's Army, killed Croat civilians and POWs.[198][199][200][201]
01992-02-26 February 26, 1992 Khojaly, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan Khojaly Massacre 0,000,613 613[202] Armenian armed forces, reportedly with help of the Russian 366th Motor Rifle Regiment, captured the town of Khojaly. The death toll according to the Government of Azerbaijan was 613 civilians, of whom 106 were women and 83 were children.[203][204][205]
01992-04-10 April 10, 1992 Maraghar, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan Maraghar Massacre 0,000,045 45[206] Azerbaijani forces attacked the Armenian people ethnic Armenian town of Maraghar. According to Caroline Cox, who observed the damage and interviewed eyewitnesses, the Azerbaijani forces decapitated about forty five villagers, burned and looted much of the town, and kidnapped about one hundred women and children[207]. The inhabitants of Maraghar who were driven out after the attack were unable to return to their village after the ceasefire of 1994, as the area was still under Azeri control.
01993-01-08 January 08, 1993 Palatine, Illinois Brown's Chicken massacre 0,000,007 7 Seven people were murdered at the Brown's Chicken and Pasta in Palatine[208]
01993-10-30 October 30, 1993 Greysteel, Northern Ireland Greysteel massacre 0,000,008 8[citation needed] Ulster Freedom Fighters opened fire in a crowded bar using an AK-47 and automatic pistol [disambiguation needed].[209][210][211][212][213][214][215]
01993 1993 Brazil Yanomami Massacre 0,000,044 c.16[216] to 73[217] Garimpeiros (illegal gold miners) killed Yanomami people.
01994 1994 West Bank Cave of the Patriarchs massacre[218][219]/Ibrahimi Mosque massacre[220] 0,000,029 29[citation needed] Baruch Goldstein opens fire with an assault rifle killing 29 Muslims and wounding 150 at prayer in the Ibrahimi Mosque before being subdued and beaten to death.[221][222]
01995-01-22 January 22, 1995 Israel Beit Lid massacre 0,000,021 22[223] First suicide attack by Palestinian Islamic Jihad, killing 22 and wounding 69. Carried out by two bombers; the second waited until emergency crews arrived to assist the wounded and dying before detonating his bomb.[224][225][226][227]
01995 1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina Srebrenica massacre 0,008,000 c.8,000[228] Units of the Army of the Republika Srpska killed male Bosniaks; the largest mass killing in Europe since World War II.[228][229]
01996-03-13 March 13, 1996 Scotland Dunblane massacre 0,000,018 17 [230] A gunman opened fire in a primary school, killing sixteen children and one teacher before killing himself.[231][232][233]
01996-04-29 April 29, 1996 Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia Port Arthur massacre 0,000,035 35.[234] The Port Arthur massacre of 28 April 1996 was a killing spree which claimed the lives of 35 people and wounded 21 others mainly at the historic tourist site Port Arthur in south-eastern Tasmania, Australia. The massacre remains Australia's deadliest mass killing spree and remains one of the deadliest such incidents worldwide in recent times.[235]
01996 1996 Lebanon 1996 shelling of Qana, AKA: Qana Massacre[236][237] 0,000,106 106[citation needed] Israeli artillery struck the Unifil Headquarters in Qana which was providing shelter to approximately two hundred Lebanese civilians.[238]

[239] [240] [241][242]
01999-04-20 April 20, 1999 Littleton, Colorado Columbine High School massacre 0,000,015 15>[243][citation needed] Two teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold open fire on their classmates on April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School, killing 12 students and one teacher before committing suicide.
02000-07-27 July 27, 2000 West Bengal, India Nanoor massacre 0,000,011 11[citation needed] Killing of 11 landless labourers allegedly by activists of Communist Party of India (Marxist), a political party in India, in Suchpur, near Nanoor and under Nanoor police station, in Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.[244][245][246]
02002-03-27 March 27, 2002 Netanya, Israel Passover massacre 0,000,030 30[247] Killing of 30 guests at the Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel, sitting down to the traditional Passover Seder meal. Another 143 were injured. Hamas claimed responsibility. [247][248][249][250][251]
02004-09-01 September 01, 2004 Beslan, Russian Federation Beslan School Massacre 0,000,334 334[citation needed] Armed Chechen separatists[252] took more than 1,200 people hostage at a school. 334 civilians were killed, including 186 school children, and hundreds wounded.[253][254][255]

[edit] See also

Search Wiktionary Look up massacre in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.


[edit] Notes and references

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, etymology for massacre, n.
  2. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, n.
  3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, v.
  4. ^ John Julius Norwich (1989). Byzantium: The Early Centuries. New York: Knopf. pp. 112. ISBN 0394537785, OCLC 18164817. , "…and 7,000 were dead by morning..." (Page 139)
  5. ^ Edward Gibbon, D. M. Low (1960). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Harcourt Brace. pp. ch. 27 2:56. OCLC 402038. 
  6. ^ Ann Williams (2003). Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. London: Hambledon and London. pp. 54. ISBN 1-85258-382-4, OCLC 51780838.  "It is usually assumed that this story relates to the St Brice's Day massacre …" (Page 55)
  7. ^ Simon Hall (1998). The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 297. ISBN 1-57958-107-2.  "1002 St Brice's Day massacre; Danes in England were killed on order of King Ethelred." (Page 340)
  8. ^ Staff. Saint Brices Day massacre, Encyclopædia Britannica, Accessed 26 December 2007
  9. ^ Lucien Gubbay (1999). Sunlight and Shadow: The Jewish Experience of Islam. New York: Other Press. pp. 80. ISBN 1-892746-69-7.  " It should be noted though that the Granada massacre of 1066 was the first instance of persecution of Jews in Muslim Spain, which had enjoyed an almost unblemished record of tolerance for the preceding 350 years." (Page 80)
  10. ^ Norman Roth (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Netherlands: E. J. Brill. pp. 110. ISBN 90-04-09971-9.  " Assuming that he was at least ten years old, however, it is again surprising that no more personal recollection of the Granada massacre is found in his writing…" (Page 110)
  11. ^ [[Richard Gottheil |Gottheil, Richard]]; [[Meyer Kayserling |Kayserling, Meyer]], Granada, G (1906 ed. ed.), Jewish Encyclopedia, http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada  "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day, Ṭebet 9 (= Dec. 30), 1066."
  12. ^ Daud, Abraham Ibd (2007). "On Samuel Ha-Nagid, Vizier of Granada, 993-d after 1056". Medieval Sourcebook. Paul Halsall. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ha-nagid.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-11.  He was proud to his own hurt, and the Berber princes were jealous of him, with the result that on the Sabbath, on the 9th of Tebet in the year 4827 [Saturday, December 30, 1066], he and the Community of Granada were murdered.
  13. ^ The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 950-1250. Cambridge University Press. 1986. pp. 507-508. ISBN 0521266451. 
  14. ^ Lane A. Beck (1995). Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 231. ISBN 0-306-44931-5. 
  15. ^ Michal Strutin (1999). A Guide to Contemporary Plains Indians. Tucson, Arizona: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. pp. 37. ISBN 1-877856-80-0. 
  16. ^ a b Staff. The Crow Creek Massacre www.nebraskastudies.org
  17. ^ Staff, Crow Creek Massacre, University of South Dakota
  18. ^ Change and Development in the Middle East: essays in honour of W.B. Fisher, John Innes Clarke, Howard Bowen-Jones, 1981, p.290
  19. ^ The Heritage of Armenian Literature, A. J. (Agop Jack) Hacikyan, Nourhan Ouzounian, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, 2000, p.777
  20. ^ "Turkey" by Edward Shepherd Creasy, Page 195
  21. ^ Eric Solsten, ed. Cyprus: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.
  22. ^ Alastair Armstrong (2003). France, 1500-1715. London: Heinemann Education Publishers. pp. 65. ISBN 0435327518. 
  23. ^ Reinhard Bendix (1978). Kings Or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule. Tucson, Arizona: University of California Press. pp. 324. ISBN 0-520-04090-2. 
  24. ^ a b Staff. Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Columbia Encyclopedia, Questia Online Library
  25. ^ Staff, Massacre of Saint Bartholomews Day (French history), Encyclopædia Britannica, Accessed 23 December 2007
  26. ^ Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA
  27. ^ Janell Broyles, A Timeline of the Jamestown Colony, p. 22, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004
  28. ^ Alfred Abioseh Jarrett, The Impact of Macro Social Systems on Ethnic Minorities in the United States, Page 29, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000
  29. ^ Bolton history
  30. ^ Lonely Planet
  31. ^ John Tincey, Marston Moor 1644: The Beginning Of The End: Osprey Publishing (March 11, 2003) ISBN 1841763349 p 33 "the `massacre at Bolton' became a staple of Parliamentarian propaganda"
  32. ^ a b [Mícheál Ó Siochrú/RTÉ ONE, Cromwell in Ireland Part 1. Broadcast 9/9/2008]
  33. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Cites "a1715 BP. G. BURNET Hist. Own Time (1734) II. 156 The Massacre in Glencoe, made still a great noise." and "1957 ‘H. MACDIARMID’ Battle Continues 1 Franco has made no more horrible shambles Than this poem of Campbell's, The foulest outrage his breed has to show Since the massacre of Glencoe!"
  34. ^ a b Glencoe, engraved by W. Miller after J.M.W. Turner, Edinburgh University library
  35. ^ Zobel, The Boston Massacre, W.W.Norton and Co.(1970), 199-200.
  36. ^ Boston Massacre - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  37. ^ Boston Massacre
  38. ^ Kenn Harper A Day in Arctic History: July 17, 1771 — Slaughter at Bloody Falls, Nunatsiaq News, 29 July 2005
  39. ^ Robin McGrath. Samuel Hearne And The Inuit Oral Tradition, University of New Brunswick, libraries Accessed 23 December, 2007
  40. ^ Staff, Samuel Hearne and David Thompson, trekking in the footsteps, HighBeam Research, (From: Manitoba History Society| Date: 6/1/2005| Author: Binning, Alexander)
  41. ^ Bloody Falls, The Canadian Encyclopedia
  42. ^ a b Wright, Kevin W.. "OVERKILL: Revolutionary War Reminiscences of River Vale". Bergen County Historical Society. http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/baylormassacre.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-31. 
  43. ^ a b "Gnadenhutten Massacre". Ohio History Central. http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=499. Retrieved on June 5, 2009. 
  44. ^ J. Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons, p. 244, 1998, Henry Holt and Company, ISBN 0-8050-6342-0
  45. ^ Historywiz.com
  46. ^ David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France, Chapter 4, Macmillan, 2006
  47. ^ Dwyer, Phillip and McPhee, Peter (2002). The French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook. Routledge. pp. 66. ISBN 978-0415199070. 
  48. ^ a b c "New plaque for massacre memorial", BBC, 17 August 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  49. ^ a b National Centre for History Education (Australia)
  50. ^ "Frontier Conflict: The Australian Experience", Bruce Elder, Sydney Morning Herald, March 29, 2003
  51. ^ "Myall Creek Massacre", Parliament of New South Wales Hansard, June 8, 2000
  52. ^ FAQ "What was the Haun's Mill Massacre?" - Brigham Young University website (abstracted from "Haun's Mill Massacre," in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, ed. Daniel H. Ludlow, New York: Macmillan, 1992)
  53. ^ Historical Record, Jenson, Vol. 7 & 8, p 671.
  54. ^ History of the Church, Vol. III, pp 182–186.
  55. ^ Gardner, P.D. (2001), Gippsland massacres: the destruction of the Kurnai tribes, 1800-1860, Ngarak Press, Essay, Victoria ISBN 1-875254-31-5
  56. ^ a b Gippsland Settlers and the Kurnai Dead - Patrick Morgan - Quadrant Magazine
  57. ^ Afghan and Northwest Border Wars 1834 to 1897
  58. ^ Summary: the First Anglo-Afghan War, 1838-42
  59. ^ Massacre of Elphinstone's army
  60. ^ a b Staff. Snake River Massacre Account by One of the Survivors, Oregon Historical Society, 2002.
  61. ^ Shannon, Donald H. (2004). The Boise Massacre. pp 73-102. Caldwell, ID: Snake Country Publishing. ISBN 0-9635828-1-X
  62. ^ Carleton, James Henry (1859), (Special Report on the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Washington: Government Printing Office (published 1902), http://books.google.com/books?id=MBYiwjNst6EC .
  63. ^ Thompson, Jacob (1860), Message of the President of the United States: communicating, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, information in relation to the massacre at Mountain Meadows, and other massacres in Utah Territory, 36th Congress, 1st Session, Exec. Doc. No. 42, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, http://www.archive.org/details/messageofpreside00unitrich .
  64. ^
    • Bagley, Will (2002), Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 0-8061-3426-7 .
    • Brooks, Juanita (1950), Mountain Meadows Massacre, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 0-8061-2318-4 .
    • Denton, Sally (2003), American Massacre: The Tragedy at Mountain Meadows, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0-375-41208-5 .
  65. ^ Roger A. Hall. Performing the American Frontier, 1870-1906, Published by Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0521793203. p 93
  66. ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1889), The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft: History of Utah, 1540–1886, San Francisco: History Company, LCC F826.B2 1889, LCCN 07018413, http://books.google.com/books?id=2OwNAAAAIAAJ (Chapter XX. pp-562-563) (Internet Archive versions).
  67. ^ Unruh, John D (1993). The Plains Across the Overland Emigrants and Trans-Mississippi West 1840-1860. University of Illinois Press. pp. 195. ISBN 978-0252063602. 
  68. ^ Shannon, Donald H. (2004). The Boise Massacre. pp 177-196. Caldwell, ID: Snake Country Publishing. ISBN 0-9635828-1-X
  69. ^ Unruh, John D (1993). The Plains Across the Overland Emigrants and Trans-Mississippi West 1840-1860. University of Illinois Press. pp. 195. ISBN 978-0252063602. 
  70. ^ Shannon, Donald H. (2004). The Boise Massacre. pp 197-222. Caldwell, ID: Snake Country Publishing. ISBN 0-9635828-1-X
  71. ^ Paludan, Philip S. 1981. Victims: A True Story of the Civil War. Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press. 144 p.
  72. ^ William Quantrill and the Lawrence Massacre
  73. ^ Lawrence (Kansas, United States)
  74. ^ The Bloodiest Man In American History
  75. ^ Erastus D. Ladd's Description of the Lawrence Massacre, by Russell E. Bidlack, Summer 1963
  76. ^ Chapter 14: American Military History, Volume I
  77. ^ "Inquiry into the Sand Creek Massacre, November, 1864." The Wynkoop Family Research Library. Rootsweb.com: Freepages. Retrieved on 2008-02-19.
  78. ^ Hoig, Stan. (1977). The Sand Creek Massacre. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1147-6
  79. ^ Greenway, Paul. (2002). Bulgaria: Centuries of History Ripe for Discovery. P141. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1864501480
  80. ^ Bousfield, Jonathan. (2002). The Rough Guide to Bulgaria. P352. Rough Guides. ISBN 1858288827
  81. ^ Crampton, R.J. (2007). Bulgaria. P92. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198205147
  82. ^ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: Bulgaria, History
  83. ^ Ostler, Jeffrey, Conquest and the State, 65 Pacific Hist. Rev. 217, 248 n.52 (1996)(collecting estimates)
  84. ^ National Historic Landmarks Program: Wounded Knee National Park Service. Retrieved on 19 February 2008.
  85. ^ The Wounded Knee Massacre
  86. ^ Mark Twain, Weapons of Satire, pp. 168-178, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY 1992
  87. ^ American Troops Killing Muslims: A Massacre to Remember, by Christine Gibson, AmericanHeritage.com, March 8, 2006
  88. ^ Byler, Charles A. Pacifying the Moros; Military Review, May-June, 2005
  89. ^ a b Staff. Radio 4: This Sceptred Isle: Empire: Amritsar, Episode 83 - 07/06/06, BBC,
  90. ^ a b Massacre-of-Amritsar, Encyclopædia Britannica, Accessed 15 February 2008
  91. ^ a b T. Ryle Dwyer, The Squad and the intelligence operations of Michael Collins, Dublin, 2005
  92. ^ David Leeson, "Death in the Afternoon: The Croke Park Massacre, 21 November 1920," Canadian Journal of History, vol. 38, no. 1 (April 2003)
  93. ^ Brent Staples, Unearthing, New York Times, Dec. 19, 1999
  94. ^ Id.
  95. ^ Tim Madigan, The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 (2003)
  96. ^ The Tulsa Massacre! (June 1921) (pamphlet distributed by the Communist Party)http://marxists.anu.edu.au/history//usa/parties/cpusa/1921/06/0600-cpa-tulsamassacre.pdf
  97. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation - Freedom of Information Privacy Act
  98. ^ Al Capone: Chicago's Most Infamous Mob Boss - The Crime library
  99. ^ a b Habib, Irfan (September – October 1997). "Civil Disobedience 1930-31". Social Scientist 25 (9–10): 43–66. doi:10.2307/3517680. 
  100. ^ a b Johansen, Robert C. (1997). "Radical Islam and Nonviolence: A Case Study of Religious Empowerment and Constraint Among Pashtuns". Journal of Peace Research 34 (1): 53–71. doi:10.1177/0022343397034001005. 
  101. ^ Honda Katsuichi, The Nanjing Massacre, M.E. Sharp 1998
  102. ^ Fordham University webpage: Modern History Sourcebook
  103. ^ Matthew White Nanking Massacre, Accessed 17 December 2007. Cites eight sources directly and another ten indirectly. Lowest estimate Spence, The Search for Modern China: 42,000. Highest estimate Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking (1997), citing James Yin & Shi Young: 400,000
  104. ^ Justin Harmon Student-Run Conference to Examine Nanking Massacre, Princeton University, November 12, 1997
  105. ^ John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr. In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage. Encounter Books, 2003. ISBN 1-893554-72-4 p. 22
  106. ^ Aleksandr Shelepin's March 3, 1959 note to Khrushchev, with information about the execution of 21,857 Poles and with the proposal to destroy their personal files. Online
  107. ^ Beria's March 1940 proposal to shoot 25,700 Poles from Kozelsk, Ostashkov, and Starobels camps, and from certain prisons of Western Ukraine and Belarus bearing Stalin's signature (among others). proposal online
  108. ^ Fischer, Benjamin B., "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field", Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1999–2000
  109. ^ Staff, Katyn Massacre, Encyclopædia Britannica, Accessed 23 December 2007
  110. ^ a b Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 ISBN 1400040051 p. 391
  111. ^ (English) Richard Rhodes (2002). Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40900-9. 
  112. ^ a b Staff. The Holocaust Chronicle: Massacre at Babi Yar, The Holocaust Chronicle web site, Access 17 December 2007
  113. ^ Victoria Khiterer (2004). "Babi Yar: The tragedy of Kiev's Jews" (PDF). Brandeis Graduate Journal 2: 1–16. http://www.brandeis.edu/gsa/gradjournal/2004/khiterer2004.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 
  114. ^ "A survivor of the Babi Yar massacre". Heritage: Civilization and the Jews. Public Broadcasting System (PBS). http://www.pbs.org/wnet/heritage/episode8/documents/documents_13.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 
  115. ^ Wolfram Wette (2006). The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality. p. 112. "The massacre at Babi Yar, near Kiev, which claimed the lives of more than thirty thousand Jewish victims on September 29 and 30, 1941, was the largest single mass killing for which the German army was responsible during its campaign against the Soviet Union." 
  116. ^ Jill Dougherty and Jim Bittermann (2001-06-25). "Pope visits Jewish massacre site". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/25/pope.babiyar/index.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 
  117. ^ a b Saff Fall of Ambon: Massacred at Laha, Australia's War 1939-145 An Australian government website.
  118. ^ Peter Stanley The defence of the 'Malay barrier': Rabaul and Ambon, January 1942 principal historian to Australian War Memorial
  119. ^ Times dispatch (March 28, 1953), Mau Mau Massacres 150 Natives In Night Raid Near Kenya Capital, New York Times, http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30614F9345E177B93CAAB1788D85F478585F9 
  120. ^ Stephen Corradini (1999). Chief Luka and the Lari Massacre: Contrary Notions of Kikuyu Land Tenure and the Mau Mau War. University of Wisconsin-Madison. ISBN 0942615492. http://books.google.com/books?id=7eIUAAAACAAJ. 
  121. ^ a b Katerina Zachovalova. War Crime To War Game, Time, September 17
  122. ^ David Vaughan. The Lidice massacre - atrocity and courage website of Czech Radio, 11 June 2002
  123. ^ Lidice memorial
  124. ^ a b Staff, Italy convicts Nazis of massacre BBC, 13 January 2007
  125. ^ Richard Owen. Ten convicted for 1944 massacre, The Times, 15 January 2007
  126. ^ a b Oradour Info - Oradour-sur-Glane 10th June 1944
  127. ^ The Oradour-sur-Glane Massacre
  128. ^ The Second World War - The massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane
  129. ^ - Robin Mackness's book, 'Oradour Massacre and Aftermath'
  130. ^ Amazon - Massacre at Oradour - by Robin Mackness - ISBN 978-0394570020
  131. ^ Oxford Journals - Massacre at Oradour, France, 1944 by Stephanie Hare-Cuming
  132. ^ Martyred Village: Commemorating the 1944 Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane. Sarah Farmer, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. xvii + 300 pp. ISBN 978-0-520-21186-5.
  133. ^ The Malmedy Massacre Revisited - Henri Rogister, Joseph Dejardin et Emile Jamar - Website du C.R.I.B.A. (Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes) [1]
  134. ^ The Sharpeville Massacre - TIME
  135. ^ The Sharpeville Massacre - A watershed in South Africa
  136. ^ Alessandra Stanley, Russian General Campaigns On Old-Time Soviet Values The New York Times, 13 October 1995
  137. ^ Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev. A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0300087608 p. 228
  138. ^ Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev. A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0300087608 p. 226
  139. ^ a b Staff. Murder in the name of war - My Lai, BBC, 20 July 1998
  140. ^ Staff. The My Lai Massacre, PBS Online, 29 March 2005
  141. ^ Former Mexican president sheds light on 1968 massacre, CNN, 4 February 1998
  142. ^ a b Mexican Court Issues Warrant for Former President
  143. ^ Mexico Digs at Last for Truth About 1968 Massacre
  144. ^ a b John Lang (2000-05-04). "The day the Vietnam War came home". Scripps Howard News service. http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/04-00/04-30-00/a09wn031.htm. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. 
  145. ^ "These would be the first of many probes into what soon became known as the Kent State Massacre. Like the Boston Massacre almost exactly two hundred years before (March 5, 1770), which it resembled, it was called a massacre not for the number of its victims but for the wanton manner in which they were shot down." Philip Caputo (2005-05-04). "The Kent State Shootings, 35 Years Later". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4630596. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. 
  146. ^ Rep. Tim Ryan (2007-05-04). "Congressman Tim Ryan Gives Speech at 37th Commemoration of Kent State Massacre". Congressional website of Rep. Tim Ryan (D-Ohio). http://timryan.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=160&Itemid=48. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. 
  147. ^ a b "In what became known as the Lod Airport Massacre three members of the terrorist group, Japanese Red Army, arrived at the airport aboard an Air France flight from Paris. Once inside the airport they grabbed automatic firearms from their carry-on cases and fired at airport staff and visitors. In the end, 26 people died and 80 people were injured." CBC News, The Fifth Estate, "Fasten Your Seatbelts: Ben Gurion Airport in Israel", 2007. Accessed June 2, 2008.
  148. ^ "The short-term impact of the Lod Airport massacre as a precursor to Munich..." Stephen Sloan, John C. Bersia, J. B. Hill. Terrorism: The Present Threat in Context, Berg Publisher, 2006, p. 50. ISBN 1845203445
  149. ^ "Two years later, just before the Lod Airport massacre, authorities uncovered the bodies of 14 young men and women on remote Mount Haruna, 70 miles northwest of Tokyo." "Again the Red Army", TIME, August 18, 1975.
  150. ^ "Those named by Lebanese officials as having been arrested included at least three Red Army members who have been wanted for years by Japanese authorities, most notably Kozo Okamoto, 49, the only member of the attacking group who survived the Lod Airport massacre." "Lebanon Seizes Japanese Radicals Sought in Terror Attacks", The New York Times, February 19, 1997.
  151. ^ "They were responsible for the Lod Airport massacre in Israel in 1972, which was committed on behalf of the PFLP." Jeffrey D. Simon, The Terrorist Trap: America's Experience with Terrorism, Indiana University Press, p. 324. ISBN 0253214777
  152. ^ CBS News (2002-09-05), Munich Massacre Remembered, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/05/world/main520865.shtml .
  153. ^ Wolff, Alexander (2002), "When The Terror Began", Time Magazine (Sep. 2, 2002), http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/2002/0902/munich/index.html .
  154. ^ Sources describing the event as a "massacre":
    • "The day after the Ma'alot massacre, condemned by Pope Paul VI and most Western leaders as "an evil outrage," ..." Frank Gervasi. Thunder Over the Mediterranean, McKay, 1975, p. 443.
    • "The previous day Israel had been traumatized by the Ma'alot massacre, which had resulted in the deaths of numerous schoolchildren." William B. Quandt. Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967, Brookings Institution Press, 2001, p. 432.
    • "Faced with a public outcry over the Ma'alot massacre, they demanded of Syria a pledge to forbid terrorist to cross the Golan into Israel." Milton Viorst. Sands of Sorrow: Israel's Journey from Independence, I.B.Tauris, 1987, p. 192.
    • "...Organization (PLO) crimes, like the massacre of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games in 1972 and the Ma'alot massacre of children in 1974." Richard J. Chasdi. Tapestry of Terror: A Portrait of Middle East Terrorism, 1994-1999, Lexington Books, 2002, p. 6.
    • "The PFLP was responsible for the Ma'alot massacre on May IS, 1974 during which 22 Israeli children were killed." Alex Peter Schmid, A. J. Jongman, Michael Stohl. Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, & Literature, Transaction Publishers, 2005, p. 639.
    • "On 22 November 1974, six months after the Ma'alot massacre, the United Nations General Assembly voted to accept the Palestine Liberation Organisation as an..." Martin Gilbert. The Jews in the Twentieth Century: An Illustrated History, Schocken Books, 2001, p. 327.
  155. ^ a b c Khoury, Jack. "U.S. filmmakers plan documentary on Ma'alot massacre", Haaretz, March 07, 2007.
  156. ^ Donna Carton (11 December 2005). "Miami Showband massacre files to stay under wraps". Sunday Mirror. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20051211/ai_n15919127. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  157. ^ "Miami Showband massacre remembered". BreakingNews.ie. 30 July 2005. http://archives.tcm.ie/breakingnews/2005/07/30/story214127.asp. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  158. ^ "Miami Showband Memorial Unveiled". 4NI.co.uk. 10 December 2007. http://www.4ni.co.uk/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=69567. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  159. ^ "Ahern unveils Miami Showband memorial". The Irish Times. 10 December 2007. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/1210/breaking46.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  160. ^ Dillon, Martin (1991). The Dirty War. Arrow Books. pp. 174. ISBN 978-0099845201. 
  161. ^ a b Staff. 1976: Ten dead in Northern Ireland ambush, BBC, On this days series (5 January) (Accessed 23 December 2007)
  162. ^ Sam Knight and agencies, Ulster lukewarm about unsolved murders probe, The Times, 20 January 2006
  163. ^ a b Staff. (Accessed 17 May 2009)
  164. ^ Friedman, New York Times, Sep 20, 21, 26, 27, 1982
  165. ^ a b "Among the most notorious attacks was the coastal road massacre in Israel in March 1978. The attack left 35 civilians dead and 80 wounded." Ben Gad, Yitschak. Politics, Lies, and Videotape, Shapolsky Publishers, 1991, ISBN 1561710156, p. 94.
  166. ^ "1978, March 11. The Coastal Road Massacre" Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy. The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present, Harper & Row, 1986, ISBN 0061812358, p. 1362.
  167. ^ "Operation Litani is launched in retaliation for that month's Coastal Road massacre." Gregory S. Mahler. Politics and Government in Israel: The Maturation of a Modern State, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, ISBN 0742516113, p. 259.
  168. ^ "So did the Coastal Road massacre of 1978, in which a POLO hijacking of an intercity bus ended with the deaths of thirty-five Israeli hostages." Binyamin Netanyahu. A Durable Peace: Israel and Its Place Among the Nations, Warner Books, 2000, ISBN 0446523062, p. 218.
  169. ^ Yemeni father's school slaughter, The Independent (March 31, 1997)
  170. ^ Friedman, Thomas L., From Beirut to Jerusalem, (Macmillan, 1991), 76-105.
  171. ^ a b Rory Carroll. Saddam trial to open with village massacre, the Guardian, June 7, 2005
  172. ^ Staff. Documents Link Saddam To Massacre, Al Jazeera, March 3, 2006 cites source as Reuters
  173. ^ Robert Fisk Another war on terror. Another proxy army. Another mysterious massacre. And now, after 19 years, perhaps the truth at last..., The Independent 28 November, 2001
  174. ^ Cilina Nasser. Sharon role in massacre remembered, Al Jazeera, 5 March 2006
  175. ^ Amal Hamdan Remembering Sabra and Shatila, Al Jazeera, 16 September, 2003
  176. ^ Unofficial biography of Alan Garcia. Alan Garcia life and work. Alan Garcia contributions
  177. ^ a b Notorious Peruvian School of the Americas Graduates
  178. ^ RIGHTS-PERU: Time Is of the Essence in Extradition of War Criminal
  179. ^ Staff. On this day August 19: 1987: Gunman kills 14 in Hungerford rampage, BBC,
  180. ^ "'Ryan shot at me, then at my mother'". The Daily Telegraph. 7 December 2004. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2004/12/07/fthung07.xml. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. 
  181. ^ "Michael Stone: Loyalist icon". CNN. 24 November 2006. http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/24/michael.stone/. Retrieved on 2008-03-06. 
  182. ^ "Stone Murdered At Funeral". Sky News. 24 November 2006. http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30000-1241896,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-06. 
  183. ^ CSN warns Americans about the AP's "climb down" on Tiananmen numbers, CSN, 18 May 2004
  184. ^ Kelly Barth (2003). The Tiananmen Square Massacre. Greenhaven Press. ISBN 0737711760. http://books.google.com/books?id=So8CAAAACAAJ. 
  185. ^ Chu-Yuan Cheng (1990). Behind the Tiananmen Massacre: Social, Political, and Economic Ferment in China. Westview Press. ISBN 0813310474. http://books.google.com/books?id=-agVAgAACAAJ. 
  186. ^ Buchignani, Walter (1989-12-08). "Amid the tragedy, miracles of survival". The Gazette, Montreal. pp. A3. 
  187. ^ Rathjen, Heidi; Charles Montpetit (1999). December 6th: From the Montreal Massacre to Gun Control. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-771061-25-0. 
  188. ^ Rakobowchuk, Peter (September 14, 2006). "Lessons learned from 1989 Montreal massacre help save lives at Dawson college". Canadian Press. http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2006/09/14/1839448-ap.html. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. 
  189. ^ a b "UTHR(J) report on the Eastern University Massacre". http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report7/chapter4.htm#h. 
  190. ^ "Graveyard for Disappeared Persons – Statistic for Batticaloa district". http://www.disappearances.org/mainfile.php/frep_sl_ne/78/Cyberspace. 
  191. ^ "HRW report - Sri Lanka". Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/wr2k2/asia10.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-02. 
  192. ^ a b Hoole, Ranjan (2001). Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence & Murder. University Teachers for Human Rights. ISBN 9-5594-4704-1.  p.378-397
  193. ^ a b Lawrence, Patricia (2001). The Ocean of Stories; Children's Imagination, Creativity, and Reconciliation in Eastern Sri Lanka. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. ISBN 9-5558-0076-6.  p.40
  194. ^ McDermott (edit), Rachel Fell (2008). Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West. University of California Press. ISBN 0-5202-3240-2.  p.121
  195. ^ Hoole, Ranjan. "The massacre at Sathurukondan: 9th September 1990". University Teachers for Human Rights. http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report8/chapter2.htm#c. Retrieved on 2009-01-26. 
  196. ^ Caron, Cynthia (March 15-21, 2003). "Floundering Peace Process: Need to Widen Participation". Economic and Political Weekly (Economic and Political weekly) 38 (11): 1029-1031. http://www.jstor.org/pss/4413336. Retrieved on 2009-01-26. 
  197. ^ Hayes, Thomas C (1991-10-17). "Gunman Kills 22 and Himself in Texas Cafeteria". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9C04E3D8113BF934A25753C1A967958260. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. 
  198. ^ Croatia massacre trial under way", BBC News, 11 October 2005
  199. ^ Vukovar massacre: What happened", BBC News, 13 June 2003
  200. ^ ICTY Indictment
  201. ^ New York Times: Serbian Court Finds 14 Guilty in '91 Massacre of Croatians
  202. ^ Letter from the Charge d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Azerbaijan to the United Nations Office
  203. ^ Human Rights Watch / Helsinki. Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York. 1994.
  204. ^ Thomas De Waal, Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, NYU Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8147-1945-7. Chapter 11. August 1991 – May 1992: War Breaks Out.
  205. ^ TIME Magazine - Tragedy Massacre in Khojaly
  206. ^ Ethnic Cleansing in Progress, War in Nagorno Karabakh, by Caroline Cox and John Eibner, Institute for Religious Minorities in the Islamic World, Zurich, London, Washington, 1993
  207. ^ Christianity Today Article
  208. ^ http://www.google.com/search?q=%22brown%27s+chicken+massacre%22
  209. ^ Ian Starrett (2003-10-30). "Greysteel massacre turned trick or treat into a night of horror". The News Letter (Belfast, Northern Ireland). http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-109427409.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-28. 
  210. ^ "'I feared my brother had been killed'- horror of Greysteel massacre recalled". Derry Journal. 2007-02-27. http://www.derryjournal.com/journal/39I-feared-my-brother-had.2081275.jp. Retrieved on 2008-01-28. 
  211. ^ "Victims’ relatives criticise MLA". The Irish News. 2007-10-22. http://www.irishnews.com/page.asp?tser=ser&sid=570517. Retrieved on 2008-01-28. 
  212. ^ "The leaders of one tribe now represent the hopes of another". Irish Examiner. 2007-03-13. http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2007/03/13/story27578.asp. Retrieved on 2008-01-28. 
  213. ^ Sales, Rosemary (1997). Women Divided: Gender, Religion and Politics in Northern Ireland. Routledge. pp. 192. ISBN 978-0415137652. 
  214. ^ Lister, David and Jordan, Hugh (2004). Mad Dog: The Rise And Fall of Johnny Adair and 'C Company'. Mainstream Publishing. pp. 173. ISBN 978-1-84018-890-5. 
  215. ^ McDonand, Henry and Cusack, Jim (2004). UDA: Inside The Heart of Loyalist Terror. Penguin Books. pp. 251. ISBN 978-1844880201. 
  216. ^ Tom Hennigan, Tribe flees to escape contact with world, The Times, May 18, 2005
  217. ^ James Brooke, Brazil's Outrage Intensifies As Toll in Massacre Hits 73, The New York Times, August 23, 1993
  218. ^ Worldpress.org May 14, 2002
  219. ^ United Nations Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories, 23 September 2002
  220. ^ Aljazeera.net February 15, 2005
  221. ^ Piven, Jeremy S. (2002). Terror and Apocalypse Psychological Undercurrents of History, Volume II. Writer's Showcase Press. pp. 179. ISBN 978-0595218745. 
  222. ^ Hoffman, Bruce (1999). Insider Terrorism. Columbia University Press. pp. 103. ISBN 978-0231114691. 
  223. ^ "Members of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad Arrested, Charged with Racketeering and Conspiracy to Provide Support to Terrorists", United States Department of Justice, February 20, 2003. "...1995 murder of 22 people in a double suicide bombing at Beit Lid, Israel...".\
  224. ^ "But after the Beit Lid massacre, the government approved the construction and sale of 4000 units in occupied land around Jerusalem." Beyer, Lisa. "Can Peace Survive", Time, February 06, 1995.
  225. ^ "When Arafat called Rabin to express his condolences on the Beit Lid massacre, the prime minister was understandably furious." Karsh, Efraim, Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest, Grove Press, 2003, p. 116. ISBN 0802117589
  226. ^ "The reaction of peace processors in Jerusalem and Washington to the Beit Lid massacre, in which Islamic suicide bombers wiped out a score of Israelis, has been shock, anger, sorrow -- but a determination that terrorist attacks not be allowed to stop the peace process." Safire, William. "Essay; Responding to Terror", The New York Times, January 26, 1995.
  227. ^ "President Ezer Weizman, a super-dove who initially supported the agreement wholeheartedly, called for a temporary suspension of talks following the Beit Lid massacre on January 22 and again after the February 6 killing in Gaza." Bar-Ilan, David. "Rain of terror - Israeli politics", National Review, March 6, 1995, p. 2.
  228. ^ a b Udo Ludwig and Ansgar Mertin, Srebrenica Massacre Survivors Sue Netherlands, United Nations Der Spiegel, June 5, 2007.
  229. ^ Marlise Simons, Court Declares Bosnia Killings Were Genocide The New York Times, February 26, 2007. A copy of the ICJ judgement can be found here
  230. ^ "BBC news article, on this day (13th March)". http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/13/newsid_2543000/2543277.stm. 
  231. ^ Sarah Lyall (17 October 1996). "Britain May Forbid Private Ownership Of Most Handguns". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E3DB1231F934A25753C1A960958260&. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
  232. ^ "British Push For Stricter Gun Control Laws". TIME. 18 March 1996. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,6055,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
  233. ^ "Scottish town mourns loss of little ones". CNN. 14 March 1996. http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9603/britain_deaths/14/index.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
  234. ^ "Australian gunman laughs as he admits killing 35". CNN News. 1996-11-07. http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/07/australia/. 
  235. ^ Aftermath of horror death toll climbs to 35, New York Daily News (April 30, 1996)
  236. ^ BBC News 31 July, 2006
  237. ^ The Massacre at Qana, report by Omar Barghouti, Counterpunch, 1 August, 2006
  238. ^ The growing political ties with Israel Lebanon Daily Mirror
  239. ^ Dignitaries, officials mark 12th anniversary of Qana massacre Sri Lanka Daily Star
  240. ^ Gaza media: It's Palestine's Qana massacre YNetnews.com
  241. ^ "Middle East History of Israel's role in Lebanon" BBC, April 1, 1998
  242. ^ Human Rights Watch "OPERATION GRAPES OF WRATH" The Civilian Victims
  243. ^ 10 years later, the real story behind Columbine, 2009.
  244. ^ "CPM brings terror charge against Trinamul". The Statesman, 23 April 2003. http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=35824&usrsess=1. Retrieved on 2007-09-14. 
  245. ^ "Editorial: Attack in Nanoor". Editorial. The Statesman, 20 May 2005. http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=3&id=105625&usrsess=1. Retrieved on 2007-09-14. 
  246. ^ "CPM ticket for Nanoor massacre accused". The Statesman, 18 April 2003. http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=34635&usrsess=1. Retrieved on 2007-09-14. 
  247. ^ a b "Alleged Passover massacre plotter arrested", CNN, March 26, 2008.
  248. ^ Ohad Gozani, "Hotel blast survivors relive the Passover massacre", The Daily Telegraph, 29/03/2002.
  249. ^ "This reached a peak following the Passover massacre in the seaside resort of Netanya..." David Newman, "The consequence or the cause? Impact on the Israel-Palestine Peace Process", in Mary E. A. Buckley, Mary Buckley, Rick Fawn. Global Responses to Terrorism: 9/11, the War in Afghanistan, and Beyond, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0415314291, p. 158.
  250. ^ "They faced stiff resistance from Palestinian gunmen who began preparing the camp's defenses as early as the Passover massacre in Netanya..." Todd C. Helmus, Russell W. Glenn. Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their Implications for Urban Warfare Rand Corporation, 2005, ISBN 0833037021, p. 58.
  251. ^ "It can therefore be asked whether the 'human bomb' offensive starting with the Passover massacre on 27 March 2002..." Brigitte L. Nacos, "The Terrorist Calculus Behind 9-11: A Model for Future Terrorism?" in Gus Martin. The New Era of Terrorism: Selected Readings, Sage Publications Inc, 2004, ISBN0761988734, p. 176.
  252. ^ A DESPERATE Beslan mum pleaded in the name of Islam for her children's lives - SAM Magazine
  253. ^ "Woman injured in 2004 Russian siege dies". The Boston Globe. December 8, 2006. http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2006/12/08/woman_injured_in_2004_russian_siege_dies/. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. 
  254. ^ "Putin meets angry Beslan mothers". BBC News. September 2, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4207112.stm. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 
  255. ^ BBC NEWS | Europe | Beslan mothers' futile quest for relief
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