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List of Hessian monarchs

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Monarchy of Hesse
State
Ernest Louis
Details
StyleHis Royal Highness
First monarchHenry I (as landgrave)
Last monarchErnest Louis (as grand duke)
Formation1264
Abolition9 November 1918
AppointerHereditary
Pretender(s)Donatus
Royal Standard of the Grand Duke of Hesse 1903–1918

This is a list of monarchs of Hesse (German: Hessen) during the history of Hesse on west-central Germany. These monarchs belonged to a dynasty collectively known as the House of Hesse and the House of Brabant,[1] originally the Reginar. Hesse was ruled as a landgraviate, electorate and later as a grand duchy until 1918.

The title of all of the following monarchs was "landgrave" (German: Landgraf) unless otherwise noted.

Landgraviate of Hesse

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In the early Middle Ages the Hessengau territory (named after the Germanic Chatti tribes) formed the northern parts of the German stem duchy of Franconia along with the adjacent Lahngau. Upon the extinction of the ducal Conradines, these Rhenish Franconian counties were gradually acquired by Landgrave Louis I of Thuringia and his successors.

After the War of the Thuringian Succession upon the death of Landgrave Henry Raspe in 1247, his niece Duchess Sophia of Brabant secured the Hessian possessions for her minor son Henry the Child, who would become the first landgrave of Hesse and founder of the House of Hesse in 1246. The remaining Thuringian landgraviate fell to the Wettin margrave Henry III of Meissen. Henry I of Hesse was raised to princely status by King Adolf of Germany in 1292.

Landgraves of Hesse

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Partitions of Hesse under Hesse family

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Landgraviate of Hesse
(1264–1308)
Lower Hesse
(1st creation)
(1308–1311)
Upper Hesse
(1st creation)
(1308–1311)
Landgraviate of Hesse
(from the Upper Hesse line)
(1311–1458)
Lower Hesse
(2nd creation)
(1458–1500)
Upper Hesse
(2nd creation)
(1458–1500)
Landgraviate of Hesse
(from the Lower Hesse line)
(1500–1567)
Hesse-Kassel
(1567–1803)
Hesse-
Rheinfels

(1st creation)
(1567–1583)
Hesse-
Marburg

(1567–1604)
Hesse-
Darmstadt

(1567–1806)
             
              Hesse-
Rheinfels

(2nd creation)
(1627–1658)
Hesse-
Homburg

(1st creation)
(1622–1806)
      
       Raised to:
Electorate of
Hesse-Kassel

(1st creation)
(1803–1807)
             
Hesse-
Barchfeld

(1st creation)
(1721–1807)
Hesse-
Philippsthal

(1st creation)
(1663–1807)
       Hesse-
Wanfried

(1700–1755)
      
Hesse-
Rotenburg

(1st creation)
(1627–1807)
      
Raised to:
Grand Duchy of
Hesse-Darmstadt

(1806–1918)
Annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia       
Hesse-
Barchfeld

(2nd creation)
(1813–1866)
Hesse-
Philippsthal

(2nd creation)
(1813–1866)
Electorate of
Hesse-Kassel

(2nd creation)
(1813–1866)
Hesse-
Rotenburg

(2nd creation)
(1813–1834)
Hesse-
Homburg

(2nd creation)
(1815–1866)
      
      
Annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia

Table of monarchs

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Monarch Born Reign Death Ruling part Consort Notes
Henry I the Child 24 June 1244 1264–1308 21 December 1308 Landgraviate of Hesse Adelaide of Brunswick-Lüneburg I
1263
seven children

Matilda of Cleves
1276
seven children
Son of Henry II of Brabant, founded the House of Hesse.
John 1278 1308–1311 14 February 1311 Lower Hesse Adelaide of Brunswick-Lüneburg II
1306
one child
Divided Hesse with his brother.
Otto I the Elder 1272 1308–1311 17 January 1328 Upper Hesse Adelaide of Ravensberg
1297
Marburg
five children
Divided Hesse with his brother. After the latter's death with no descendants, he reunited Hesse.
1311–1328 Landgraviate of Hesse
Henry II the Iron 1299 1328–1376 3 June 1376 Landgraviate of Hesse Elisabeth of Thuringia
1321
five children
Sons of Otto I, ruled jointly.
Louis (I) the Junker 1305 1336–1345 2 February 1345 Landgraviate of Hesse Elisabeth of Sponheim-Kreuznach
15 October 1340
three children
Herman I the Elder 1305 1336–1370 1370 Landgraviate of Hesse Unmarried
Otto II the Younger 1322 1336–1366 December 1366 Landgraviate of Hesse Elisabeth of Cleves
1338
no children
Herman II the Learned 1341 1376–1413 24 May 1413 Landgraviate of Hesse Joanna of Nassau-Weilburg
3 February 1377
no children

Margaret of Nuremberg
15 October 1383
Kulmbach
eight children
Louis I the Peaceful 6 February 1402 1413–1458 17 January 1458 Landgraviate of Hesse Anna of Saxony
8 September 1433
Kassel
five children
At his death divided Hesse again.
Louis II the Frank 7 September 1438 1458–1471 8 November 1471 Lower Hesse Matilda of Württemberg-Urach
(1438–1495)
1454
four children
Children of Louis I, divided Hesse between them. Henry III associated his son Louis III in a co-rulership.
Henry III the Rich 15 October 1440 1458–1483 13 January 1483 Upper Hesse Anna of Katzenelnbogen
1458
six children
Louis III the Younger November 1461 1474–1478 2 July 1478 Upper Hesse Unmarried
William I the Elder 4 July 1466 1471–1493 8 February 1515 Lower Hesse Anna of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
17 February 1488
Münden
five children
Didn't have male heirs. Abdicated in 1493 and his possession passed to his brother, also named William.
Regency of Herman IV, Archbishop of Cologne and Hans Hofman of Dörnberg (1483-1489) Died without heirs.
William III the Younger[2] 8 September 1471 1483–1500 17 February 1500 Upper Hesse Elisabeth of the Palatinate
12 February 1496
Heidelberg
no children
William II the Middle[2] 29 April 1469 1493–1500 11 July 1509 Lower Hesse Yolande of Vaudémont
9 November 1497
one child

Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
20 October 1500
Kassel
three children
In 1500 reunited Hesse after the death of his cousin William II.
1500–1509 Landgraviate of Hesse
Regencies of the Estates of Hesse (1509-1514) and Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1514-1518) After his death Hesse was divided between his legitimate sons.
Philip I the Magnanimous 13 November 1504 1509–1567 31 March 1567 Landgraviate of Hesse Christine of Saxony
11 December 1523
Kassel
ten children

Margarethe von der Saale
14 March 1540
Rotenburg
(bigamous and morganatic)
nine children
William IV the Wise 24 June 1532 1567–1592 25 August 1592 Hesse-Kassel Sabine of Württemberg
11 February 1566
Marburg
eleven children
Children of Philip I, divided the land between them:
  • William IV received Kassel
  • Louis IV received Marburg, which after his childless death was divided between his brothers;
  • Philip II received Rheinfels, which after his childless death was divided between his brothers;
  • George I received Darmstadt.
Louis IV the Elder 27 May 1537 1567–1604 9 October 1604 Hesse-Marburg Hedwig of Württemberg
10 May 1563
Stuttgart
no children

Maria of Mansfeld
4 July 1591
Marburg
no children
Philip II the Younger 22 April 1541 1567–1583 20 November 1583 Hesse-Rheinfels Anna Elisabeth of Palatinate-Simmern
18 January 1569
Heidelberg
no children
George I the Pious 10 September 1547 1567–1596 7 February 1596 Hesse-Darmstadt Magdalene of Lippe
17 August 1572
Kassel
ten children

Eleonora of Württemberg
25 May 1589
one child
Marburg and Rheinfels redivided between Kassel and Darmstadt
Maurice the Learned 25 May 1572 1592–1632 15 March 1632 Hesse-Kassel Agnes of Solms-Laubach
23 September 1593
Kassel
four children

Juliane of Nassau-Siegen
22 May 1603
Dillenburg
fourteen children
Louis V the Faithful 24 September 1577 1596–1626 27 July 1626 Hesse-Darmstadt Magdalene of Brandenburg
5 June 1598
Berlin
eleven children
Children of George I, redivided the land:
  • Louis V kept Darmstadt;
  • Philip III received Butzbach, which after his death was reannexed to Darmstadt;
  • Frederick I received Homburg.
Philip III 26 December 1581 1596–1643 28 April 1643 Hesse-Darmstadt
(at Butzbach)
Anna Margaretha von Diepholz
29 July 1610
Darmstadt
no children

Christina Sophia of East Frisia
2 June 1632
Aurich
no children
Frederick I 5 March 1585 1596–1638 9 May 1638 Hesse-Homburg Margaret Elisabeth of Leiningen-Westerburg
10 August 1622
Butzbach
six children
Butzbach reannexed to Darmstadt
George II 17 March 1605 1626–1661 11 June 1661 Hesse-Darmstadt Sophia Eleonore of Saxony
1 April 1627
Torgau
fifteen children
Children of Louis V, redivided the land:
  • George II kept Darmstadt;
  • John received Braubach, which after his childless death returned to Darmstadt.
John 17 June 1609 1626–1651 1 April 1651 Hesse-Darmstadt
(at Braubach)
Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein
30 September 1647
Friedewald
no children
Braubach reannexed to Darmstadt
William V the Stable 13 February 1602 1632–1637 21 September 1637 Hesse-Kassel Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg
21 September 1619
twelve children
Children of Maurice, redivided the land:
  • William V kept Kassel;
  • Frederick received Eschwege, which after his childless death returned to Kassel;
  • Herman IV received Rotenburg, which after his childless death merged in Rheinfels;
  • Ernest received Rheinfels, which after Herman IV's death merged with Rotenburg, retaining the name Rotenburg.
Frederick 9 May 1617 1632–1655 24 September 1655 Hesse-Kassel
(at Eschwege)
Eleonora Catherine of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken
8 September 1646
Stockholm
six children
Herman IV 15 August 1607 1627–1658 25 March 1658 Hesse-Rotenburg Sophie Juliane of Waldeck
31 December 1633
Waldeck
one child

Kunigunde Juliane of Anhalt-Dessau
2 February 1642
Weimar
no children
Ernest 8 December 1623 1649–1658 2 May 1693 Hesse-Rheinfels Maria Eleonore of Solms-Lich
June 1647
Frankfurt
two children
1658–1693 Hesse-Rotenburg
Eschwege reannexed to Kassel; Rheinfels merged in Rotenburg
Regency of Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg (1637-1650)
William VI 23 May 1629 1637–1663 16 July 1663 Hesse-Kassel Hedwig Sophie of Brandenburg
19 July 1649
Cölln
seven children
Regency of Margaret Elisabeth of Leiningen-Westerburg (1638-1648) Sold his lands to his brother, George Christian.
William Christoph 13 November 1625 1638–1669 27 August 1681 Hesse-Darmstadt-Homburg Sophia Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt
21 April 1650
Darmstadt
twelve children

Anna Elisabeth of Saxe-Lauenburg
2 April 1665
Lübeck
(annulled 1672)
no children
Louis VI 25 January 1630 1661–1678 24 April 1678 Hesse-Darmstadt Maria Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp
24 November 1650
Gottorp
eight children

Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
5 December 1666
Gotha
eight children
Children of George II, redivided the land:
  • Louis VI kept Darmstadt;
  • George III received Itter, which after his childless death was reannexed to Darmstadt
George III 29 September 1632 1661–1676 19 July 1676 Hesse-Darmstadt
(at Itter
Dorothea Auguste of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Franzhagen
5 May 1661
one child

Juliane Alexandrine of Leinigen-Heidenheim
21 July 1667
three children
Regency of Hedwig Sophie of Brandenburg (1663-1677) Children of William VI. With their mother as regent, they redivided the land:
  • William VII kept Kassel, which after his sudden death was inherited by his brother, Charles I;
  • Philip received Philippsthal.
William VII 21 June 1651 1663–1670 21 November 1670 Hesse-Kassel Unmarried
Charles I 3 August 1654 1670–1730 23 March 1730 Hesse-Kassel Maria Amalia of Courland
21 May 1673
Kassel
fourteen children
Philip 14 December 1655 1663–1721 18 June 1721 Hesse-Philippsthal Catherine of Solms-Laubach
14 April 1680
eight children
George Christian 13 November 1625 1669–1671 27 August 1681 Hesse-Homburg Anna Catharina Pogwitsch
11 October 1666
Hamburg
no children
Retained his brother's land. Hesse-Homburg became under mortgage to two merchants (1671–1673) and to the Landgraves of Hesse-Darmstadt (1673–1679). Hesse-Homburg returned then to George Christian's brother, Frederick.
Louis VII 22 June 1658 1678 31 August 1678 Hesse-Darmstadt Unmarried
Regency of Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1678-1688)
Ernest Louis 15 December 1667 1678–1739 12 September 1739 Hesse-Darmstadt Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach
1 December 1687
Darmstadt
five children
Frederick II 30 March 1633 1679–1708 24 January 1708 Hesse-Homburg Margareta Brahe
12 May 1661
Stockholm
no children

Louise Elisabeth of Courland
23 October 1670
Cölln
twelve children

Sophie Sybille of Leiningen-Westerburg
1691
three children
The land returned to the Hesse-Homburg-branch in 1679.
William the Elder 15 May 1648 1693–1725 20 November 1725 Hesse-Rotenburg Maria Anna of Löwenstein-Wertheim
3 March 1669
Rochefort
eight children
Children of Ernest, redivided the land:
  • William kept Rotenburg;
  • Charles received Wanfried.
Charles 19 July 1649 1693–1711 3 March 1711 Hesse-Wanfried Sophie Magdalene of Salm-Reifferscheid
before 1675
five children

Alexandrine Juliane of Leiningen-Dagsburg
before 1703
eleven children
Frederick III Jacob 19 May 1673 1708–1746 8 June 1746 Hesse-Homburg Elisabeth Dorothea of Hesse-Darmstadt
14 February 1700
Butzbach
nine children

Christiane Charlotte of Nassau-Ottweiler
17 October 1728
Saarbrücken
no children
William II the Younger 25 August 1671 1711–1731 1 April 1731 Hesse-Wanfried Ernestine of the Palatinate-Sulzbach
19 September 1719
no children
Left no heirs. His lands were inherited by his brother, Christian.
Charles I 23 September 1682 1721–1770 8 May 1770 Hesse-Philippsthal Caroline Christine of Saxe-Eisenach
24 November 1725
Eisenach
five children
Children of Philip, redivided the land:
  • Charles I kept Philippsthal;
  • William received Barchfeld.
William 1 April 1692 1721–1761 13 May 1761 Hesse-Barchfeld Charlotte Wilhelmine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym
31 October 1724
Hoym
fifteen children
Ernest Leopold 15 June 1684 1725–1749 29 November 1749 Hesse-Kassel-Rotenburg Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim
9 November 1704
Frankfurt
ten children
Frederick I 28 April 1676 1730–1751 5 April 1751 Hesse-Kassel Louise Dorothea of Prussia
31 May 1700
Berlin
no children

Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden
24 March 1715
Stockholm
no children
Also King of Sweden. Left no heirs. Hesse-Kassel under the regency of his brother, William, later Landgrave William VIII.
Christian 17 July 1689 1731–1755 21 October 1755 Hesse-Wanfried Maria Franziska of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein
c.1730
no children
Left no heirs. His lands reverted to Hesse-Rotenburg.
Wanfried reannexed to Rotenburg
Louis VIII 5 April 1691 1739–1768 17 October 1768 Hesse-Darmstadt Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg
5 April 1717
Hanau
six children
Frederick IV Charles 15 April 1724 1746–1751 7 February 1751 Hesse-Darmstadt-Homburg Ulrike Louise of Solms-Braunfels
10 October 1746
Hungen
two children
Nephew of Frederick III.
Constantine 24 May 1716 1749–1778 30 December 1778 Hesse-Rotenburg Sophia von Starhemberg
1745
eleven children

Jeanne Henriette de Bombelles
27 May 1775
no children
William VIII 10 March 1682 1751–1760 1 February 1760 Hesse-Kassel Dorothea Wilhelmine of Saxe-Zeitz
27 September 1717
Zeitz
three children
Brother of Frederick V; already regent from 1730
Regency of Ulrike Louise of Solms-Braunfels (1751-1766) Between 1806 and 1815 the Landgraviate was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia.
Frederick V 30 January 1748 1751–1820 20 January 1820 Hesse-Homburg Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt
27 September 1768
Darmstadt
eleven children
Frederick II 14 August 1720 1760–1785 31 October 1785 Hesse-Kassel Mary of Great Britain
8 May 1740
London
(by proxy)
28 June 1740
Kassel
(in person)
four children

Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt
10 January 1773
Berlin
no children
Frederick 1727 1761–1777 1777 Hesse-Barchfeld Sophia Henrietta of Salm-Grunbach
1772
no children
Left no heirs. His brother Adolf inherited the land.
Louis IX 15 December 1719 1768–1790 6 April 1790 Hesse-Darmstadt Caroline of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken
12 August 1741
Zweibrücken
eight children
Children of Louis VIII, divided their inheritance:
  • Louis IX received his father's inheritance;
  • Caroline Louise received her mother's inheritance in Hanau-Lichtenberg, which then passed to Baden.
Caroline Louise 11 July 1723 1768–1783 8 April 1783 Hesse-Darmstadt
(at Hanau-Lichtenberg)
Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden
28 January 1751
five children
William 29 August 1726 1770–1806 8 August 1810 Hesse-Philippsthal Ulrika Eleonora of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld
22 June 1755
Tournai
nine children
Between 1806 and 1813 the Landgraviate was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia.
Adolph 29 June 1743 1777–1803 17 July 1803 Hesse-Barchfeld Louise of Saxe-Meiningen
18 October 1781
Meiningen
six children
Charles Emmanuel 5 June 1746 1778–1806 23 March 1812 Hesse-Kassel-Rotenburg Leopoldina of Liechtenstein
1 September 1771
Felsberg
two children
Between 1806 and 1813 the Landgraviate was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia.
Rotenburg briefly annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia (1806-1813)
William I 3 June 1743 1785–1807

1813–1821
27 February 1821 Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel

Electorate of Hesse-Kassel
Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark
1 September 1764
Copenhagen
four children
Created Prince-elector of Hesse as His Royal and Serene Highness in 1803. Between 1807 and 1813 the Grand-Duchy was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia.
Louis I 14 June 1753 1790–1830 6 April 1830 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt

Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt
Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
19 February 1777
Darmstadt
seven children
Created Grand Duke of Hesse in 1806.
Charles 27 June 1784 1803–1854 17 July 1854 Hesse-Barchfeld Auguste of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
19 July 1816
Öhringen
two children

Sophie of Bentheim and Steinfurt
10 September 1823
Steinfurt
four children
Between 1806 and 1813 the Landgraviate was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia.
Louis 29 August 1726 1813–1816 8 August 1810 Hesse-Philippsthal Marie Franziska Berghe of Trips
21 January 1791
Susteren
two children
Landgraviate recovered in 1813 by the hand of the Elector of Hesse.
Victor Amadeus 2 September 1779 1813–1834 12 November 1834 Hesse-Rotenburg Leopoldine of Fürstenberg
20 October 1799
Prague
no children

Elisabeth of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
10 September 1812
Langenburg
one child

Eleonora of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Krautheim and Gerlachsheim
19 November 1831
Gerlachsheim
no children
In 1834, Hesse-Rotenburg reunited with Hesse-Kassel.
Rotenburg annexed to the Electorate of Kassel
Ernest Constantine 8 August 1771 1816–1849 25 December 1849 Hesse-Philippsthal Louise of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
10 April 1796
Rudolstadt
five children

Caroline of Hesse-Philippsthal
17 February 1812
Kassel
two children
Landgraviate recovered in 1813 by the hand of the Elector of Hesse.
Frederick VI 30 July 1769 1820–1829 2 April 1829 Hesse-Homburg Elizabeth of the United Kingdom
7 April 1818
London
no children
Left no heirs. The land was inherited by his brother.
William II 28 July 1777 1821–1847 20 November 1847 Electorate of Hesse Kassel Augusta of Prussia
13 February 1797
Berlin
six children

Emilie Ortlöpp
8 July 1841
(morganatic)
eight children

Caroline of Berlepsch
8 July 1841
Hanau
(morganatic)
no children
Louis William 29 August 1770 1829–1839 19 January 1839 Hesse-Homburg Augusta Amalia of Nassau-Usingen
1804
(annulled 1805)
no children
Left no heirs. The land was inherited by his brother.
Louis II 26 December 1777 1830–1848 16 June 1848 Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt Wilhelmine of Baden
19 June 1804
Karlsruhe
seven children
Philip 11 March 1779 1839–1846 15 December 1846 Hesse-Homburg Rosalie Antonie Pototschnig
1838
(morganatic)
no children
Left no heirs. The land was inherited by his brother.
Gustav 17 February 1781 1846–1848 8 September 1848 Hesse-Homburg Louise of Anhalt-Dessau
12 February 1818
Dessau
three children
Left no male heirs. The land was inherited by his brother.
Frederick William 20 August 1802 1847–1866 6 January 1875 Electorate of Hesse Kassel Gertrude von Hanau
26 June 1831
(morganatic)
nine children
In 1866 the Electorate was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia.
Electorate of Kassel annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia
Louis III 9 June 1806 1848–1877 13 June 1877 Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria
26 December 1833
Munich
no children

Magdalene of Hochstadten
1868
(morganatic)
no children
Ferdinand 26 April 1783 1848–1866 24 March 1866 Hesse-Homburg Unmarried Left no male heirs. At his death the Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg was briefly added to the territory of Louis III (Hesse-Darmstadt) before being annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia later in 1866.
Homburg annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia
Charles II 22 May 1803 1849–1866 12 February 1868 Hesse-Philippsthal Marie of Württemberg
9 October 1845
Pokój
two children
In 1866 the Landgraviate was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia.
Philippsthal annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia
Alexis 13 September 1829 1854–1866 16 August 1905 Hesse-Barchfeld Louise of Prussia
17 June 1854
Berlin
no children
In 1866 the Landgraviate was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia.
Barchfeld annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia
Louis IV 12 September 1837 1877–1892 13 March 1892 Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt Alice of the United Kingdom
1 July 1862
East Cowes
seven children

Alexandrina Hutten-Czapska
30 April 1884
Darmstadt
(morganatic, annulled 1884)
no children
Ernest Louis 25 November 1868 1892–1918 9 October 1937 Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
19 April 1894
Coburg
(annulled 21 December 1901)
two children

Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich
2 February 1905
Darmstadt
two children
Deposed in 1918, at the end of World War I.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Burke's Royal Families of the World Volume I Europe & Latin America ISBN 0-85011-023-8, London 1977 p. 202
  2. ^ a b William III ascended first, despite being younger than William II, which is reflected on their apparent exchanged numbering.
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