List of senators in the 40th Parliament of Canada

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This is a list of members of the Senate of Canada in the 40th Parliament of Canada.

At dissolution on March 28, 2011, there were three vacancies in the Senate: two in Quebec, and one in Newfoundland and Labrador.

The province of Quebec has 24 Senate divisions which are constitutionally mandated. In all other provinces, a Senate division is strictly an optional designation of the senator's own choosing, and has no real constitutional or legal standing. A senator who does not choose a special senate division is designated a senator for the province at large.

Names in bold indicate senators in the 28th Canadian Ministry.[1]

Incumbencies are as of August 2019, in the 42nd Parliament.

List of senators[edit]

[2] Name Party Province (Division) Date appointed Appointed by1 Left office Reason
  Willie Adams Liberal Nunavut April 5, 1977 Trudeau June 22, 2009 Retirement
  Raynell Andreychuk Conservative Saskatchewan March 11, 1993 Mulroney August 14, 2019 Retirement
  W. David Angus Conservative Québec (Alma) June 10, 1993 Mulroney July 21, 2012 Retirement
  Salma Ataullahjan Conservative Ontario July 9, 2010 Harper Incumbent
  Norman Atkins Progressive Conservative Ontario (Markham) July 2, 1986 Mulroney June 27, 2009 Retirement
  Lise Bacon Liberal Québec (De la Durantaye) September 15, 1994 Chrétien August 25, 2009 Retirement
  George Baker Liberal Newfoundland and Labrador March 26, 2002 Chrétien September 4, 2017 Retirement
  Tommy Banks Liberal Alberta (Edmonton) April 7, 2000 Chrétien December 17, 2011 Retirement
  Michel Biron Liberal Québec (Mille Isles) October 4, 2001 Chrétien March 16, 2009 Retirement
  Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu Conservative Québec (La Salle) January 29, 2010 Harper Incumbent
  David Braley Conservative Ontario May 20, 2010 Harper November 30, 2013 Resignation
  Patrick Brazeau Conservative Québec (Repentigny) January 8, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Bert Brown Conservative Alberta July 10, 2007 Harper March 22, 2013 Retirement
  John G. Bryden Liberal New Brunswick November 23, 1994 Chrétien October 31, 2009 Resignation
  Catherine Callbeck Liberal Prince Edward Island September 23, 1997 Chrétien July 25, 2014 Retirement
  Larry Campbell Liberal British Columbia (Vancouver) August 2, 2005 Martin Incumbent
  Claude Carignan Conservative Québec (Mille Isles) August 27, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Sharon Carstairs Liberal Manitoba September 15, 1994 Chrétien October 17, 2011 Resignation
  Andrée Champagne Conservative Québec (Grandville) August 2, 2005 Martin July 17, 2014 Retirement
  Maria Chaput Liberal Manitoba December 12, 2002 Chrétien March 1, 2016 Resignation
  Ethel Cochrane Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador November 17, 1986 Mulroney September 23, 2012 Retirement
  Gerald J. Comeau Conservative Nova Scotia August 30, 1990 Mulroney November 30, 2013 Resignation
  Joan Cook Liberal Newfoundland and Labrador March 6, 1998 Chrétien October 6, 2009 Retirement
  Anne Cools Non-aligned Ontario (Toronto-Centre-York) January 13, 1984 Trudeau August 12, 2018 Retirement
  Eymard Georges Corbin Liberal New Brunswick (Grand-Sault) July 9, 1984 Turner August 2, 2009 Retirement
  Jane Cordy Liberal Nova Scotia June 9, 2000 Chrétien Incumbent
  Jim Cowan Liberal Nova Scotia (Halifax) March 24, 2005 Martin January 22, 2017 Retirement
  Roméo Dallaire Liberal Québec (Gulf) March 24, 2005 Martin June 17, 2014 Resignation
  Dennis Dawson Liberal Québec (Lauzon) August 2, 2005 Martin Incumbent
  Joseph A. Day Liberal New Brunswick (Saint John-Kennebecasis) October 4, 2001 Chrétien Incumbent
  Pierre de Bané Liberal Québec (De la Vallière) June 29, 1984 Trudeau August 2, 2013 Retirement
  Jacques Demers Conservative Québec (Rigaud) August 27, 2009 Harper August 25, 2019 Retirement
  Fred Dickson Conservative Nova Scotia (Halifax) January 2, 2009 Harper February 9, 2012 Death
  Consiglio Di Nino Conservative Ontario August 30, 1990 Mulroney June 30, 2012 Resignation
  Percy Downe Liberal Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown) June 26, 2003 Chrétien Incumbent
  Mike Duffy Conservative Prince Edward Island (Cavendish) January 2, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Lillian Dyck Independent NDP Saskatchewan (North Battleford) March 24, 2005 Martin Incumbent
  Nicole Eaton Conservative Ontario (Caledon) January 2, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Art Eggleton Liberal Ontario (Toronto) March 24, 2005 Martin September 29, 2018 Retirement
  Trevor Eyton Conservative Ontario September 23, 1990 Mulroney July 12, 2009 Retirement
  Joyce Fairbairn Liberal Alberta (Lethbridge) June 29, 1984 Trudeau January 18, 2013 Resignation
  Doug Finley Conservative Ontario August 27, 2009 Harper May 11, 2013 Death
  Suzanne Fortin-Duplessis Conservative Québec (Rougemont) January 14, 2009 Harper June 20, 2015 Retirement
  Francis Fox Liberal Québec (Victoria) August 29, 2005 Martin December 2, 2011 Resignation
  Joan Fraser Liberal Québec (De Lorimier) September 17, 1998 Chrétien February 2, 2018 Resignation
  Linda Frum Conservative Ontario August 27, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  George Furey Liberal Newfoundland and Labrador August 11, 1999 Chrétien May 12, 2023 Retirement
  Irving Gerstein Conservative Ontario (Toronto) January 2, 2009 Harper February 10, 2016 Retirement
  Stephen Greene Conservative Nova Scotia (Halifax - The Citadel) January 2, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Yoine Goldstein Liberal Québec (Rigaud) August 29, 2005 Martin May 11, 2009 Retirement
  Jerry Grafstein Liberal Ontario (Metro Toronto) January 13, 1984 Trudeau January 2, 2010 Retirement
  Lenard Gustafson Conservative Saskatchewan May 26, 1993 Mulroney November 10, 2008 Retirement
  Mac Harb Liberal Ontario September 9, 2003 Chrétien August 26, 2013 Resignation
  Céline Hervieux-Payette Liberal Québec (Bedford) March 21, 1995 Chrétien April 22, 2016 Retirement
  Leo Housakos Conservative Québec (Wellington) January 8, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Elizabeth Hubley Liberal Prince Edward Island March 8, 2001 Chrétien September 8, 2017 Retirement
  Mobina Jaffer Liberal British Columbia June 13, 2001 Chrétien Incumbent
  Janis Johnson Conservative Manitoba (Winnipeg - Interlake) September 27, 1990 Mulroney September 27, 2016 Resignation
  Serge Joyal Liberal Québec (Kennebec) November 26, 1997 Chrétien Incumbent
  Colin Kenny Liberal Ontario (Rideau) June 29, 1984 Trudeau February 2, 2018 Resignation
  Wilbert J. Keon Conservative Ontario (Ottawa) September 27, 1990 Mulroney May 17, 2010 Retirement
  Noël Kinsella Conservative New Brunswick (Fredericton-York-Sunbury) September 12, 1990 Mulroney November 27, 2014 Retirement
  Vim Kochhar Conservative Ontario January 29, 2010 Harper September 21, 2011 Retirement
  Daniel Lang Conservative Yukon (Whitehorse) January 2, 2009 Harper August 15, 2017 Resignation
  Jean Lapointe Liberal Québec (Saurel) June 13, 2001 Chrétien December 6, 2010 Retirement
  Raymond Lavigne Liberal without caucus[3] Québec (Montarville) March 26, 2002 Chrétien March 21, 2011 Resignation
  Marjory LeBreton Conservative Ontario June 18, 1993 Mulroney July 4, 2015 Retirement
  Rose-Marie Losier-Cool Liberal New Brunswick (Tracadie) March 21, 1995 Chrétien June 18, 2012 Retirement
  Sandra Lovelace Nicholas Liberal New Brunswick September 21, 2005 Martin Incumbent
  Michael L. MacDonald Conservative Nova Scotia (Dartmouth) January 2, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Frank Mahovlich Liberal Ontario June 11, 1998 Chrétien January 10, 2013 Retirement
  Fabian Manning Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador January 2, 2009 Harper March 28, 2011 Resignation
  Elizabeth Marshall Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador January 29, 2010 Harper Incumbent
  Yonah Martin Conservative British Columbia (Vancouver) January 2, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Paul J. Massicotte Liberal Québec (De Lanaudière) June 26, 2003 Chrétien Incumbent
  Elaine McCoy Progressive Conservative Alberta (Calgary) March 24, 2005 Martin Incumbent
  Michael Meighen Conservative Ontario (St. Marys) September 27, 1990 Mulroney February 6, 2012 Resignation
  Terry Mercer Liberal Nova Scotia (Northend Halifax) November 7, 2003 Chrétien Incumbent
  Pana Merchant Liberal Saskatchewan December 12, 2002 Chrétien March 31, 2017 Resignation
  Don Meredith Conservative Ontario December 20, 2010 Harper May 10, 2017 Resignation
  Lorna Milne Liberal Ontario (Peel County) September 22, 1995 Chrétien December 13, 2009 Retirement
  Grant Mitchell Liberal Alberta (Edmonton) March 24, 2005 Martin Incumbent
  Percy Mockler Conservative New Brunswick (St. Leonard) January 2, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Wilfred P. Moore Liberal Nova Scotia (Stanhope St./Bluenose) September 26, 1996 Chrétien January 14, 2017 Retirement
  Jim Munson Liberal Ontario (Ottawa/Rideau Canal) December 10, 2003 Chrétien Incumbent
  Lowell Murray Progressive Conservative Ontario (Pakenham) September 13, 1979 Clark September 26, 2011 Retirement
  Nancy Ruth Conservative Ontario (Toronto) March 24, 2005 Martin January 6, 2017 Retirement
  Richard Neufeld Conservative British Columbia (Charlie Lake) January 2, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Pierre Claude Nolin Conservative Québec (De Salaberry) June 18, 1993 Mulroney April 23, 2015 Death
  Kelvin Ogilvie Conservative Nova Scotia (Annapolis Valley - Hants) August 27, 2009 Harper November 6, 2017 Retirement
  Donald Oliver Conservative Nova Scotia (South Shore) September 7, 1990 Mulroney November 16, 2013 Retirement
  Dennis Patterson Conservative Nunavut August 27, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Lucie Pépin Liberal Québec (Shawinigan) April 8, 1997 Chrétien September 7, 2011 Retirement
  Robert Peterson Liberal Saskatchewan (Regina) March 24, 2005 Martin October 19, 2012 Retirement
  Gerard Phalen Liberal Nova Scotia October 4, 2001 Chrétien March 28, 2009 Retirement
  Michael Pitfield Independent Ontario (Ottawa-Vanier) December 22, 1982 Trudeau June 1, 2010 Resignation
  Don Plett Conservative Manitoba (Landmark) August 27, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Rose-May Poirier Conservative New Brunswick (Saint-Louis-de-Kent) February 28, 2010 Harper Incumbent
  Marie-P. Poulin Liberal Ontario September 22, 1995 Chrétien April 17, 2015 Resignation
  Vivienne Poy Liberal Ontario (Toronto) September 17, 1998 Chrétien September 17, 2012 Resignation
  Marcel Prud'homme Independent Québec (La Salle) May 26, 1993 Mulroney November 30, 2009 Retirement
  Nancy Greene Raine Conservative British Columbia (Sun Peaks) January 2, 2009 Harper May 11, 2018 Retirement
  Pierrette Ringuette Liberal New Brunswick December 12, 2002 Chrétien Incumbent
  Michel Rivard Conservative Québec (The Laurentides) January 2, 2009 Harper August 7, 2016 Retirement
  Jean-Claude Rivest Independent Québec (Stadacona) March 11, 1993 Mulroney January 31, 2015 Resignation
  Fernand Robichaud Liberal New Brunswick (Saint Louis de Kent) September 23, 1997 Chrétien December 2, 2014 Retirement
  Bill Rompkey Liberal Newfoundland and Labrador (North West River) September 22, 1995 Chrétien May 13, 2011 Retirement
  Bob Runciman Conservative Ontario January 29, 2010 Harper August 10, 2017 Retirement
  Hugh Segal Conservative Ontario (Kingston) August 2, 2005 Martin June 15, 2014 Resignation
  Judith Seidman Conservative Québec (De la Durantaye) August 27, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Nick Sibbeston Liberal Northwest Territories September 2, 1999 Chrétien November 21, 2017 Resignation
  David P. Smith Liberal Ontario (Cobourg) June 25, 2002 Chrétien May 16, 2016 Retirement
  Larry Smith Conservative Quebec (Saurel) December 20, 2010 Harper March 25, 2011 Resignation
  Mira Spivak Independent Manitoba November 17, 1986 Mulroney July 12, 2009 Retirement
  Carolyn Stewart Olsen Conservative New Brunswick August 27, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Gerry St. Germain Conservative British Columbia (Langley-Pemberton-Whistler) June 23, 1993 Mulroney November 6, 2012 Retirement
  Peter Alan Stollery Liberal Ontario (Bloor & Yonge/Toronto) July 2, 1981 Trudeau November 29, 2010 Retirement
  Terry Stratton Conservative Manitoba (Red River) March 25, 1993 Mulroney March 16, 2013 Retirement
  Claudette Tardif Liberal Alberta (Edmonton) March 24, 2005 Martin February 2, 2018 Resignation
  David Tkachuk Conservative Saskatchewan June 8, 1993 Mulroney Incumbent
  Marilyn Trenholme Counsell Liberal New Brunswick September 9, 2003 Chrétien October 22, 2008 Retirement
  John D. Wallace Conservative New Brunswick (Rothesay) January 2, 2009 Harper February 1, 2017 Resignation
  Pamela Wallin Conservative Saskatchewan (Kuroki Beach) January 2, 2009 Harper Incumbent
  Charlie Watt Liberal Québec (Inkerman) January 16, 1984 Trudeau March 16, 2018 Resignation
  Rod Zimmer Liberal Manitoba (Winnipeg) August 2, 2005 Martin August 2, 2013 Resignation

Changes in membership during the 40th Parliament[edit]

Senators appointed during the 40th Parliament[edit]

Date Name Party Province (Division) Details Notes
  January 2, 2009 Fred Dickson Conservative Nova Scotia (Halifax)
  January 2, 2009 Mike Duffy Conservative Prince Edward Island (Cavendish)
  January 2, 2009 Nicole Eaton Conservative Ontario (Caledon)
  January 2, 2009 Irving Gerstein Conservative Ontario (Toronto)
  January 2, 2009 Stephen Greene Conservative Nova Scotia (Halifax — The Citadel)
  January 2, 2009 Daniel Lang Conservative Yukon (Whitehorse)
  January 2, 2009 Michael L. MacDonald Conservative Nova Scotia (Dartmouth)
  January 2, 2009 Fabian Manning Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador
  January 2, 2009 Yonah Martin Conservative British Columbia (Vancouver)
  January 2, 2009 Percy Mockler Conservative New Brunswick (St. Leonard)
  January 2, 2009 Richard Neufeld Conservative British Columbia (Charlie Lake)
  January 2, 2009 Michel Rivard Conservative Québec (The Laurentides)
  January 2, 2009 Nancy Greene Raine Conservative British Columbia (Sun Peaks)
  January 2, 2009 John D. Wallace Conservative New Brunswick (Rothesay)
  January 2, 2009 Pamela Wallin Conservative Saskatchewan (Kuroki Beach)
  January 8, 2009 Patrick Brazeau Conservative Québec (Repentigny)
  January 8, 2009 Leo Housakos Conservative Québec (Wellington)
  January 14, 2009 Suzanne Fortin-Duplessis Conservative Québec (Rougemont)
  August 27, 2009 Claude Carignan Conservative Québec (Mille Isles)
  August 27, 2009 Jacques Demers Conservative Québec (Rigaud)
  August 27, 2009 Doug Finley Conservative Ontario
  August 27, 2009 Linda Frum Conservative Ontario
  August 27, 2009 Kelvin Ogilvie Conservative Nova Scotia (Annapolis Valley - Hants)
  August 27, 2009 Dennis Patterson Conservative Nunavut
  August 27, 2009 Don Plett Conservative Manitoba (Landmark)
  August 27, 2009 Judith Seidman Conservative Québec (De la Durantaye)
  August 27, 2009 Carolyn Stewart Olsen Conservative New Brunswick
  January 29, 2010 Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu Conservative Québec (La Salle)
  January 29, 2010 Vim Kochhar Conservative Ontario
  January 29, 2010 Elizabeth Marshall Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador
  January 29, 2010 Bob Runciman Conservative Ontario
  February 28, 2010 Rose-May Poirier Conservative New Brunswick (Saint-Louis-de-Kent)
  May 20, 2010 David Braley Conservative Ontario
  July 9, 2010 Salma Ataullahjan Conservative Ontario
  December 20, 2010 Don Meredith Conservative Ontario
  December 20, 2010 Larry Smith Conservative Quebec (Saurel)

Left Senate during the 40th Parliament[edit]

Date Name Party Province (Division) Details Notes
  October 22, 2008 Marilyn Trenholme Counsell Liberal New Brunswick Reached mandatory retirement age of 75 A
  November 10, 2008 Lenard Gustafson Conservative Saskatchewan Reached mandatory retirement age of 75 B
  March 6, 2009 Michel Biron Liberal Québec (Mille Isles) Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  March 28, 2009 Gerard Phalen Liberal Nova Scotia Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  May 11, 2009 Yoine Goldstein Liberal Québec (Rigaud) Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  June 22, 2009 Willie Adams Liberal Nunavut Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  June 27, 2009 Norman Atkins Progressive Conservative Ontario (Markham) Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  July 12, 2009 Mira Spivak Independent Manitoba Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  July 12, 2009 Trevor Eyton Conservative Ontario Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  August 2, 2009 Eymard Corbin Liberal New Brunswick (Grand-Sault) Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  August 25, 2009 Lise Bacon Liberal Québec (De la Durantaye) Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  October 6, 2009 Joan Cook Liberal Newfoundland and Labrador Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  October 31, 2009 John G. Bryden Liberal New Brunswick Resigned
  November 30, 2009 Marcel Prud'homme Independent Québec (The Laurentides) Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  December 13, 2009 Lorna Milne Liberal Ontario (Peel County) Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  January 2, 2010 Jerry Grafstein Liberal Ontario (Metro Toronto) Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  May 17, 2010 Wilbert Keon Conservative Ontario (Ottawa) Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  June 29, 2010 Michael Pitfield Independent Ontario (Ottawa-Vanier) Resigned
  November 29, 2010 Peter Stollery Liberal Ontario (Bloor & Yonge/Toronto) Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  December 6, 2010 Jean Lapointe Liberal Québec (Saurel) Reached mandatory retirement age of 75
  March 21, 2011 Raymond Lavigne Independent Liberal Québec (Montarville) Resigned
  March 25, 2011 Larry Smith Conservative Québec (Saurel) Resigned D
  March 28, 2011 Fabian Manning Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador Resigned CD

Changes in party affiliation during the 40th Parliament[edit]

Date Name Party (subsequent) Party (previous) Details
  January 15, 2009 Lillian Dyck Liberal Independent NDP Joined the Liberal caucus
  July 8, 2010 Anne Cools Independent Non-aligned Switched affiliation to Independent

Notes[edit]

^A Left the Senate after the 39th Parliament was dissolved but before the writs were returned for the 40th Parliament.
^B Left the Senate after the writs were returned for the 40th Parliament but before the first sitting of the first session.
^C Left the Senate after the 40th Parliament was dissolved but before the writs were returned for the 41st Parliament.
^D Was later re-appointed.

Party standings since the election[edit]

The party standings changed as follows from the election of the 40th Parliament on October 14, 2008 to its dissolution on March 28, 2011:

Changes to party standings during the 40th Parliament of Canada[4]
October 14, 2008 to January 2, 2010
Affiliation 2008 2009
Oct 14 Oct 22 Nov 10 Jan 2 Jan 8 Jan 14 Jan 15 Mar 16 Mar 28 May 11 Jun 22 Jun 27 Jul 12 Aug 2 Aug 25 Aug 27 Oct 6 Oct 31 Nov 30 Dec 13
  Liberal 58 57 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49
  Conservative 21 20 35 37 38 37 46
  Independent 4 3 2
  Progressive Conservative 3 2
  Liberal without caucus1 1
  Non-aligned 1
  Independent NDP 1 0
Total members 89 88 87 102 104 105 104 103 102 101 100 98 97 96 105 104 103 102 101
Vacant 16 17 18 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
Government Majority -47 -46 -47 -32 -30 -29 -28 -27 -26 -25 -24 -23 -22 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9
January 2, 2010 to March 28, 2011
Affiliation 2010 2011
Jan 2 Jan 29 Feb 28 May 17 May 20 Jun 1 Jul 8 Jul 9 Nov 29 Dec 6 Dec 20 Mar 21 Mar 25 Mar 28
  Conservative 46 50 51 50 51 52 54 53 52
  Liberal 48 47 46
  Independent 2 1 2
  Progressive Conservative 2
  Liberal without caucus1 1 0
  Non-aligned 1 0
Total members 100 104 105 104 105 104 105 104 103 105 104 103 102
Vacant 5 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 3
Government Majority -8 -4 -3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 3 4 3 2
  1. Raymond Lavigne was identified as a Liberal in official Senate standings, but was not a part of the Liberal caucus.[3] Lavigne was barred from performing legislative duties as a Senator due to the criminal charges against him[5] and resigned shortly after being convicted of fraud.[6]

Honorary senators[edit]

Henrietta Muir Edwards
Nellie McClung
Louise McKinney
Emily Murphy
Irene Parlby

The Senate of Canada posthumously awarded the title of Honorary Senator during the 40th Parliament to five pioneering women known as The Famous Five.[7] The motion was introduced to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the landmark court challenge that allowed women to hold seats in the Senate of Canada.[7]

The Motion to recognize the women was introduced by Conservative senator Ethel Cochrane and seconded by Consiglio Di Nino. After debate, the motion passed without opposition.[8] This was the first time in the history of the Senate of Canada that the title of honorary Senator was awarded to anyone.[7]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Senators members of the Ministry". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
  2. ^ "Senators: 40th Parliament of Canada". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  3. ^ a b "Raymond Lavigne federal political experience". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  4. ^ "Party Standings in the Senate". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  5. ^ Altha Raj (November 1, 2009). "Senator, facing criminal raps, still has run of Parliament Hill". Ottawa Sun.
  6. ^ "Lavigne resigns from Senate after fraud conviction". CTV.ca. March 21, 2011.
  7. ^ a b c "'Famous 5' named honorary senators". CBC News. October 10, 2009.
  8. ^ "Motion to Recognize "Famous Five" as Honorary Senators Adopted". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Senate of Canada. October 8, 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

External links[edit]