Lithium-ion flow battery
A lithium-ion flow battery is a flow battery that uses a form of lightweight lithium as its charge carrier.[1] The flow battery stores energy separately from its system for discharging. The amount of energy it can store is determined by tank size; its power density is determined by the size of the reaction chamber.
Dissolving a material changes its chemical behavior significantly. Flow batteries suspend grains of solid material in a liquid, which preserves its characteristics, making lithium's high energy density available to flow systems.
Lithium polysulfide[edit]
One device uses dissolved sulfur as the cathode, lithium metal as the anode and an organic solvent as the electrolyte.[2] Officially "membraneless", it uses a coating to separate anode from cathode. It uses a single tank and pump and reacts the LiS with lithium to produce power. The device operated for more than 2000 cycles without substantial degradation.[1][3]
When discharging, the lithium polysulfide absorbs lithium ions; releasing them when charging.[1] The demonstration device yielded energy density of 97 Wh/kg and 108 Wh/L with a 5M Li
2S
8 catholyte.[2]
LiFePO4[edit]
Reversible delithiation/lithiation of LiFePO
4 was successfully demonstrated using ferrocene derivatives. This device keeps the energy storage materials stored in separate tanks. The liquids remain stationary during operation. The device incorporated a lithium-ion permeable membrane.[4]
Lithium iodine[edit]
A cathode-flow lithium-iodine (Li–I) battery uses the triiodide/iodide (I
3−/I−) redox couple in aqueous solution. It has energy density of 0.33 kWh/kg because of the solubility of LiI in aqueous solution (≈8.2M) and its power density of 130 mW/cm2 at a current rate of 60 mA/cm2, 328 K. In operation, the battery attains 90% of the theoretical storage capacity, coulombic efficiency of 100%±1% in 2–20 cycles, and cyclic performance of >99% capacity retention for 20 cycles, up to total capacity of 100 mAh.[5]
LiTi2(PO4)3–LiFePO4[edit]
A semi-solid cell based on the LiTi
2(PO
4)
3–LiFePO
4 couple utilizes fluid electrodes that are electronically conductive. Simultaneous advection and electrochemical transport separates flow-induced losses from those due to underlying side reactions. Plug flow is used to achieve energy efficiency with non-Newtonian flow electrodes.[citation needed]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c "Researchers Design a New Low Cost Lithium-Polysulfide Flow Battery". SciTech Daily. 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
- ^ a b "New lithium polysulfide flow battery for large-scale energy storage". Green Car Congress. 2013-04-25. doi:10.1039/C3EE00072A. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Yang, Y.; Zheng, G.; Cui, Y. (2013). "A membrane-free lithium/polysulfide semi-liquid battery for large-scale energy storage". Energy & Environmental Science. 6 (5): 1552. doi:10.1039/C3EE00072A.
- ^ Huang, Q.; Li, H.; Grätzel, M.; Wang, Q. (2013). "Reversible chemical delithiation/lithiation of LiFePO4: Towards a redox flow lithium-ion battery". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 15 (6): 1793–1797. Bibcode:2013PCCP...15.1793H. doi:10.1039/C2CP44466F. PMID 23262995.
- ^ Zhao, Y.; Byon, H. R. (2013). "High-Performance Lithium-Iodine Flow Battery". Advanced Energy Materials. 3 (12): 1630. doi:10.1002/aenm.201300627. S2CID 98455413.
External links[edit]
- Wang, Y.; He, P.; Zhou, H. (2012). "Li-Redox Flow Batteries Based on Hybrid Electrolytes: At the Cross Road between Li-ion and Redox Flow Batteries". Advanced Energy Materials. 2 (7): 770. doi:10.1002/aenm.201200100. S2CID 96707630.
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