Denatured alcohol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Denatured alcohol is ethanol which has been rendered toxic or otherwise undrinkable, and in some cases dyed. It is used for purposes such as fuel for spirit burners and camping stoves, and as a solvent. Traditionally, the main additive was 10% methanol, which gave rise to methylated spirit. There are diverse industrial uses for ethanol, and therefore literally hundreds of recipes for denaturing ethanol. Typical additives are methanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, denatonium,[1] and even (uncommonly) aviation gasoline.
In the phrase denatured alcohol, denatured means "a specific property of ethanol, its usefulness as a beverage, is removed". The ethanol molecule is not denatured in the sense of its chemical structure being altered.
Different additives are used to make it both unpalatable and poisonous in such a way that is hard to rectify through distillation or other simple processes. Methanol is commonly used for this because it has a boiling point close to that of ethanol, and separating it by distillation is difficult (but not impossible) as methanol and ethanol form a zeotropic mixture (the opposite of an azeotropic mixture). In many countries, it is also required to be dyed blue or purple with an aniline dye.
The tax-exempt status for denatured alcohol dates from the mid-19th century. For instance the United Kingdom introduced legislation in 1855 to permit ethanol containing 10% wood-naphtha to be exempt.
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[edit] Purpose
Denatured alcohol is not, in itself, a preferred product -- i.e. it is not something which would be normally demanded if given the alternative of normal alcohol. Denatured alcohol and its manufacture are a public policy compromise. The supply and demand for denatured alcohol arises from the fact that normal alcohol (specifically ethanol, suitable for human consumption as a drink) is usually very expensive compared to similar chemicals, being highly taxed for revenue and public health policy purposes (see sin tax). As a result, if pure ethanol were made cheaply available for other useful industrial and commercial purposes (such as fuel, solvents), this would create a temptation or incentive to convert relatively cheaper industrial ethanol for human consumption.
Denatured alcohol provides a solution to permit legitimate use and manufacture of ethanol, whereby cheap ethanol can be made available for non-consumption use without the risk of it being converted for consumption. The process creates a modified ethanol, largely similar to ethanol for most purposes, but is poisonous, thus rendering it unsuitable for drinking. As a result there is no duty on denatured alcohol in most countries, making it considerably cheaper than pure ethanol. Consequently, its composition is tightly defined by government regulations which vary between countries.
In instances where absolutely pure ethanol is needed at a reasonable non-consumption-taxed price (for example, at chemical research laboratories), tight security procedures are required to eliminate the possibility of conversion for human consumption -- specifically, tracking the purchase and distribution of the alcohol, and ensuring compliance of workers who handle the pure ethanol.
[edit] Formulations
There are several grades of denatured alcohol, but the denaturants used are generally similar. The formulation for completely denatured alcohol, according to British regulations[2] is typical:
Completely denatured alcohol must be made in accordance with the following formulation: with every 90 parts by volume of alcohol mix 9.5 parts by volume of wood naphtha or a substitute for wood naphtha and 0.5 parts by volume of crude pyridine, and to the resulting mixture add mineral naphtha (petroleum oil) in the proportion of 3.75 litres to every 1000 litres of the mixture and synthetic organic dyestuff (methyl violet) in the proportion of 1.5 grams to every 1000 litres of the mixture.
[edit] Uses
A common use is as a fuel for marine and ultra-light camping (backpacking) stoves. Its main advantages are its low cost, its ability to be extinguished by water, and its ability to be transported without special containers. However, safety concerns do arise from the near-colourless flame with which alcohol burns. In brightly-lit areas, an alcohol flame can be essentially invisible, creating a potential hazard wherein persons can be burned by contacting flames they cannot see.
One notable use is as a sanding aid, as the alcohol helps to more easily remove the excess dust that results from sanding wood, [3] because it does not open the wood grain the way that water would. Methylated spirits may also be used to kill mealybugs.[4]
Denatured alcohol is often also used for its solvent properties, for example to remove ink stains from upholstery or clothes. Denatured alcohol is also one of the most common solvents (vehicles) found in commercially available shellac, and shellac based products. The solvent properties of denatured alcohol lead to its use as an excipient in a number of pharmaceutical products for oral and topical use.[5]
Scientific researchers needing to preserve biological specimens often use denatured alcohol as a less expensive alternative to Absolute alcohol#Absolute_ethanol.
Ethanol can be used as a less toxic alternative to methanol in the production of biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel produced using ethanol is properly called fatty acid ethyl ester, whereas biodiesel from methanol is properly referred to as fatty acid methyl ester.[6]
In the United States, small amounts of denatured alcohol are used in many consumer products such as toothpaste, where they are labeled as "SD alcohol XX", where SD stands for "specifically denatured" and XX is the formula used in the denaturing process that specifies the denaturants. These formulas for denatured alcohol are found in 27 CFR part 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations.[7]
Medical uses include the removal of fungus from skin, and coldsore treatment.
[edit] Consumption and toxicity
Despite its poisonous nature, denatured alcohol is sometimes consumed as a surrogate alcohol, which can result in blindness or death if denatured alcohol contains methanol. To help prevent this, denatonium is often added to give the substance an extremely bitter flavor. Substances such as pyridine help to give the mixture an unpleasant odor, and emetic (vomiting) agents such as syrup of ipecac may also be included. In Poland denatured alcohol contains only substances having bitter flavor (like acetylsalicylic acid) and odour, and does not contain methanol or any substance of severe toxicity.
The toxicity of methanol is due to the accumulation of its metabolites — formaldehyde and formic acid. Because the metabolic pathways for ethanol and methanol share a common enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase, ethanol can be used to treat methanol poisoning by blocking the enzyme until the body can excrete enough methanol through the kidneys, lungs and skin. In a documented case, a ship worker poisoned while cleaning out a methanol tank was successfully treated with administration of a good portion of the liquor in the ship's "medicine chest."[8]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ "Ethanol Denaturants". The Online Distillery Network. 22 November 1993. http://www.distill.com/specs/EU2.html.
- ^ "The Denatured Alcohol Regulations 2005". Office of Public Sector Information. 2005. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2005/20051524.htm.
- ^ "Denatured Alcohol as a Sanding Aid". Woodzone.com. Unknown year. http://www.woodzone.com/tips/denatured.htm. Retrieved on 2006-04-14.
- ^ "Mealy Bug Treatment and Description". Succulents.co.za. http://www.succulents.co.za/succulent-plant-pests/mealy-bug.php. Retrieved on 2007-09-30.
- ^ http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/iig/index.cfm FDA approved excipient database (search for "alcohol, denatured")
- ^ "Transesterification Process to Manufacture Ethyl Ester of Rape Oil" (PDF). University of Idaho. http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/EthylEsterofRapeOil.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-04-01.
- ^ CFR Title 27 volume 1
- ^ Downie, A.; Khattab, T.M.; Malik, M.I.; Samara, I.N. (1992). "A case of percutaneous industrial methanol toxicity". Occupational Medicine 42 (1): 47–49. doi:. PMID 1315171.
