Mikhail Kalashnikov

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Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov
Михаил Тимофеевич Калашников

Mikhail Kalashnikov in 2007 (Moscow)
Born November 10, 1919 (1919-11-10) (age 90)
Kuriya, Altai Krai, RSFSR
Occupation Small arms designer, Russian Lieutenant General

Lieutenant General Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (Russian: Михаи́л Тимофе́евич Кала́шников, Mihail Timofeevič Kalašnikov) (born November 10, 1919 in Russia's southern Altai region) is a famous Russian small arms designer, most famous for designing the AK-47 assault rifle.

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[edit] Early life

Mikhail Kalashnikov in 1949

Kalashnikov was conscripted into the Red Army in 1938, and became a tank driver-mechanic, achieving the rank of senior sergeant (tank commander) serving on the T-34s of the 24th Tank Regiment, 12th Tank Division[1] stationed in Stryi[2] before the regiment retreated after the failed counterattack at Brody, June 1941. He was wounded in combat during the defence of Bryansk, October 1941, and released for six months recuperation due to illness. While in the hospital, he overheard some soldiers complaining about the Soviet rifles of the time.

He also had bad experiences with the standard infantry weapons at the time, so he was inspired to start constructing a new rifle for the Soviet military. During this time Kalashnikov began designing a submachine gun while in the hospital after being wounded[3] . Although his first submachine gun design was not accepted to service, his talents as a designer were noticed. From 1942 onwards Kalashnikov was assigned to the Central Scientific-developmental Firing Range for Rifle Firearms of the Chief Artillery Directorate of RKKA.

In 1944, he designed a gas-operated carbine for the new 7.62 x 39 mm cartridge; this weapon, influenced by the Garand self-loading rifle, lost out to the new Simonov carbine which would be eventually adopted as the SKS; but it became a basis for his entry in an assault rifle competition in 1946[4]. His winning entry, the "Mikhtim" (so named by taking the first letters of his name and patronymic Mikhail Timofeyevich) became the prototype for the development of a family of prototype rifles[5].

This process culminated in 1947, when he designed the AK-47 (standing for Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947). In 1949, the AK-47 assault rifle became the Soviet Army's standard issue rifle; after that, the design became Kalashnikov's most famous invention.

[edit] Later career

Monument to Kalashnikov in Izhevsk.

After WWII, as General Designer of small arms for the Soviet Army, his design subordinates included the Germans Hugo Schmeisser, designer of the StG-44, and Werner Grüner (of MG 42 fame) who was a pioneer in sheet metal embossing technology in the 1950s.

Over the course of his career he evolved the basic design into a weapons family. The AKM ("Avtomat Kalashnikov Modernizirovanniy" - Automatic Kalashnikov Modernised) first appeared in 1963, which was lighter and cheaper to manufacture due to the use of a stamped steel receiver (in place of the AK47's milled steel receiver), and contained detail improvements such as a re-shaped stock and muzzle compensator. From the AKM he developed a squad automatic weapon variant, known as the RPK (Ruchnoi pulemyot Kalashnikova - Kalashnikov light machine gun), and also the PK (Pulemyot Kalashnikova - Kalashnikov machine gun), which used the more powerful 7.62×54R of the Mosin-Nagant rifle. The PK series is a general purpose machine gun, which is cartridge belt-fed, not magazine-fed, as it is intended to fill the heavy tripod-mounted sustained fire role as well as the light, bipod-mounted role. The common characteristics of his weapons are the simple, elegant engineering and their ruggedness and ease of maintenance in all operating conditions.

Since 1949, Mikhail Kalashnikov has lived and worked in Izhevsk, Udmurtia.

He told Reuters Television, "I've always wanted to improve and expand on the good name of my weapon by doing good things."

The legacy of Kalashnikov's rifles as the most popular assault rifles has prompted him to state that[6]

"I'm proud of my invention, but I'm sad that it is used by terrorists," he said on a visit to Germany, adding: "I would prefer to have invented a machine that people could use and that would help farmers with their work - for example a lawnmower."

Mikhail Kalashnikov was twice named Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1998, he was awarded an Order of Saint Andrew the Protoclete (orden Svyatogo Andreya Pervozvannogo).

On 10th November 2009 (his 90th birthday), Kalashnikov was named a "Hero of the Russian Federation" and received medal by President Dmitry Medvedev who lauded him for creating "the brand every Russian is proud of."[7]

He holds an advanced degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences.

Despite estimates of some 100 million AK-47 assault rifles circulating, General Kalashnikov claims he has not profited and that he only receives a state pension.[8] Merchandise named for General Kalashnikov, such as umbrellas and knives, are being produced by German company Marken Marketing International (MMI), based in Solingen.[9] One of the items is a knife named for the AK-74.[10]

[edit] Citations

  • "My work is my life, and my life is my work. I invented this assault rifle to defend my country. Today, I am proud that it has become for many synonymous with liberty."
  • "It is the Germans who are responsible for the fact that I became a fabricator of arms. If not for them, I would have constructed agricultural machines. (...) If someone asks me how I can sleep at night knowing that my arms have killed millions of people, I respond that I have no problem sleeping, my conscience is clean. I constructed arms to defend my country."
  • "Before attempting to create something new, it is vital to have a good appreciation of everything that already exists in this field."
  • "I am still ready to shake hands with anyone who designs a better assault rifle than mine."
  • "It is painful for me to see when criminal elements of all kinds fire from my weapon [...] I created this weapon primarily to safeguard our fatherland"[11]

[edit] References

  1. ^ p.27 Perechen No.6
  2. ^ This was derived from the site [1] that mentioned where the tank regiment Kalashnikov served with was located, and a mention of another veteran who served there [2] МЕЛЮХИН Андрей Егорович
  3. ^ http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,288456,00.html AK-47 Inventor Doesn't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention
  4. ^ Bolotin, D.N, "Soviet Small-Arms and Ammunition", pp 69-70 and 115.
  5. ^ Kalashnikov, Mikhail, "How and Why I Produced My Submachine Gun", in Sputnik: A Digest of Soviet Press, Novosti Press Agency, Moscow, June 1983, pp 70-75.
  6. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/jul/30/russia.kateconnolly Kate Connolly, Berlin bureau, The Guardian, Tuesday July 30, 2002
  7. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20091110/wl_nm/us_russia_kalashnikov
  8. ^ Coming soon - the Kalashnikov brolly?
  9. ^ Kalashnikov lends his name to an umbrella", Kate Connolly, Berlin bureau, 17/02/2003, http://www.dailytelegraph.co.uk/
  10. ^ Care for a Kalashnikov Umbrella?, THE MOSCOW TIMES
  11. ^ Kalashnikov decries "criminal" use of rifle, REUTERS

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

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