Mori Bawah language

Mori Bawah
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Sulawesi
Native speakers	(28,000 with Mori Atas cited 1988)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Celebic Bungku–Tolaki Mori Bawah
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xmz
Glottolog	mori1268

Mori Bawah, also known as Lower Mori or East Mori, is an Austronesian language of the Celebic branch. It is one of the principal languages of the Morowali Regency in Central Sulawesi.

Classification

Mori Bawah is classified as a member of the Bungku-Tolaki group of languages, and shares its closest affinities with Bungku and other languages of the eastern seaboard of Sulawesi, such as Wawonii and Kulisusu. Together, Mori Bawah and the Mori Atas language are sometimes referred to collectively by the cover term Mori.

Dialects

Mori Bawah comprises several dialects. Following Esser, five dialects can be regarded as principal.

• Tinompo
• Tiu
• Moiki
• Watu
• Karunsi’e

The Tinompo dialect is highest in prestige. Tinompo was the dialect spoken by the indigenous royal class, and in the first half of the twentieth century it was further promoted by colonial authorities as a standard throughout the Mori area, including for Mori Atas and Padoe.

Phonology

Mori Bawah has the following sound inventory:

Consonants

			Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal			m	n	ŋ
Plosive	plain	voiceless	p	t	k	ʔ
		voiced	b	d	g
	prenasalized	voiceless	ᵐp	ⁿt	ᵑk
		voiced	ᵐb	ⁿd	ᵑg
Fricative	plain		β	s		h
	prenasalized			ⁿs
Trill				r
Lateral				l

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Close-Mid	e	o
Open	a

Only open syllables of the shape V, CV are allowed. Consequently, Mori Bawah is a strictly vowel final-language.

Grammar

Pronouns

Mori Bawah has seven sets of bound and free pronouns:

	nominative		absolutive		possessive	independent	additive
	non-future	future	direct	applicative
1.sg.	ku	aku	aku	akune	ku	ongkue	ngkuda('a)
2.sg.	u	(i)ko	ko	akomu	mu	omue	muda('a)
3.sg.	i	ta	o	akono	no	onoe	nada('a)
1.pl.in.	to	kita	kita	akita	to	otae	ntada('a)
1.pl.ex.	ki	kami	kami	akami	mami	omami	mamida('a)
2.pl.	i	(i)komiu	komiu	akomiu	miu	omiu	mida('a)
3.pl.	do	ira	ira	ako'ira	do	ondae	ndada('a)

Agreement

Core arguments (A: subject of transitive verbs; O: object of transitive verbs, S: subject of intransitive verbs) are not marked for case, but are obligatorily indexed by a pronominal agreement marker on the verb.

With transitive verbs, A is always indexed by a nominative pronoun, and O by an absolutive pronoun.

I_A-pe'ata-'ira_O-mo

3.SG.NOM-enslave-3.PL.ABS-PRV

[i

PN

Ana

Child

Wulaa]_A

Gold

[mia

person

atuu-do]_O

DIST-3.PL.POSS

I_A-pe'ata-'ira_O-mo [i Ana Wulaa]_A [mia atuu-do]_O

3.SG.NOM-enslave-3.PL.ABS-PRV PN Child Gold person DIST-3.PL.POSS

'Gold child took those people as slaves.'

The indexing of the single argument of intransitive verbs shows split-ergative alignment: S is always indexed by a nominative pronoun in future clauses, and also in imperative, negative and certain other dependent types of non-future clauses. In all other cases, S is indexed by an absolutive pronoun.

Voice

Mori Bawah has two valency-reducing voice types, passive voice and antipassive voice.

If a transitive verb is marked for passive voice with the infix <in>, it becomes formally intransitive, and O (the "object") becomes the S-argument. The original A-argument cannot be mentioned at all.

Ta

3.SG.FUT

p<in>epate

PASS:kill

Ta p<in>epate

3.SG.FUT PASS:kill

'He will be killed.'

In antipassive voice, the verb takes the prefix poN-. The object can be omitted, or overtly expressed if indefinite; it is however not indexed by a person-indexing pronoun. The original subject of the transitive verb becomes the S-argument in a formally intransitive antipassive clause.

ka-i

ka-3.SG.NOM

pom-pepate

AP-kill

singa

lion

ka-i pom-pepate singa

ka-3.SG.NOM AP-kill lion

'...and he killed a lion.'