Neurosurgery
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Neurosurgery is the surgical discipline focused on treating those central and peripheral nervous systems and spinal column diseases amenable to surgical intervention. In the United States there are only about 3,000 neurosurgeons.[citation needed]
Neurosurgery deals with the study and practice of surgery in diseases of central and peripheral nervous systems.
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[edit] Neurosurgical Training
In the United States, neurosurgeons typically have completed four years of pre-medical education (typically an undergraduate degree in the biological sciences), four years of medical school, and six to eight years of neurosurgical residency training (including the intern year). Neurosurgeons may also elect to complete a fellowship of one to two additional years in a neurosurgical subspecialty (pediatrics, oncology, endovascular, spine, functional, etc.). This training is the longest of all U.S. medical specialties. Neurosurgery is one of the five most-competitive specialties to which graduating medical students may apply, with fewer than 200 positions offered in each year's residency match (the other four being plastic surgery, dermatology, orthopaedic surgery, and otolaryngology)[citation needed].
[edit] Modern Neurosurgery
Modern neurosurgery has benefited greatly from advances in computer assisted imaging (computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetoencephalography (MEG)) and the development of stereotactic surgery. Some neurosurgical procedures even involve the use of MRI and functional MRI intraoperatively. As one of the most research-oriented specialties of medicine, the scope of neurosurgery has expanded as new diagnostic techniques allow surgeons to perform more complicated surgeries. Some of the most recent and innovative advances have been radiosurgery using the Gamma knife for tumor treatment and endovascular surgery for the treatment of aneurysms.
[edit] Risks
There are many risks to neurosurgery. Any operation dealing with the brain or spinal cord can cause paralysis (systemic), brain damage, infection, psychosis or death.[citation needed]
[edit] Conditions
Neurosurgical conditions include primarily brain, spinal cord, vertebral column and peripheral nerve disorders.
Conditions treated by neurosurgeons include:
- Chiari Malformations
- Spinal disc herniation
- Spinal stenosis
- Hydrocephalus
- Head trauma (brain hemorrhages, skull fractures, etc.)
- Spinal cord trauma
- Traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves
- Brain tumors
- Infections and infestations
- Tumours of the spine, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
- Cerebral aneurysms
- Stroke, including hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke
- Intracerebral hemorrhage, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal, and intraventricular hemorrhages
- Some forms of pharmacologically resistant epilepsy
- Some forms of movement disorders (advanced Parkinson's disease, chorea) – this involves the use of specially developed minimally invasive stereotactic techniques (functional, stereotactic neurosurgery) such as ablative surgery and deep brain stimulation surgery
- Intractable pain of cancer or trauma patients and cranial/peripheral nerve pain
- Some forms of intractable psychiatric disorders
- Malformations of the nervous system
- Carotid artery stenosis
- Vascular malformations (i.e., arteriovenous malformations, venous angiomas, cavernous angiomas, capillary telangectasias) of the brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral neuropathies such as carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar neuropathy
- Moyamoya disease
- Congenital malformations of the nervous system, including spina bifida and craniosynostosis
[edit] See also
- Anton Eiselsberg – Established Neurosurgery as an independent discipline
- Harvey Cushing – Known as the father of neurosurgery
- Wilder Penfield – Known as one of the founding fathers of neurosurgery
- Walter Dandy – Known as one of the founding fathers of neurosurgery
- Gazi Yasargil – Known as the father of modern microneurosurgery
- Ben Carson – Famous African American Neurosurgeon
- Brian Andrews (doctor) – Noted American Neurosurgeon
- Lars Leksell – Swedish Neurosurgeon who developed the Gamma Knife
- Frances K. Conley – Pioneer woman neurosurgeon at Stanford University
- Congress of Neurological Surgeons
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