Nikon

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Nikon Corporation
株式会社ニコン

Type	Corporation TYO: 7731
Founded	Tokyo, Japan (1917)
Headquarters	Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
Key people	Michio Kariya, President, CEO & COO
Industry	Imaging
Products	Precision equipment for the semiconductor industry, Digital imaging equipment and cameras, Microscopes, Spectacle lenses, Optical measuring and inspection instruments,
Revenue	¥730.9 billion (Business year ending March 31, 2006)
Employees	16,758 (Consolidated, as of March 31, 2005)
Website	Nikon Global Gateway

Nikon Corporation (株式会社ニコン, Kabushiki-gaisha Nikon^?) listen (help·info) (TYO: 7731), also known as Nikon or Nikon Corp., is a multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan specializing in optics and imaging. Its products include cameras, binoculars, microscopes, measurement instruments, and the steppers used in the photolithography steps of semiconductor fabrication, of which it is the world's second largest manufacturer.^[1]

Among its famous products are Nikkor imaging lenses (for F-mount cameras, large format photography, photographic enlargers, and other applications), the Nikon F-series of 135 film SLR cameras, the Nikon D-series of digital SLR cameras, the Coolpix series of compact digital cameras, and the Nikonos series of underwater film cameras. Nikon's main competitors in camera and lens manufacturing include Canon, Casio, Kodak, Sony, Pentax, Panasonic, Fujifilm and Olympus.

Founded in 1917 as Nippon Kōgaku Kōgyō Kabushikigaisha (日本光学工業株式会社 "Japan Optical Industries Corporation"), the company was renamed Nikon Corporation, after its cameras, in 1988. Nikon is one of the companies of the Mitsubishi Group. The name Nikon, which dates from 1946, is a merging of Nippon Kōgaku (日本光学: "Japan Optical") and an imitation of Zeiss Ikon. Nikon is pronounced differently around the world. The Japanese pronunciation of the name is /nikoɴ/, but in the United States people also use /ˈnaɪkɒn/ and /ˈnɪkɒn/.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Reception outside Japan 1.2 The rise of the Nikon F series 1.3 Precision manufacturing equipment 1.4 Digital photography 1.5 End of most film camera production 1.6 Thai operations 2 Holdings 3 Cameras 3.1 Film 35 mm SLR cameras with manual focus 3.2 Film APS SLR cameras 3.3 Film 35 mm SLR cameras with autofocus 3.4 Rangefinder cameras 3.5 Digital compact cameras 3.6 Digital single lens reflex cameras 4 Photo optics 4.1 Lenses for F-mount cameras 4.2 Other lenses for photography and imaging 5 Electronic Flash Units 6 Film scanners 7 Sport optics 7.1 Binoculars 7.2 Spotting scopes 8 Other products 9 Notes and references 10 See also 11 External links

[edit] History

Nikon Corporation was established in 1917 when three leading optical manufacturers merged to form a comprehensive, fully integrated optical company known as Nippon Kogaku Kokyo K.K. Over the next sixty years this growing company became a leading manufacturer of optical lenses (including those for the first Canon cameras) and precision equipment used in cameras, binoculars, microscopes and inspection equipment. During World War II the company grew to nineteen factories and 23,000 employees, supplying items such as binoculars, lenses, bomb sights and periscopes to the Japanese military.

[edit] Reception outside Japan

After the war it reverted to its civilian product range with a single factory. In 1948, the first Nikon-branded camera was released, the Nikon I.^[2] Nikon lenses were popularised by the American photojournalist David Douglas Duncan's use at the time of the Korean War. Duncan, who was working in Tokyo when the Korean War began, met a young Japanese photographer, Jun Miki, who introduced Duncan to Nikon lenses. From July 1950 to January 1951, Duncan covered the Korean War.^[3] Fitting Nikon optics to his Leica rangefinder cameras produced high contrast negatives with very sharp resolution at the centre field.

[edit] The rise of the Nikon F series

The well-made Nikon SP and other 1950s and 1960s rangefinder cameras competed directly with models from Leica and Zeiss. However, the company quickly ceased developing its rangefinder line to focus its efforts on the Nikon F single-lens reflex line of cameras, which became an unexpectedly huge success upon its introduction in 1959. For nearly 30 years, Nikon's F-series SLRs were the most widely used small-format cameras among professional photographers, as well as by the U.S. space program, both because of their rugged construction and because of the wide range of Nikkor lenses and other accessories.

Nikon popularized many features in professional SLR photography, such as the modular camera system with interchangeable lenses, viewfinders, motor drives, and data backs; integrated light metering and lens indexing; electronic strobe flashguns instead of expendable flashbulbs; electronic shutter control; evaluative multi-zone "matrix" metering; and built-in motorized film advance. However, as autofocus SLRs became available from Minolta and others in the mid-1980s, Nikon's line of manual-focus cameras began to seem out of date.

Despite introducing one of the first autofocus models, the slow and bulky F3AF, the company's determination to maintain lens compatibility with its F-mount prevented rapid advances in autofocus technology. Canon introduced a new type of lens-camera interface with its entirely electronic Canon EOS cameras and Canon EF lens mount in 1987. The much faster lens performance permitted by Canon's electronic focusing and aperture control prompted many professional photographers (especially in sports and news) to switch to the Canon system through the 1990s.^[4]

[edit] Precision manufacturing equipment

Besides cameras, Nikon Corporation (Nikon) is recognised as a world leader in the development and manufacture of advanced optical and precision photolithography equipment. In 1980 the first stepper, the NSR-1010G, was produced in Japan. Since then Nikon has introduced over fifty models of steppers and scanners for the production of semiconductors and liquid crystal displays. Nikon currently designs and manufactures precision equipment for use in semiconductor and liquid crystal display (LCD) fabrication, inspection, and measurement. Nikon also designs and manufactures visual imaging products including cameras; instruments such as microscopes; and other products such as chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) systems, binoculars, surveying instruments, eyewear, sport optics, and optical measuring and inspection equipment.

In 1982, Nikon Precision Inc. (NPI) was established in the United States. NPI is the North American sales and service arm specifically for Nikon Corporation's semiconductor photolithography equipment and is headquartered in Belmont, California. Fueled by a rapidly growing customer base, the company quickly expanded. In 1990, NPI opened its current headquarters and the facility now includes corporate offices, a fully equipped worldwide training centre (WWTC), service operations, applications engineering, technology engineering, quality and reliability engineering, training, technical support, sales, and marketing for Nikon equipment serving the wafer, photomask, flat panel display, and thin-film magnetic head industries. Today, NPI is an industry leader in supplying and supporting advanced photolithography equipment used in the critical stages of semiconductor manufacturing. Nikon also has research and development operations in the U.S. under Nikon Research Corporation of America (NRCA), which directly supports R&D efforts of the Precision Equipment Division in Kumagaya, Japan.

[edit] Digital photography

Nikon created some of the first digital SLRs (DSLRs) as research projects for NASA in 1991.^[5] After a late-1990s partnership with Kodak to produce digital SLR cameras based on existing Nikon film bodies, Nikon released the Nikon D1 SLR under its own name in 1999. Although it used an APS-C-size light sensor only 2/3 the size of a 35 mm film frame (later called a "DX sensor"), the D1 was among the first digital cameras to have sufficient image quality and a low enough price for some professionals (particularly photojournalists and sports photographers) to use it as a replacement for a film SLR. The company's Coolpix line became popular with consumers as well, as digital photography became increasingly prevalent through the early 2000s.

Nikon retained a strong professional and enthusiast following with its DSLRs and lenses, especially as it remedied their autofocus performance with its AF-S lens line, while largely maintaining compatibility with older lenses. Still, through the mid-2000s, Nikon remained in second place behind Canon in SLR camera sales, and Canon had several years' lead in producing professional DSLRs with light sensors as large as traditional 35 mm film frames.^[6] All Nikon DSLRs from 1999 to 2007, by contrast, used the smaller DX size sensor.

Then, 2005 management changes at Nikon yielded a more aggressive approach to camera design. With the introduction of the full-frame Nikon D3 in late 2007, and the Nikon D700 a few months later -- as well as several new introductory and mid-range SLRs -- Nikon regained much of its reputation among professional and amateur enthusiast photographers as a leading innovator in the field, especially because of the speed, ergonomics, and low-light performance of its latest models.^[7] The mid-range Nikon D90, introduced in 2008, was also the first SLR camera to record video.

[edit] End of most film camera production

Once Nikon introduced affordable consumer-level SLRs such as the Nikon D70 in the mid-2000s, sales of its consumer and professional film cameras fell rapidly, following the general trend in the industry. In January 2006, Nikon announced it would stop making most of its film camera models and all of its large format lenses, and focus on digital models^[8]. Only the professional Nikon F6 and the introductory Nikon FM10 (manufactured under contract by Cosina) remain in Nikon's film lineup as of 2009.

[edit] Thai operations

Nikon has shifted much of its manufacturing facilities to Thailand, with some production (especially of Coolpix cameras and some low-end lenses) in China and Indonesia. The company constructed a factory in Ayuthaya north of Bangkok in Thailand in 1991. By the year 2000, it had 2,000 employees. Steady growth over the next few years and an increase of floor space from the original 19,400 square meters (208,827 square feet) to 46,200 square meters (497,300 square feet) enabled the factory to produce a wider range of Nikon products. By 2004, it had more than 8,000 workers.

The range of the products produced at Nikon Thailand include plastic molding, optical parts, painting, printing, metal processing, plating, spherical lens process, aspherical lens process, prism process, electrical and electronic mounting process, silent wave motor and autofocus unit production.

As of 2009, all of Nikon's Nikon DX format DSLR cameras are produced in Thailand, while their Nikon FX format (full frame) cameras (D700, D3, and D3X) are built in Japan. The Thai facility also produces most of Nikon's digital "DX" zoom lenses, as well as numerous other lenses in the Nikkor line.

[edit] Holdings

The companies held by Nikon form the Nikon Group. Today, Nikon Group Companies total nearly 17,000 employees worldwide.

[edit] Cameras

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nikon cameras

In January 2006 Nikon announced [1] the discontinuation of all but two models of its film cameras, focusing its efforts on the digital camera market. It will continue to sell the low-end FM10 (manufactured by Cosina) and the high-end F6 (manufactured by Nikon), and announced a commitment to service all of the film cameras for a period of ten years after production ceases. [2]

[edit] Film 35 mm SLR cameras with manual focus

• Nikon F series (1959-1972)(labeled in Germany as Nikkor)

• Nikkorex series (1960-1964)
• Nikkormat FT series (1965-1977) (known in Japan as Nikomat)
• Nikon F2 series (1971-1980)
• Nikkormat EL series (1972-1977) (known in Japan as Nikomat)
• Nikon EL2 (1977)
• Nikon FM (1977)
• Nikon FE (1978)
• Nikon EM (1979)
• Nikon F3 series (1980-1997)
• Nikon FG (1982)
• Nikon FM2 series (1982-2000)
• Nikon FE2 (1983)
• Nikon FA (1983)
• Nikon FG20 (1984)
• Nikon F301 (1985) (known in North America as the N2000)
• Nikon F601m (1990) (known in North America as the N6000)
• Nikon FM10 (1995)
• Nikon FE10 (1996)
• Nikon FM3A (2001)

[edit] Film APS SLR cameras

• Nikon Pronea 600i also known as the Pronea 6i (1996) [3]
• Nikon Pronea S (1997) [4]

The Nikon Pronea 600i

The Nikon Pronea S

[edit] Film 35 mm SLR cameras with autofocus

• Nikon F3AF (1983) (modified F3 body with DX-1 finder)
• Nikon F501 (1986) (known in North America as the N2020)
• Nikon F401 (1987) (known in the U.S. as the N4004)
• Nikon F801 (1988) (known in the U.S. as the N8008)
• Nikon F4 (1988)
• Nikon F401S (1989) (known in the U.S. as the N4004s)
• Nikon F601 (1990) (known in the U.S. as the N6006)
• Nikon F401X (1991) (known in the U.S. as the N5005)
• Nikon F801S (1991) (known in the U.S. as the N8008s)
• Nikon F90 (1992) (known in the U.S. as the N90)
• Nikon F50 (1994) (known in the U.S. as the N50)
• Nikon F70 (1994) (known in the U.S. as the N70)
• Nikon F90x (1994) (known in the U.S. as the N90s)
• Nikon F5 (1996)
• Nikon F60 (1999) (known in the U.S. as the N60)
• Nikon F100 (1999)
• Nikon F65 (2000) (known in the U.S. as the N65)
• Nikon F80 (2000) (known in the U.S. as the N80)
• Nikon F55 (2002) (known in the U.S. as the N55)
• Nikon F75 (2003) (known in the U.S. as the N75)
• Nikon F6 (2004)

[edit] Rangefinder cameras

• Nikon I (1948) [5]
• Nikon M (1949) [6]
• Nikon S (1951) [7]
• Nikon S2 (1954) [8]
• Nikon SP (1957) [9]
• Nikon S3 (1958) [10]
• Nikon S4 (1959) [11]
• Nikon S3M (1960) [12]
• Nikon S3 2000 (2000) [13]
• Nikon SP Limited Edition (2005) [14][15]
• Nikonos line of underwater cameras (strictly speaking, these are "scale focus" cameras, except for the autofocus Nikonos RS, the last Nikonos camera produced).

[edit] Digital compact cameras

• Nikon Coolpix series

[edit] Digital single lens reflex cameras

High-end - FX/Full Frame sensor

• Nikon D3X, December 1, 2008
• Nikon D3, August 23, 2007
• Nikon D700, July 1, 2008

High-end - DX sensor, high resolution

• Nikon D1, June 15, 1999
• Nikon D1X, February 5, 2001
• Nikon D2X, September 16, 2004
• Nikon D2Xs, June 1, 2006

High-end - DX sensor, high speed

• Nikon D1H, February 5, 2001
• Nikon D2H, July 22, 2003
• Nikon D2Hs, February 16, 2005

High-end - DX sensor

• Nikon D100, 21 February 2002
• Nikon D200, 1 November 2005
• Nikon D300, 23 August 2007^[9]

Midrange - DX sensor

• Nikon D70, 28 January 2004
• Nikon D70s, 20 April 2005
• Nikon D80, 9 August 2006
• Nikon D90, 27 August 2008^[10]
• Nikon D5000, 14 April 2009^[11]

Entry-level - DX sensor

• Nikon D50, 20 April 2005
• Nikon D40, 16 November 2006
• Nikon D40x, 6 March 2007
• Nikon D60, 29 January 2008
• Nikon D5000, 14 April 2009

Nikon's raw image format format is NEF, for Nikon Electronic File. The "DSCN" prefix for image files stands for "Digital Still Camera - Nikon."

Nikon designs its own sensors for its professional D Series (except for the D300 and D90, which use a Sony-manufactured CMOS sensor); a majority of its consumer-grade DSLRs (including professional/prosumer grade prior to August 2007) have Sony-manufactured CCD sensors. Beginning with the D3, D300, and D90, Nikon is commencing the use of CMOS sensors in its professional-grade cameras since they use less power than a CCD sensor.

[edit] Photo optics

[edit] Lenses for F-mount cameras

• See Nikon F-mount → Nikkor

[edit] Other lenses for photography and imaging

[edit] Electronic Flash Units

Nikon uses the term Speedlight for its electronic flash guns.

• SB-R200
• SB-400
• SB-600
• SB-800
• SB-900
• R1C1

[edit] Film scanners

Nikon's digital capture line also includes a successful range of dedicated scanners for a variety of formats, including Advanced Photo System (IX240), 35 mm, and 60 mm film.

• (1988) LS-3500 (4096x6144, 4000 dpi)
• (1992) Coolscan LS-10 (2700 dpi). First to be named "Coolscan" to denote LED illumination.
• (1994) LS-3510AF (5000x5000, 3500 dpi). Fitted with auto-focus lens.
• (1996) Super Coolscan LS-1000 (2592x3888, 2700 dpi). scan time cut by half
• (1996) Coolscan II LS-20 E (2700 dpi)
• (1998) Coolscan LS-2000 (2700 dpi) with 'clean-image' software
• (1998) Coolscan III LS-30 E (2700 dpi)
• (2001) Coolscan IV LS-40 ED (2700 dpi) USB, SilverFast, ICE, ROC, GEM
• (2001) Coolscan LS-4000 ED (4000 dpi)
• (2001) Coolscan LS-8000 ED (4000 dpi)
• (2003) Super Coolscan LS-5000 ED (4000 dpi, 16bit) multiformat
• (2004) Super Coolscan LS-9000 ED (4000 dpi, 16bit) multiformat

Nikon introduced its first scanner, the Coolscan LS-3500, with a maximum resolution of 4096 x 6144 pixels in 1988. Instead of LEDs this scanner still used a halogen lamp. The resolution of the first following models didn't increase and instead colour depth, scan quality and speed were improved. The Coolscan LS-5000 ED was a device capable of archiving greater numbers of slides; 50 framed slides or 40 images on film roll. It could scan all these in one batch using special adapters. A single maximum resolution scan was performed in no more than 20 seconds as long as no post-processing was also performed. With the launch of the Coolscan 9000 ED Nikon introduced its most up-to-date film scanner, which offers a special feature. It is still the only film scanner on the market that due to a special version of Digital ICE is able to scan Kodachrome film reliably dust and scratch free. LaserSoft Imaging's scan software SilverFast features a similar technique (iSRD) since end of 2008, that allows every Nikon film scanner to remove dust and scratches from Kodachrome scans. Nikon officially announced to discontinue supporting its Nikon Scan software for Macintosh in 2007; as the software's code would have to be severely re-written to make it Mac OS 10.5 comaptible.^[12] An alternative solution is SilverFast 6.6, which supports every relevant scanner model directly. Between 1994 and 1996 Nikon developed three flatbed scanner models named Scantouch, which couldn't keep up with competitive flatbed products and were hence discontinued to allow Nikon to focus on its dedicated film scanners.

[edit] Sport optics

[edit] Binoculars

[edit] Spotting scopes

• Spotter XL II WP
• Spotting Scopr R/A II
• Spotting Scope 80
• Field Scope III
• Field Scope ED 82

[edit] Other products

Nikon also manufactures ophthalmic equipment, loupes, monoculars, binocular telescopes, microscopes, cameras for microscopy, optical and video-based measurement equipment, scanners and steppers for the manufacture of integrated circuits and liquid crystal displays, and semiconductor device inspection equipment. Nikon manufactures lenses but DOES NOT manufacture eyeglass frames nor sunglasses, such items can be found on eBay but are counterfeit items.

[edit] Notes and references

1. ^ List op top IC equipment suppliers 2007
2. ^ Nikon Camera History
3. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/online/ddd/timeline/1950.html
4. ^ http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/hardwares/classics/eos/index.htm
5. ^ http://www.nikonweb.com/nasaf4/
6. ^ http://www.kenrockwell.com/tech/nikon-vs-canon.htm
7. ^ http://www.luminous-landscape.com/reviews/cameras/700-thoughts.shtml
8. ^ Nikon Strengthens Digital Focus for 2006
9. ^ "Nikon D300". Nikon UK. http://www.europe-nikon.com/product/en_GB/products/broad/1436/overview.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-17. 
10. ^ "Nikon D90". Nikon UK. http://www.europe-nikon.com/product/en_GB/products/broad/1617/overview.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-27. 
11. ^ "Nikon D5000". Nikon UK. http://www.europe-nikon.com/product/en_GB/products/broad/1788/overview.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-14. 
12. ^ official Nikon announcement - Mac OS 10.5 (Leopard) compatibility

[edit] See also

Digital single-lens reflex camera Full-frame digital SLR History of the single-lens reflex camera

Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras Nikkor Nikkor perspective control lenses

Nikon D3, D2X, D2H, D1 Nikon D700, D300, D200, D70, D100 Nikon F, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6

Nikon F-mount Nikon S3, SP Perspective control lens

Single-lens reflex camera

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nikon

• Digital Archives on Camera Products, by Nikon
• Nikon Camera Chronicle, by Nikon
• Nikon Corp. website
• Yahoo! – Nikon Corporation Company Profile
• Nikon Lens specifications table
• Nikon info at "Photography in Malaysia"
• A Tour of the Nikon Thailand Factory

v • d • e Nikon Digital SLR timeline
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 Flagship High res. D1 D1X D2X D2Xs D3X High speed D1H D2H D2Hs D3 High-end Full frame D700 DX sensor D100 D200 D300 Midrange D70 D70s D80 D90 D5000 Entry-level D50 D40x D60 D40 Green background indicates a camera using a full-frame FX Sensor

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