Absorbance
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- "Optical density" redirects here. "Optical density" can also refer to index of refraction.[1]
In spectroscopy, the absorbance A (also called optical density) is defined as
,
where I is the intensity of light at a specified wavelength λ that has passed through a sample (transmitted light intensity) and I0 is the intensity of the light before it enters the sample or incident light intensity. Absorbance measurements are often carried out in analytical chemistry, since the absorbance of a sample is proportional to the thickness of the sample and the concentration of the absorbing species in the sample, in contrast to the transmittance I / I0 of a sample, which varies logarithmically with thickness and concentration.
Outside the field of analytical chemistry, e.g. when used with the Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) technique, the absorbance is sometimes defined as the natural logarithm instead of the base-10 logarithm, i.e. as
,
See the Beer-Lambert law for a more complete discussion.
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[edit] Explanation
The term absorption refers to the physical process of absorbing light, while absorbance refers to the mathematical quantity. Also, absorbance does not always measure absorption: if a given sample is, for example, a dispersion, part of the incident light will in fact be scattered by the dispersed particles, and not really absorbed. However, in such cases, it is recommended to use the term "attenuance" (formerly called "extinction"), which accounts for losses due to scattering and luminescence.[2]
Although absorbance does not have true units, it is quite often reported in "Absorbance Units" or AU (not to be confused with the Astronomical unit).
[edit] Absorbance vs transmittance
| Absorbance | Transmittance (I / I0) | Percent transmittance (100 * I / I0) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 100 |
| 0.1 | 0.79 | 79 |
| 0.25 | 0.56 | 56 |
| 0.5 | 0.32 | 32 |
| 0.75 | 0.18 | 18 |
| 0.9 | 0.13 | 13 |
| 1 | 0.1 | 10 |
| 2 | 0.01 | 1 |
| 3 | 0.001 | 0.1 |
[edit] Instrument measurement range
Any real measuring instrument has a limited range over which it can accurately measure absorbance. An instrument must be calibrated and checked against known standards if the readings are to be trusted. Many instruments will become non-linear (fail to follow the Beer-Lambert law) starting at approximately 2 AU (~1% Transmission). It is also difficult to accurately measure very small absorbances (below 10-4) with commercially available instruments for chemical analysis. In such cases, laser-based absorption techniques can be used, since they have demonstated detection limits that supersede those obtained by conventional non-laser-based instruments by many orders of magnitude (detections have been demonstrated all the way down to 5 10-13). The theoretical best accuracy for most commercially available non-laser-based instruments is in the range near 1 AU. The path length or concentration should then, when possible, be adjusted to achieve readings near this range.
[edit] Shade number
Some filters, notably welding glass, are rated by shade number, which is 7/3 times the absorbance plus one:[3]
- shade number =
[edit] See also
- Optical depth
- Beer-Lambert law
- Reflectivity
- Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS)
- Densitometry
- Neutral density filter
[edit] References
- ^ Zitzewitz, Paul W. (1999), Glencoe physics, New York, N.Y.: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, p. 395, ISBN 0028254732
- ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Glossary of terms used in photochemistry. Recommendations 1988 (Braslavsky, S. E. & Houk, K. N., eds) Pure Appl. Chem. 60, 1055-1106 (1988). An updated version, edited by J. W. Verhoeven, has appeared in Pure Appl. Chem. 68, 2223-2286 (1996).
- ^ How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement by Russ Rowlett
