Pegon script

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Pegon script
اَكسارا ڤَيڮَون
Babad Diponegoro written in Pegon (manuscript at National Library of Indonesia)
Script type
Time period
c. 1300 CE to the present
DirectionRight-to-left
Languages
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Jawi script
Buri Wolio
Sorabe alphabet
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and  , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Pegon consonants. Letters not present in the Arabic alphabet are marked with a yellow square.
Pegon vowels

Pegon (Javanese and Sundanese: اَكسارا ڤَيڮَون, Aksara Pégon; also known as اَبجَد ڤَيڮَون, Abjad Pégon, Madurese: أبجاْد ڤَيگو, Abjâd Pèghu)[3] is a modified Arabic script used to write the Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese languages, as an alternative to the Latin script or the Javanese script[4] and the Old Sundanese script.[5] It was used in a variety of applications, from religion, to diplomacy, to poetry.[6][7][8] But today particularly, it is used for religious (Islamic) writing and poetry, particularly in writing commentaries of the Qur'an. Pegon includes letters that are not present in Modern Standard Arabic. Pegon has been studied far less than its Jawi counterpart which is used for Malay, Acehnese and Minangkabau.[9]

In the past few decades, the Indonesian language has grown in its prominence and role as the national language of Indonesia. Thus, publishing institutions associated with religious schools have further developed new teaching material, in order to expand the use of Pegon script to Indonesian language as well.[1] Indonesian language, being a variety of Malay, has also been written by the sister script of Pegon, Jawi.

Etymology[edit]

The word Pegon originated from the Javanese word pégo, meaning "deviate", due to the practice of writing the Javanese language with Arabic script, which was considered unconventional by Javanese people.[3]

History[edit]

One of the earliest dated examples of the usage of Pegon may be Masa'il al-ta'lim, a work on Islamic law written in Arabic with interlinear translation and marginal commentary in Javanese. The manuscript is dated 1623 and written on dluwang, a paper made from the bark of the mulberry tree.[10]

Letters[edit]

Pegon uses the original letters of the Arabic script plus an additional seven letters to represent native Javanese sounds not present in Arabic: ca (چ‎⟩ /t͡ʃ/), dha (ڎ‎⟩ /ɖ/), tha (ڟ‎⟩ /ʈ/), nga (ڠ‎⟩ /ŋ/), pa (ڤ‎⟩ /p/), ga (ڮ‎⟩ /g/), and nya (ۑ‎⟩ /ɲ/). One additional letter is used in foreign loanwords: va (ۏ‎⟩ /v/). These new letters are formed by the addition of dots to base letter forms. Pegon is not standardized and variation can be seen in how these additional letters are represented, most commonly in the position of the dots (above or below) and the number of dots (one, two or three).[11][12] In more recent teaching material, additional letters have been added in order to use the script for writing Indonesian language.[1]

Pegon alphabet
Name Forms Sound represented Latin equivalent Hanacaraka equivalent Notes
Isolated Final Medial Initial
alif
الف
ا ـا /a, ɔ/ and /ə/ a (å), ê (e pepet) / / ꦄꦼ
a / (h)a / ê
ba
باء
ب ـب ـبـ بـ /b/ b
ba
ta
تاء
ت ـت ـتـ تـ /t/ t
ta
sa
ثاء
ث ـث ـثـ ثـ /s/ s ꦱ꦳
tsa
Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
jim
جيم
ج ـج ـجـ جـ /d͡ʒ/ j
ja
ca
چا
چ ـچ ـچـ چـ /t͡ʃ/ c
ca
Additional letter not present in Arabic
ha
حاء
ح ـح ـحـ حـ /h/ h ꦲ꦳
ha
Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
kha
خاء
خ ـخ ـخـ خـ /x/ kh ꦏ꦳
kha
Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
dal
دال
د ـد /d/ d
da
zal
ذال
ذ ـذ /z/ z ꦢ꦳
dza
Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
dha
ڎا
ڎ ـڎ /ɖ/ dh
dha
Additional letter not present in Arabic
May also be represented by ڊ‎ or
ra
راء
ر ـر /r/ r
ra
zai
زاي
ز ـز /z/ z ꦗ꦳
za
Mainly used in Arabic and other foreign loanwords
sin
سين
س ـس ـسـ سـ /s/ s
sa
syin
شين
ش ـش ـشـ شـ /ʃ/ sy ꦯ꦳ / ꦱ꦳
sya
Mainly used in Arabic and other foreign loanwords
sad
صاد
ص ـص ـصـ صـ /s/ s ꦰ꦳
sha
Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
dad
ضاد
ض ـض ـضـ ضـ /d/ d ꦝ꦳
dla
Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
ta
طاء
ط ـط ـطـ طـ /t/ t ꦛ꦳
tha
Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
tha
ڟا
ڟ ـڟ ـڟـ ڟـ /ʈ/ th
tha
Additional letter not present in Arabic
May also be represented by ‎ and
za
ظاء
ظ ـظ ـظـ ظـ /z/ z ꦘ꦳
zha
Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
ain
عين
ع ـع ـعـ عـ /ʔ/ a, i, u and -k ꦔ꦳
'a
Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
ghain
غين
غ ـغ ـغـ غـ /ɣ/ gh ꦒ꦳
gha
Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
nga
ڠا
ڠ ـڠ ـڠـ ڠـ /ŋ/ ng
nga
Additional letter not present in Arabic
fa
فاء
ف ـف ـفـ فـ /f/ f ꦥ꦳
fa
Mainly used in Arabic and other foreign loanwords
pa
ڤا
ڤ ـڤ ـڤـ ڤـ /p/ p
pa
Additional letter not present in Arabic
qaf
قاف
ق ـق ـقـ قـ /q/ q
qa
Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
kaf
كاف
ك ـك ـكـ كـ /k/ and /ʔ/ k
ka
Letter "-k" at the end of a syllable is pronounced as a glottal in Javanese. Writers either use hamza or kaf (ك) for this sound[13]
ga
ڮا
ڮ ـڮ ـڮـ ڮـ /ɡ/ g
ga
Additional letter not present in Arabic
May also be represented by
lam
لام
ل ـل ـلـ لـ /l/ l
la
mim
ميم
م ـم ـمـ مـ /m/ m
ma
nun
نون
ن ـن ـنـ نـ /n/ n
na
nya
ۑا‎
ۑ ـۑ ـۑـ ۑـ /ɲ/ ny
nya
Additional letter not present in Arabic
wau
واو
و ـو /w/ and /u, o, ɔ/ w and u, o / /
wa / u / o
va
ۏا
ۏ ـۏ /v/ v ꦮ꦳
va
Additional letter not present in Arabic
Mainly used in foreign loanwords
ha
هاء
ه ـه ـهـ هـ /h/ h
ha
hamzah
همزة
ء /ʔ/ -k, ’ Letter "-k" at the end of a syllable is pronounced as a glottal in Javanese. Writers either use hamza or kaf (ك) for this sound[13]
ya
ياء
ي ـي ـيـ يـ /j/ and /i, e, ɛ/ y and i, é (e taling) / /
ya / i / é
In Pegon Script, for the final position of this letter, the dotless version, similar to that used in Persian is used.[6]

Representation of vowels[edit]

Diacritic marks (harakat) are used in Pegon to represent vowel sounds or in some cases a lack thereof. Their prevalence in Pegon text varies from marking every letter, to being present only to differentiate particular vowel sounds. Full marking of letters is common in most formal texts, including religious texts and historic diplomatic manuscripts.

Arabic script is a (mostly) consonantal writing system, meaning that only consonants are written. Arabic has 3 vowels, each being short or long. There are 3 letters in Arabic ("ا", "و", and "ي") that also represent long vowels. but otherwise the short vowels are marked in diacritic in religious texts or texts meant for beginner learners, that are not marked at all in most everyday texts. But, the phonology of Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese do not make such distinction. Instead there are 6 vowels. Thus, with the use of diacritics in conjuncton with the three aforementioned letters, Arabic script has become fully phonemic in its adoption for languages of Java Island.[13]

Gundhul[edit]

A version of the script which uses no diacritics at all, similar to Jawi, is known as Gundhul (ڮونڎول‎; ꦒꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦭ꧀) meaning 'bare/bald' in Javanese. Within sentences and context, to a fluent speaker, the base letters often indicate the correct word and the underlying vowel which renders the diacritics unnecessary.

This version is increasingly common in typed books (as opposed to handwritten texts, as was the norm) as to a fluent speaker, the base letters often indicate the correct word and the underlying vowel which renders the diacritics unnecessary, in this case only the e-pepêt ( ۤ) is written. Other diacritics are only ever written when confusion arises, and are used to differentiate distinct vowel sounds.

List of vowel sounds[edit]

Vowels at the beginning of a word are indicated by the letter alif, by the appropriate diacritic on top of alif, as well as a follow-up letter "و" or "ي" if required. Traditionally, this follow-up letter will be written with a zero-vowel diacritic (sukun), to indicate its role as part of the first syllable of the word, and not the start of a new one.[13]

Vowel at the beginning of a syllable
A/Å1 I U É
(e taling)
O Ê / Eu / Ĕ
(e pepet)
Vocalized اَ / أ اِ / إ اُوْ اَيْـ اَوْ‌ اۤ
Gundhul أ إ او اَيـ اَو اۤ
IPA /a/ or /ɔ/ /i/ /u/ /e/ or /ɛ/ /o/ or /ɔ/ /ə/
Hanacaraka
Equivalent
/ ()
a / (h)a
/ ()
i / (wulu)
/ ()
u / (suku)
/ ()
é / (taling)
/ (ꦺꦴ)
o / (taling-tarung)
ꦄꦼ / ()
ê / (pepet)
Notes
  1. In the prestige dialect of Surakarta, ⟨a⟩ is pronounced [ɔ] in word-final open syllables, and in any open penultimate syllable before such an [ɔ]. This may be represented by ⟨å⟩. e.g. Surabaya سُوْرَابَايَا
    Central Javanese: Suråbåyå /surɔbɔjɔ/
    Indonesian: Surabaya
  2. Different from Maddah (letter آ), its shape is different, shorter in horizontal length. Historic texts have used both simultaneously and have differentiated between the two.[11][12]

Below is a list of the diacritics that are used in indicating vowels:

  • Fathah (◌َ), also sometimes used on its own to represent ⟨a⟩, particularly in religious texts. It is added to the preceding letter to differentiate ⟨é⟩ (e taling) from ⟨i⟩, as is detailed below. It is used in a similar fashion to differentiate ⟨o⟩ from ⟨u⟩.
  • Kasrah (◌ِ), also sometimes used on its own to represent ⟨i⟩, particularly in religious texts.
  • Dammah (◌ُ) also sometimes used on its own to represent ⟨u⟩, particularly in religious texts.
  • Pepet ( ۤ◌) is used to represent ⟨ê⟩ (e pepet) (Note: different from Maddah, its shape is different, shorter in horizontal length.)[11][12]
  • Sukun (◌ْ) used to indicate that the consonant it's marking, is part of the preceding sylable and not the beginning of a new one.
Vowel following a consonant
ka/kå ki ku ke ko kê / keu / kĕ
Vocalized كَا كِيْـ / كِيْ كُوْ کَيْـ / كَيْ كَوْ كۤـ / كۤ
Gundhul كا كيـ / كي كو کَيـ / كَي كَو كۤـ / كۤ

Sample words, fully vocalized as well as in Gundhul (unvocalized):[13]

Samples presented in this article are from Javanese, Sundanese, and Indonesian.

Fully vocalized Gundhul Latin Meaning
اِنْڎَوْنَيْسِيْيَا إنڎَونَيسييا Indhonésia Indonesia
اَدَاڠْ أداڠ adang cooked rice
اُوْنْتُوْ اونتو untu tooth
سَيْجَيْ سَيجَي seje foreign, different
تۤمۤنْ تۤمۤن têmên sure

Consonant clusters[edit]

Consonant clusters, as written with Latin script, are not written in Pegon. Instead, they are modified, either by Anaptyxis of an e-pepet (ê) ([ə]) on the first of the two consonants in the cluster, or by adding of a Prothesis [a] sound prior to the consonant cluster.

Anaptyxis of an e-pepet (ê) ([ə]) occurs through two types of clusters, clusters that consist of a nasal consonant followed by a liquid consonant, like [mr], [ml], or [ŋl], or clusters that consist of an obstruent consonant followed by a plosive consonant, like [tr], [sr], [kr], [gl], [pl], or [by].[13]

Vowels at consonant clusters (Anaptyxis of an e-pepet)
kra/krå kri kru kre kro krê / kreu
Vocalized كۤرَا كۤرِيْـ / كۤرِيْ كۤرُوْ كۤرَيْـ / كۤرَيْ كۤرَوْ كۤرۤ
Gundhul كۤرا كۤريـ / كۤري كۤرو كۤرَيـ / كۤرَي كۤرَو كۤرۤ

Sample words, fully vocalized as well as in Gundhul (unvocalized)::[13]

Fully vocalized Gundhul Latin Meaning
مۤلۤبُوْ مۤلۤبو mlêbu to enter
كۤلَامْبِيْ كۤلامبي klambi dress
ڠۤلَامْڤَاهِيْ ڠۤلامڤاهي nglampahi to spend
سۤرۤڮۤفْ سۤرۤڮۤف srêgêp dilligent


Prothesis of an [a] sound prior to the consonant cluster occurs in clusters that consist of a nasal consonant followed by a plosive consonant, like [nj], [ŋg], [mb], or [nd][13]

Vowels at consonant clusters (Prothesis of an [a])
nja/njå nji nju nje njo njê / njeu
Vocalized اَنْجَا اَنجِيْـ / اَنْجِيْ اَنْجُوْ اَنْجَيْـ / اَنجَيْ اَنْجَوْ اَنْجۤـ / اَنْجۤ
Gundhul انجا انجيـ / انجي انجو انجَيـ / انجَي انجَو انجۤـ / انجۤ

Sample words, fully vocalized as well as in Gundhul (unvocalized)::[13]

Fully vocalized Gundhul Latin Meaning
اَنْجُوْڤُوْكْ أنجوڤوك njupuk to take
اَمْبُوْوَاڠْ أمبوواڠ mbuwang to throw
اَنْدَوْڠَا أندوڠا ndonga to pray
اَنْدۤمَيْكْ أندۤمَيك ndêmek to touch

Vowel Sequences[edit]

Vowel sequences follow certain general conventions. Variations besides these are also commonly seen in various books and manuscripts.

Latin ‌ Fully vocalized Gundhul Sample
Fully vocalized
Sample
Gundhul
Latin Meaning
-aa ◌َااَ اأ بَيْرسَامَااَن بَيرساماأن bersamaan together
-ae ◌َائَيْ ائَي سَائَيْ سائَي sae fine
-aê / -aeu ◌َااۤ اأۤ سَاآسِينَا  ساآسينا saeusina the rest [of it]
-ai ◌َائِيْ ائي نُوْ لَائِيْن نو لائين nu lain the other
-ao ◌َاَوْ أَوْ وَاَوْس وأَوس waos tooth
-au ◌َاُوْ أو دَاُوْنْنَا دأوننا daunna leaf
-ea ◌َيْيَا ◌َييا سَارَيْرَيْيَا سارَيرَييا sarerea everyone
◌َيْئَا ◌َيئا سَارَيْرَيْئَا سارَيرَيئا
-eo ◌َيْئَوْ يئَو سَيْسَيْئَوْرَاڠ سَيسَيئَوراڠ seseorang somebody
-eu ◌ِيْئُوْ يئو رَيْئِوْنِيْ رَيئوني reuni reunion
‌ -êi / -eui ۤ◌ئِيْ ۤ◌ئي دۤئِيْ دۤئي deui again
-ia ◌ِيْيَا ييا اِنْڎَوْنَيْسِيْيَا إنڎَونَيسييا Indhonésia Indonesia
◌ِيْئَا يئا اِنْڎَوْنَيْسِيْئَا إنڎَونَيسيئا
-ii ◌ِيْئِيْ يئي رِيْئِيْل ريئيل riil real
-io ◌ِيْئَوْ يئَو نَاسِيْئَوْنَال ناسيئَونال nasional national
-oa ◌َوْوَا ◌َووا مَوْوَالْ مَووال moal won't
-ua ◌ُوْوَا ووا اَكْتُوْوَالِيْسَاسِيْ أكتوواليساسي aktualisasi actualization
-uu ◌ُؤُوْ ؤو جُؤُوْه جؤوه juuh heavy

Reduplication[edit]

In Pegon script, reduplication is done in a manner similar to Jawi script, that is with the use of the numeral "٢" right after the base word.

While suffixed, the numeral "٢" comes in between the base word and the suffix, effectively being in the middle of the word.

While prefixed reduplication of base word is represented with the hypen.[6]

Javanese Sample words, fully vocalized as well as in Gundhul (unvocalized)::[13]

Fully vocalized Gundhul Latin Meaning
تَيْمْبُوْڠ۲ تَيمبوڠ۲ tembung-tembung words
بَاڠْسَا۲ باڠسا۲ bangsa-bangsa nations
اَڠْڮَوْتَا۲نَيْ اڠڮَوتا۲نَي anggota-anggota member who
كَاسُوْرُوْڠ-سُوْرُوْڠ كاسوروڠ-سوروڠ kasurung-surung encouragement

Madurese Pèghu[edit]

Madurese language has a phonology that is more complicated than its neighbouring languages on the island of Java. It includes /a/ (shown with "a" in Latin) and /ɤ/ (shown with "â" in Latin). It also has a wider range of glottal pauses.

Thus, the Arabic script adopted to Madurese, natively known as Pèghu, is quite different, and still exclusively written vocalized using diacritics.

Madurese also has more consonants than its neighboring languages due to it having voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated (traditionally often transcribed as voiced aspirated), and voiced unaspirated.[14] But these are not reflected in Pèghu Script.

List of vowel sounds[edit]

Vowels at the beginning of a word are indicated by the letter alif (ا) or ain (ع), by the appropriate diacritic on top of the letter, as well as a follow-up letter "و", "ي", or "ء" if required. Traditionally, this follow-up letter will be written with a zero-vowel diacritic (sukun), to indicate its role as part of the first syllable of the word, and not the start of a new one.[13]

Vowel at the beginning of a syllable
A I U È O E
(e pepet)
اَ / أ عِي اُوْ عَي عَوْ / اُو اۤ ء
IPA /a/ or /ɔ/ /i/ /u/ /e/ or /ɛ/ /o/ or /ɔ/ /ə/ /ʔ/
Vowel following a consonant
Ka Ki Ku Ko Ke
(e pepet)
Vocalized كَا کۤا کِيْـ / كِيْ كُوْ کَيْـ / كَيْ كَوْ كۤـ / كۤ
Unvocalized كا کۤا کيْـ / كيْ كو کَيـ / كَي كَو كۤـ / كۤ

Consonants[edit]

Below table are the additional consonants that are used in Madurese Pèghu. As seen here, for the phonemes /g/ and /dh/, the preference of Madurese writers has been to place one dot underneath the letter.

With the exception of "dh", all other aspirated consonants in Madurese Pèghu are missing a letter, and are generally simply represented by the same letter as their unaspirated counterpart.

C Ng P G Ny
چ ڊ ڟ ڠ ڤ ۑ

Comparison of Pegon and Jawi[edit]

The main difference between Jawi and Pegon is that the latter is almost always written with vowel diacritics. Javanese written without any vowel diacritics, similar to Jawi is called Gundhul (ڮونڎول‎; ꦒꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦭ꧀), meaning 'bare/bald' in Javanese.[citation needed] The orthographic rules of Jawi and Pegon differ, with Jawi spelling being much more standardised than Pegon. Pegon tends to write all vowel sounds of native words explicitly, either with full letters or diacritics, whereas Jawi orthography sometimes omits alif in certain positions where an /a/ would be pronounced, similarly other vowel sounds may not be written explicitly.

For those additional letters representing sounds not present in Arabic, some letters have the same appearance in both Jawi and Pegon, while others differ. Pegon also features two additional letters for sounds native to Javanese which are not present in Malay. Also the form of kaf used differs between the two varieties with Pegon using the Arabic form, while Jawi uses the Persian form.

Comparison of Pegon and Jawi
Name Pegon Jawi Sound represented Latin/Rumi Equivalent
cha چ‎ /t͡ʃ/ c
چـ ـچـ ـچ‎
dha ڎ /ɖ/ dh
ـڎ‎
tha ڟ /ʈ/ th
ڟـ ـڟـ ـڟ‎
nga ڠ /ŋ/ ng
ڠـ ـڠـ ـڠ‎
pa ڤ /p/ p
ڤـ ـڤـ ـڤ‎
kaf ك ک‎ /k/ k
كـ ـكـ ـك‎ کـ ـکـ ـک‎
ga ڮ ݢ‎ /g/ g
ڮـ ـڮـ ـڮ‎ ݢـ ـݢـ ـݢ‎
nya ۑ‎ ڽ /ɲ/ ny
ۑـ ـۑـ ـۑ‎ ڽـ ـڽـ ـڽ‎
va ۏ /v/ v
ـۏ‎

Transliteration[edit]

The United States Library of Congress published a romanization standard of Jawi and Pegon in 2012.[15]

Text samples[edit]

The below Islamic quote, in several languages, written in their respective Latin scripts, as well as in Pegon script.

His Majesty the Prophet Muhammad is the messenger of God to all creatures, whatever is told by His Majesty the Prophet Muhammad is the real truth. Therefore all creatures have to corroborate and follow His Majesty the Prophet Muhammad.

Indonesian (bahasa Indonesia)
Latin Script Baginda Nabi Muhammad adalah utusan Allah kepada semua makhluk, Apa saja yang diceritakan oleh Baginda Nabi Muhammad adalah kebenaran yang nyata. Maka semua makhluk wajib membenarkan dan mengikuti Baginda Nabi Muhammad.
Pegon Script
(Gundhul)
باڮيندا نبي محمّد أدالاه اوتوسان الله كَيڤادا سَيمووا مخلوق، أڤا ساجا یاڠ ديچۤريتاكان أوليه باڮيندا نبي محمّد أدالاه كۤبۤنارَين یاڠ ۑاتا. ماكا سَيمووا مخلوق واجب مَيمبَيرناركان دان مَيڠيكوتي باڮيندا نبي محمّد.
Pegon Script
(Fully Vocalized)
بَاڮِيْنْدَا نَبِيْ مُحَمَّدْ اّدَالَاه اُوْتُوْسَانْ الله كَيْڤَادَا سَيْمُوْوَا مَخْلُوقْ، اَڤَا سَاجَا یَاڠْ دِيْچۤرِيْتَاكَانْ اَوْلِيْهْ بَاڮِيْنْدَا نَبِيْ مُحَمَّدْ اّدَالَاه كۤبۤناَرَيْن یَاڠْ ۑَاتَا. مَاكَا سَيْمُوْوَا مَخْلُوقْ وَاجِبْ مَيْمْبَيْرْنَارْكَان دَانْ مَيْڠِيْكُوْتِيْ بَاڮِيْنْدَا نَبِيْ مُحَمَّدْ.
Jawi script بڬيندا نبي محمّد اداله اوتوسن الله كڤد سموا مخلوق، اڤ ساج يڠ دچريتاكن اوليه بڬيندا نبي محمّد اداله كبنرن يڠ ڽات. مك سموا مخلوق واجب ممبنركن دان مڠيكوتي بڬيندا نبي محمّد.
Javanese (basa Jawa)
Latin Script Kanjêng Nabi Muhammad iku utusanipun Gusti Allah datêng sêdåyå makhluk, déné åpå waé kang dipun cerita'akên déning Kanjêng Nabi Muhammad iku nyåtå nyåtå bênêr. Mångkå sêkabèhané makhluk wajib mbênêrakên lan ndèrèk maring Kanjêng Nabi Muhammad.
Pegon Script
(Gundhul)
كانجۤڠ نبي محّمد إكو اوتونسانيڤون ڮوستي الله داتۤڠ سۤدايا مخلوق، دَينَي أڤا وائَي كاڠ ديڤون چَيريتاأكۤن دَينيڠ كَانجۤڠ نبي محّمد إكو ۑاتا۲ بۤنۤر. ماڠکا سۤکابَيهانَي مخلوق واجب أمبۤنۤراكۤن لان أندَيرَيك ماريڠ كَانجۤڠ نبي محّمد.
Pegon Script
(Fully Vocalized)
كَانْجۤڠْ نَبِيْ مُحَّمَد اِكُوْ اُوْتُوْنسَانِيْڤُوْن ڮُوْسْتِيْ الله دَاتۤڠْ سۤدَايَا مَخْلُوق، دَيْنَيْ اَڤَا وَائَيْ كَاڠْ دِيْڤُوْنْ چَيْرِيْتَااَكۤن دَيْنِيْڠْ كَانْجۤڠْ نَبِيْ مُحَّمَد اِكُوْ ۑَاتَا۲ بۤنۤرْ. مَاڠْکَا سۤکَابَيْهَانَيْ مَخْلُوقْ وَاجِبْ اَمْبۤنۤرَاكۤن لَانْ اَنْدَيْرَيْكْ مَارِيْڠ كَانْجۤڠْ نَبِيْ مُحَّمَد.
Sundanese (basa Sunda)
Latin Script Kanjeng Nabi Muhammad mangrupikeun utusan Gusti Allah ka sadaya makhluk, naon waé anu dicarioskeun ku Kanjeng Nabi Muhammad nyaéta kanyataan anu leres. Janten sadaya makhluk wajib menerkeun sareng nuturkeun Kanjeng Nabi Muhammad.
Pegon Script
(Gundhul)
كانجۤڠ نبي محّمد ماڠرو ڤيكۤن اوتوسان ڮوستي الله كا سادايا مخلوق، نااأَون وائَي أنو ديچاريئَوسكۤن کو كانجۤڠ نبي محّمد ڤائَيتا كانياتاأن أنو لَيرَيس. جانتَين سادايا مخلوق واجب مَينَيركۤن سارَيڠ نوتوركۤن كانجۤڠ نبي محّمد.
Pegon Script
(Fully Vocalized)
كَانْجۤڠْ نَبِيْ مُحَّمَدْ مَاڠْرُوْ ڤِيْكۤن اُوْتُوْسَانْ ڮُوْسْتِيْ الله كَا سَادَايَا مَخْلُوقْ، نَااَوْنْ وَائَيْ اَنُوْ دِيْچَارِيْئَوْسْكۤن کُوْ كَانْجۤڠْ نَبِيْ مُحَّمَدْ ڤَائَيْتَا كَانيَاتَااَنْ اّنُوْ لَيْرَيْس. جَانْتَيْنْ سَادَايَا مَخْلُوقْ وَاجِبْ مَيْنَيْركۤن سَارَيْڠْ نُوْتُوْرْكۤن كَانْجۤڠْ نَبِيْ مُحَّمَدْ.
Madurese (bhâsa Madhurâ)
Latin Script Kanjeng Nabi Muhammad panéka otosanépon Ghusté Allah dâ' ka sadhâjâ makhlok, pan-ponapan sé écarétaaghi sareng Kanjeng Nabi Muhammad panéka nyata bhendârâ. Mangka sadhâjâ makhlok wâjib mabhendâr tor nuro' maréng Kanjeng Nabi Muhammad.
Pegon Script
(Gundhul)
كانجۤڠ نبي محّمد ڤانَيکا اَوتوسانَيڤَون ࢴَوستي الله دۤاء کا ساڊۤاجۤا مخلوق، ڤان-ڤَوناپان سَي عَيچاريتااࢴي سارۤڠ كانجۤڠ نبي محّمد ڤانَيکا ۑَیتا بَيندۤارۤا. ماڠࢴا ساڊۤاجۤا مخلوق واجب مابَيندۤار تَور نورَوء مارَيڠ كانجۤڠ نبي محّمد.
Pegon Script
(Fully Vocalized)
كَانْجۤڠْ نَبِيْ مُحَّمَدْ ڤَانَيْکَا اَوْتُوْسَانَيْڤَوْن ࢴَوْستَي الله دۤاءْ کَا سَاڊۤاجۤا مَخْلُوقْ، ڤَانْ-ڤَوْنَاپَان سَيْ عَيْچَارَيْتَااࢴِي سَارۤڠ كَانْجۤڠْ نَبِيْ مُحَّمَدْ ڤَانَيْکَا ۑَیتَا بَيْنْدۤارۤا. مَاڠْࢴَا سَاڊۤاجۤا مَخْلُوقْ وَاجِب مَابَيْندۤار تَوْر نُوْرَوْءْ مَارَيْڠ كَانْجۤڠْ نَبِيْ مُحَّمَدْ.

Note that in the above examples, there are 5 Arabic Loanwords, which must be written as they would in Arabic. Namely:

  • The word Nabi in Latin Script shall be written as نبي in Pegon. It would be incorrect to write نابي.
  • The word Muhammad in Latin Script shall be written as محمد in Pegon. It would be incorrect to write موهمماد.
  • The word Allah in Latin Script shall be written as الله in Pegon. It would be incorrect to write أللاه.
  • The word Makhluk in Latin Script shall be written as مخلوق in Pegon. It would be incorrect to write ماخلوك.
  • The word Wajib in Latin Script shall be written as واجب in Pegon. It would be incorrect to write واجيب.

See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Dahlan, H. Abdullah Zaini. Kitabati, Practical Methods for Learning to Read & Write Pegon (Kitabati, Metode Praktis Belajar Membaca & Menulis Pegon). Zaini Press. Accessed April 19, 2023. https://ia903106.us.archive.org/22/items/etaoin/Kitabati.pdf.
  2. ^ The abstract of this journal article is written in Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia), in Latin and in Pegon: Estuningtiyas, R. (2021). Rijal Dakwah: KH. Abdullah Syafi’ie (1910-1985). The International Journal of Pegon : Islam Nusantara Civilization, 5(01), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.51925/inc.v5i01.45
  3. ^ a b Poerwadarminta 1939, pp. 481.
  4. ^ Javanese script (Akṣara Carakan) on Omniglot. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  5. ^ Sundanese script (Akṣara Sunda) on Omniglot. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Apriyanto, Agung, Ruhaliah Nunuy Nurjanah, and Ruhaliah. "Structure of the Sundanese Language in the Pegon Script". Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2021), 2021. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211119.006. PDF (Archive)
  7. ^ Gallop, A. T. (2015). A Jawi sourcebook for the study of Malay palaeography and orthography. Indonesia and the Malay World, 43(125), 104-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2015.1008253
  8. ^ Katkova, Irina. “Reminiscent of 'the Age of Partnership'. VOC Diplomatic Letters from Batavia.” IIAS, 2016. https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/reminiscent-age-partnership-voc-diplomatic-letters-batavia.
  9. ^ van der Meij, D. (2017). Indonesian Manuscripts from the Islands of Java, Madura, Bali and Lombok (p. 6). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  10. ^ "Southeast Asian manuscripts digitised through the Ginsburg Legacy - Asian and African studies blog". britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  11. ^ a b c Jacquerye 2019.
  12. ^ a b c Rikza 2022.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jamalin, F., & Rahman, A. A. (2021). Arabic-Java Writing System: How Javanese Language Adopts Arabic Script. Izdihar : Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature, 4(1), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.22219/jiz.v4i1.11337 (PDF) (Archive)
  14. ^ Stevens, Alan (2001). "Madurese". In Garry, J.; Rubino, C. (eds.). Facts About the World's Languages. New York: H. W. Wilson.
  15. ^ The Library of Congress. (2012). ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Jawi-Pegon. Retrieved 9 April 2019.

References[edit]