Portuguese Africans

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

United Nations geoscheme for Africa
  Central Africa
  Southern Africa

Portuguese Africans (Portuguese: luso-africanos) are Portuguese people born or permanently settled in Africa (they should not be confused with Portuguese of Black African ancestry). The largest Portuguese African population lives in Portugal numbering over 1 million with large and important minorities living in South Africa, Namibia and the Portuguese-speaking African countries (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Equatorial Guinea).The descendants of the Portuguese settlers who were born and "raised" locally since Portuguese colonial time were called crioulos. Much of the original population is unnumbered having been assimilated into Portugal, Brazil, and other countries.

Some from Angola or Mozambique went to South Africa, Malawi, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, the United States, Brazil or Europe. Most Portuguese Africans are Portuguese-South Africans, and Portuguese Angolans, mainly as a result of direct migration from Portugal, namely from Madeira.

PALOP countries[edit]

The overwhelming majority of Portuguese Africans are found in countries where Portuguese enjoys the status of official language. This is due to historical, linguistic and cultural reasons. They are commonly known as "PALOP". The acronym "PALOP" stands for "Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa" in Portuguese, which translates to "African Countries with Portuguese as the Official Language" in English.[1]

Guinea-Bissau became an independent country in 1974, followed by the rest of the colonies in 1975. Most Portuguese residents, for this reason, returned to Portugal, where they were called retornados.

When the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries was founded in 1996, some Portuguese and a number of Brazilians of Portuguese ethnic background arrived for providing economic and educational aid to the Portuguese-speaking African countries. Some of these people of Portuguese background adopted Africa as their permanent home.

Western Africa[edit]

Excluding Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese-speaking African countries) there aren't large Portuguese communities in Western African countries.

Benin[edit]

Portuguese fort in Benin, Ouidah
Portuguese vestiges in Benin

In Benin, despite there not being nor Portuguese diplomatic representation neither an expressive Portuguese community, there is a remembrance of the Portuguese community once settled there.[2][3]

Benin was where ancient and illustrious civilizations which developed from city-states were located. Local kingdoms such as the kingdoms of Aladá - founded in the 12th century - or that of Dahomey - established in 1600 - developed local trade which, from the 16th century onwards, was based on the slave trade and, after the abolition of the trade in 1807, on palm oil . This economy facilitated the establishment, on the coast known as the Slave Coast, of trading posts for the Europeans, namely the Portuguese, the first to arrive in the region and to do business with coastal rulers.[4][5]

The Europeans developed forts on the coast as military bases in order to impose a military threat on the coastal ethnic groups so that they would supply them with slaves (even if it was gold that mainly interested the Portuguese, during the first colonizing settlements) in the Gulf of Guinea.[6]

In particular, the Portuguese fort in Ouidah (São João Baptista de Ajudá) is still standing at was transformed into a history museum by the African country's government. Ouidah, a Portuguese exclave until 1961 and a former port for the slave trade, was returned to the newly independent state of Benin one year after the French granted it its independence.[7][8][9][10][11]

Also, the country's capital Porto-Novo, draws its name from the Portuguese city of Porto, a reminder of when the Portuguese settled there in 1752.[12]

Burkina Faso[edit]

The Portuguese community in Burkina Faso, on the other hand, seems to be continuously decreasing since relations were formally established in 1992.[13] Even though there has never been a significative Portuguese presence in the country, as of the 2014 uprising there were 20 Portuguese living in the African nation.[14][15][16] Due to the political instability and the death of two Portuguese nationals in 2016,[17][18][19] the community has decreased to 5 people only, according to data released in the occasion of the 2022 coup.[20][21] Despite the recent issues and the fact that Portugal doesn't have an official representation in Ouagadougou,[22] relations, both diplomatic – the Portuguese chargé d'affaires visited Burkina Faso in 2023 -[23][24] and cultural are strengthening.[25] Between 2008 and 2012 and again between 2015 and 2019, the coach of the Burkina Faso national football team was Portuguese football coach Paulo Duarte.[26][27]

Interestingly, the ancient name for the country "Haute Volta" in French and used up until 1984[28] comes from Portuguese. The name was given by Portuguese gold traders from Ghana. Volta, with the meaning of "to turn", "turn". The river was their exploratory limit before turning back (voltar); on the other hand, the name could also refer to the numerous meanders that characterize a good part of the course water.[29][30]

Gambia[edit]

Ruins of San Domingo, Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites

Relations between Portugal and the Gambia aren't very strong: only 6 Portuguese are officially registered as living in the Gambia and the bilateral trade amounts to a little over 2 million € per year. There is no Portuguese embassy in the country but there are direct flights connecting Lisbon to Banjul though.[31][32][33] Since 2018 Portugal is active in humanitarian projects in the country along with other EU states such as Germany and Belgium.[34]

100 escudos coin commemorating the fifth centennial since the arrival of Nuno Tristão in the Gambia

Relations between Portugal and Gambia, despite not being particularly significant today, date back to the XV century; in fact, even the country's name comes from the Portuguese word for trade, cambio.[35][36] The Portuguese brought Christianity to the country and built the first church in Gambia: today an estimated 2% of Gambians is Catholic.[37] Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão and Venetian Luiz de Cadamosto as well as Genoese trader Antoniotto Usodimare (both sailing for Portugal) were the first Europeans exploring the Gambia river.[38]

They arrived at the River Gambia in June 1455 and proceeded a short way upstream. They repeated the voyage the next year in May 1456, proceeding further upstream and making contact with some of the native chiefs. When they were near the river's mouth, they cast anchor at an island where one of their sailors, who had previously died of a fever, was buried. As his name was Andrew, they named the island St Andrew's Island.[39]

Following this expedition, the Portuguese made endeavors to establish a settlement along the riverbanks. However, none of these settlements attained significant proportions, and a considerable number of settlers intermarried with the indigenous population. Despite such intermingling, these settlers adhered to Portuguese attire and traditions, maintaining their Christian faith. Communities of Portuguese lineage persisted in the Gambia until the 18th century, with Portuguese churches established in San Domingo, Geregia, and Tankular by 1730. Another Portuguese settlement further up the river was established at Setuku near Fattatenda.[39] Towards the close of the 16th century, the Songhai Empire, subject to persistent Portuguese incursions, eventually succumbed to collapse.

Following the seizure of the Portuguese throne by Philip II in 1580, a contingent of Portuguese individuals sought sanctuary in England. Among these refugees was Francisco Ferreira, who, in 1587, captained two English vessels to the Gambia, returning with a lucrative cargo comprising hides and ivory. In 1588, António, Prior of Crato, asserting a claim to the Portuguese throne, granted London and Devon merchants the exclusive trading rights between the Rivers Senegal and Gambia. This privilege was formally ratified for a decade through letters patent issued by Queen Elizabeth I. Despite dispatching numerous ships to the region, these merchants, deterred by Portuguese animosity, refrained from venturing south beyond Joal, situated 30 miles north of the river mouth. Their accounts depicted the Gambia as "a river of clandestine commerce and wealth concealed by the Portuguese."[39] Presently, in the Gambia, approximately 1% of the population, or 25,000 individuals, still converse in a Portuguese creole.[40]

Ghana[edit]

Elmina Castle, Ghana

Although small – standing at 200 people – the Portuguese community in Ghana is among the largest in Western Africa.[41][42][43] The Portuguese are mostly active in construction and volunteering.[44][45][46] Although relations aren't strong today – despite a recent increase in trade[47][48]- the Portuguese were the first Europeans arriving in Ghana, which they called "Costa de Ouro" or "Gold Coast". The name would later be used by the Britons to name their colony. In fact, the Portuguese were active in the gold and slave trade in nowadays Ghana. In particular, the most notable element of Portuguese heritage in Ghana is Elmina Castle, a fort built in 1482 as Castelo de São Jorge da Mina. It was the first trading post built on the Gulf of Guinea, the oldest European building in existence south of the Sahara[49] and one of the most important stops on the route of the Atlantic slave trade. Elmina Castle is a historical site, and was a major filming location for Werner Herzog's 1987 drama film Cobra Verde. The castle is recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, along with other castles and forts in Ghana, because of its testimony to the Atlantic slave trade.[50][51] It is a major tourist attraction in the Central Region of Ghana.[52]

Fort Saint Anthony at Axim, Ghana, built by the Portuguese in 1515
Brazil House in Accra, Ghana, established by the Tabom people

The Portuguese linguistic influences in Ghana are nearly nonexistent, likely due to the fortress serving solely as a trading post in the slave trade, where individuals were, for instance, exchanged for gold. Being precisely a crucial center for the gold trade, interactions between the few Portuguese residents and the local villagers were prohibited to prevent illicit commerce or smuggling. In 1637, the fortress was seized by the Dutch.[53][54] The Gold Coast slaves came from the Benin-Elmina route, supplying Portuguese with cotton, cloth, and beads. Gold, primarily from Ghana, became the main export. The introduction of foreign crops globalized agriculture, and Portuguese remained the dominant language of exchange along the Gulf Coast even after other European powers arrived post-1642 cession.[55][56][57][58] The Portuguese initiated the internal African slave trade, laying the foundation for later human trafficking networks exploited by the Dutch and British during the Atlantic slave trade. Portuguese shipping prowess fostered long-distance river trading in West African states, boosting Gulf of Guinea trade. This stimulated boatbuilding and seamanship, with Portuguese creole emerging as a key trade language, second only to Portuguese. Intermarriage resulted in a substantial mixed-race population along the Gold Coast.[59] Urbanization around Elmina was prompted by Portuguese efforts to establish a municipality. Native governors, or braffos, gained Portuguese-sanctioned authority, leading to increased migration from the interior. Maize and cassava, introduced by the Portuguese through trans-Atlantic trade, thrived and became West African dietary staples. Portuguese influence integrated the Gold Coast into the global economy, centralizing smaller states into larger political entities. Increased trade volume in coastal cities connected inland African communities with European trade, shaping the region's economic landscape.[60]

Guinea[edit]

Report on the Operation Green Sea, a 1970 Portuguese military attack in Guinea

In Guinea there are around 60 resident Portuguese citizens as of 2020.[61] According to the Portuguese Foreign Ministry, there were up to 300 Portuguese living in the country in 2000 but political instability made many of those once living in the Western African country migrating back to Portugal.[62]

Ivory Coast[edit]

The number of Portuguese citizens in the largest French-speaking Western African country is hard to estimate due to lack of official data, while the number of Portuguese descendants is virtually impossible to obtain due to centuries of intermingle with local people. While it was estimated that in 2001 around 100 Portuguese nationals lived in Ivory Coast,[63] the latest consular data available suggest that in 2008 there were 34 Portuguese citizens living in Ivory Coast as well as 28 Portuguese-born people.[64] It is nonetheless noteworthy that, during an official state visit in 2019, it was said there were around 200 Portuguese citizens living in Ivory Coast.[65]

Sapi-Portuguese Ivory Spoon, now at the Met.[66]

Nowadays, the relations between the two countries are expanding, after being severed with the start of the French colonisation of the country in the 19th century and being in a state of "near lethargy" - according to the Ivorian embassy in Lisbon - up until 2014.[67] In 2016 the diplomatic representation of Côte d'Ivoire in Portugal opened, aiming at “building an ambitious and prosperous partnership between the two countries”.[68][69][70] In the same year five trade agreements were signed,[71] and in 2017 a Portuguese delegation went to Ivory Coast to boost economic relations[72][73] and in the same year Ivorian president Ouattara went to Lisbon for a state visit.[74] In 2019, during a state visit to Ivory Coast, 4 important economic agreements between the two countries were signed. It'probable that the Portuguese community in the country, especially entrepreneurs, will grow.[75][76] Starting from 2020, visits of ambassadors and institutional figures also intensified, despite some minor diplomatic incidents, namely involving the Ivorian embassy in Lisbon.[77][78][79][80][81][82][83] In addition, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry Portugal - Ivory Coast (CCIPCM) was created, so as to facilitate Portuguese business in the country[84][85] and cooperation agreements between cities of Viseu and Douro districts and Ivorian towns were signed.[86] The cooperation that emerged in recent years also expanded to the cultural domain: there is now the possibility of graduating in Portuguese for Ivorian students in Ivory Coast, film festivals have been created and during the 2019 state visit in Ivory Coast by the Portuguese President of the Republic Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa it was announced "it was time for Ivory Coast to host a Portuguese school".[87][88][89][90] In 2023 the Portuguese embassy in the country reopened, promising to increase the cooperation between the two countries even further.[91][92][93][94][95][96]

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa crowned traditional chief in Côte d'Ivoire, 2019

Because of its location between Europe and the imagined treasures of the Far East, Africa became a destination for the European explorers of the 15th century.[97] The first Europeans to explore the West African coast were Portuguese sailors, traveling along the African coast, looking for the route to India.[97] Pedro Escobar (in the service of Fernão Gomes) would have been the first European to set foot in Sassandra and Grand-Bassam in 1469. Soeiro da Costa would have settled in San-Pédro.

The Portuguese named the country "Costa do Marfim" (ivory coast) for the amount of ivory they found. The trade in ivory, guns and the slave trade quickly took hold. This very trade led the elephants in the area to extinction, so much so that this trade ceased completely at the beginning of the eighteenth century. The ports of San-Pédro, Sassandra and Fresco have retained the names of Portuguese sailors or ships.[98]

Liberia[edit]

The Portuguese presence in Liberia isn't expressive, and only 1 Portuguese was registered as living in the country as of 2008.[99][100] It is nonetheless interesting to point out that relations between the two countries date from a long time, with Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra establishing contacts with people of the land later known as "Liberia" as early as 1461. They named the area Costa da Pimenta (Pepper Coast), or Grain Coast, because of the abundance of melegueta pepper, which became desired in European cooking. Duarte Pacheco Pereira describes the region in his work "Esmeraldo de situ orbis," which came to be known as the "Pepper Coast" due to the abundance of pepper grains in the area, the main commercial product of the region. In 1462 the explorations went even further with Soeiro da Costa, who sailed in the Cavalla River.[101][102]

Mali[edit]

Mission patch for United Nations' Portuguese Forces in MINUSMA

The Portuguese community in Mali is also particularly small[103] and shrinking due to the political instability in the country.[104] For instance, in 2012 a French-Portuguese citizen was taken hostage[105] while in 2017 a Portuguese was killed by a terrorist attack.[106][107][108][109] In 2012, around 20 Portuguese citizens were rescued from Bamako due to the political crisis in the African country and taken to Lisbon through a TAP Air Portugal charter flight.[110] Moreover, the Portuguese embassy[111] as well as the direct connection between Lisbon and Bamako have been recently closed.[112][113][114][115] Due to Portugal being part of numerous international coalitions, 76 Portuguese soldiers are active in Mali, mostly to fight terrorism and to train the local army;[116][117][118][119] in particular, Portugal leads the EU mission in Mali since 2018.[120][121][122][123] The Portuguese have also moved a C-295M aircraft to the country.[124][125][126] The Portuguese military involvement in Mali was especially asked by the French government, with the first soldiers sent in 2015.[127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135]

It is nonetheless worth noting that the first contact between Portuguese and Malian authorities dates from 1534, when the Portuguese sent a delegation to the African country.[136][137][138] The Portuguese arrived in Mali at the beginning of the 15th century, traded with the Mali Empire while participating in its weakening because, to encourage their trade, particularly in slaves, they supported the small coastal communities and pushed them to emancipate themselves.[139]

Mauritania[edit]

The Portuguese fort of Arguin
Monument to Nuno Tristão in Bissau

A small Portuguese community also exists in Mauritania. The latest data (2014) suggest that only 5 Portuguese live in the country.[140] Portuguese people used to have a larger presence but their numbers have decreased due to political instability, especially after the 2008 coup, when there were at least 30 Portuguese working in construction.[141][142] In 2013 a Portuguese citizen was arrested and another was evacuated from the country.[143] A notable Portuguese living in Mauritania is artist Isabel Fiadeiro, considered a reference for Nouakchott cultural landscape.[144][145][146][147] Despite relations between Nouakchott and Lisbon aren't significant (although a visit of the Portuguese chargé d'affaires to Mauritania in 2023 is set to deepen bilateral ties in the near future).[148][149][150][151] Nowadays the cooperation between the two countries revolves mostly around fishing and military training.[152][153][154][155]

Despite today's relations aren't strong, it is worth noting that the Portuguese extensively explored the country's coast starting in the XV century. In particular, the Portuguese settled the island of Arguin (Arabic: أرغين, Portuguese: Arguim), first visited by the Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão, in 1443. They occupied nowadays Ras Nouadhibou (Cabo Branco) as well.[156][157] In 1445, Prince Henry the Navigator set up a trading post on the island of Arguin, which acquired gum arabic and slaves for Portugal. By 1455, 800 slaves were shipped from Arguin to Portugal every year.[158][159] The island would later be lost to the Netherlands in 1633, during the Dutch-Portuguese War. The Dutch destroyed the Portuguese fort in 1728, upon abandoning the island. Arguin – now part of the Banc d'Arguin National Park – is also the place in which in July 1816, the French frigate Méduse, bound for Senegal, wrecked. The event is particularly famous because of the Le Radeau de la Méduse painting by Théodore Géricault.[160] The Portuguese were also present in Ouadane (now a Unesco World Heritage site) starting from 1475.[161]

Niger[edit]

Niger also had a small Portuguese community but after the rise in political instability in the country especially after the COVID-19 pandemic[162] and the 2023 coup most left. At least 10 Portuguese were rescued by French troops and sent to Paris.[163][164][165][166][167] Historically, Agadez, once an important center for the gold trade, was penalized by the shift of commercial traffic from the Sahara to the coastal ports controlled by the Portuguese; its population decreased, from 30,000 inhabitants in 1450 to less than 3000 at the beginning of the 20th century.[168]

Nigeria[edit]

Nigerian bronze depiction of three Portuguese, XVI century. Now in Stockholm, Sweden (Museum of Ethnography)

In Nigeria, despite it being by far the largest country not only in Western Africa but in the whole continent by population, the Portuguese community is almost non-existent: for the 2022 Portuguese legislative election only 94 citizens were registered as living in Nigeria.[169][170] It is nonetheless noteworthy that, accorsing to consular figures, 170 Portuguese were living in the African country.[171] Many work in construction and as football trainers.[172][173] Despite the big economic potential of Nigeria, political instability and insecurity dampen the attractiveness of the country as a place to settle for Portuguese nationals.[174] For instance, 3 Portuguese were kidnapped between 2008 and 2017 and one was also killed despite the ransom having been paid.[175][176][177][178][179][180][181]

The relations between the two countries are limited but growing, as is interest towards Portuguese language in Nigeria.[182][183] For instance, in 2023 a Portuguese company was chosen for a 920 million dollar project, the construction of a railway between Nigeria and Niger.[184] Moreover, in 2022 Muhammadu Buhari announced the establishment of a dedicated Portugal Working Group, with the Minister of Industry, Trade, and Investment appointed as its head. This group aims to address specific concerns raised by investors and enhance the trade relationship between Nigeria and Portugal, that has recently reached 1 billion $ per year for the first time.[185][186][187]

Seated figure of Portuguese male, XVIII century, Edo art. Now at the Met, New York City

As is the case with most Western African countries, the Portuguese were the first Europeans who reached Nigeria. From the 15th century, European slave traders arrived in the region to purchase enslaved Africans as part of the Atlantic slave trade, which started in the region of modern-day Nigeria; the first Nigerian port used by European slave traders was Badagry, a coastal harbour.[188][189] Local merchants provided them with slaves, escalating conflicts among the ethnic groups in the region and disrupting older trade patterns through the Trans-Saharan route.[190] The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) became one of the largest slave-trading posts in West Africa in the era of the Atlantic slave trade. Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Lagos on the Bight of Benin, and Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra.[191][192] In particular Lagos, now the main city in Nigeria, derives its name from a Portuguese town in Algarve, also Lagos or "lakes". Other feitorias were established along the African coast, notably in the city of Lagos. The slave trade reached such magnitude that the region became known as the "Slave Coast." By 1471, Portuguese ships had descended the African coastline to the Niger River Delta. In 1481, emissaries from the King of Portugal visited the court of the Oba of Benin, with whom they maintained close ties for a period, enjoying a commercial monopoly until the end of the 16th century.[193] Because of the Portuguese influence at the time, notable figures such as Oba Esigie spoke Portuguese. Some Nigerian chiefs also used Portuguese soldiers for raids against other tribes.[194][195] In addition, a Christian kingdom of Portuguese-speaking people in Nigeria, the Kingdom of Warri, in the Niger Delta region, was founded in 1480 by the Itsekiri people. The Kingdom of Benin sent its first legacy to Portugal as early as 1483, becoming one of the first African countries to actively seek diplomatic ties with European countries.[196]

From the 15th to the 18th century, the Itsekiri were the tribe with the most significant interaction with Portuguese navigators in the region, with Portuguese being the language of the court. In the early 16th century, many Itsekiris converted to Christianity through Portuguese missionaries. In 1680, King Olu of Warri sent his son, Antonio Domingo, to visit Portugal, and he returned years later married to a Portuguese woman. His mulatto son, Olu Erejuwa, ruled from 1720 to 1800 and established Warri's independence from the Benin Empire, which was the most powerful in Nigeria at the time. The Itsekiris thrived through the trade of ivory and slaves with the Dutch and Portuguese. To this day, they maintain a local monarchy and are one of the most influential ethnic groups in the African country.[197]

The Portuguese heritage is still visible in some words of Nigerian pidging such as Efenrhinyen (flour, from Portuguese "farinha") or sabi (to know, from Portuguese "saber").[198][199] On the other hand, other Portuguese influence in the country, especially in architecture, is mostly not of direct Portuguese origin but of Afro-Brazilian inspiration.[200][201]

Senegal[edit]

In Senegal, where a Portuguese-based creole is widely spoken in Ziguinchor and wider Casamance region, there were 386 Portuguese people registered as electors in 2022.[202] Despite in 1886 Southern Senegal ceased being a Portuguese colony, interest towards the language remains vivid and more than 50,000 pupils are thought to be studying Portuguese at school as of 2020, a 194% increase from 2008.[203][204][205][206] Moreover, around 120,000 people speak a Portuguese creole language in the country.[207] The majority of Portuguese living in Senegal works in construction.[208]

Sierra Leone[edit]

Hunting horn in Luso-African style, with the Portuguese coat of arms. From Sierra Leone, now in Washington, National Museum of African Art

Also Sierra Leone doesn't have a significant Portuguese presence nowadays and the Portuguese in the country mostly work as volunteers on a short-term basis.[209] Trade between the two countries is limited[210] and the country doesn't have a Portuguese mission.[211]

Despite today's relations not being strong, the Portuguese were actually the first Europeans who visited the African country for trade purposes starting in 1462, with Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra. In fact, even the country's name – Sierra Leone – comes from the Portuguese Serra Lyoa (Lioness Mountain) because of the oddly shaped formation in the hills surrounding what is now Freetown Harbour.

Luso-African ivory from Sierra Leone, now in MNAA, Lisbon

In the latter part of the 15th century, Portuguese vessels began making regular visits to Sierra Leone. For a period, they established a fortress on the northern shore of the Freetown estuary. The Portuguese had also a fort in Tumba, that in XVIII century was already in ruins.[212] This estuary ranks among the world's largest natural deep-water harbours and stands out as one of the scarce well-suited harbours along the storm-beaten 'Windward Shore' of West Africa, spanning from Liberia to Senegal. It swiftly became a preferred haven for European seafarers seeking refuge and a source of potable water. Subsequently, some Portuguese sailors – including Portuguese Jews[213] – chose to settle permanently, engaging in trade and forming matrimonial ties with the local populace.[214]

The Portuguese also engaged in slave trade, which was already present in the region due to the lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves in West Africa from the 6th century that at the time of the Portuguese arrival was promoted by the Mali Empire.[215] The slave trade was later increased with the arrival of English ships starting in the XVI century.[216][217][218] The trade with the Portuguese - who were highly integrated in the society – involved mainly gold in form of bracelets[219] developed the production of Luso-African ivories,[220] objects in ivory by African or Luso-African craftsmen with elements drawn from Portuguese culture[221][222][223] and introduced new agricultural methods.[224]

Saltcellar with Portuguese Figures

Ivory carving was a traditional part of West African art. In what is now Sierra Leone, the Sapi people were noted for producing ivory pieces for export. When Portuguese traders began to establish themselves in enclaves on the ivory and grain coasts in the late 15th century, they began to commission local artisans to produce intricately-designed ivory vessels, receptacles, and boxes for export to Europe. Given the valuable nature of ivory, these containers were typically only used to hold valuable goods, such as salt, pepper, and other spices, all of which the nascent Portuguese Empire was quickly gaining access to through its widening trade network. The result of these trade relations was a mixing of Portuguese and Sapi artistic tradition, creating an Afro-Portuguese style of art. This hybridization resulted in works of art that contained symbols, motifs, and imagery derived from both the Sapi and the Portuguese.[225][226]

In addition, another important Portuguese contribution to the country's history was the introduction of Christianity. The Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira ministered in Sierra Leone until 1610.[227] Jesuits, and later in the century, Capuchins, continued the mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Togo[edit]

Sylvanus Olympio

The Portuguese community in Togo is also not very expressive, standing at around 20 people.[228] Nonetheless, the relations between the two countries are expanding, especially in business; for instance, in 2016 there was a diplomatic visit in Lisbon by Togolese foreign minister Robert Debussy,[229] in 2017 the direct flight Lisbon-Lomé was established[230] and in 2018 Lomé hosted the "Open Day Portugal" event.[231][232][233][234][235][236][237] To boost economic relations there is also a direct flight connecting Lisbon and Lomé.[238][239] The Portuguese are also active in combatting piracy alongside Togolese forces; for instance, in 2017 three boats were given to Togo by the Portuguese Navy.[240] The Portuguese support to "Support to West Africa Integrated Maritime Security" programme was reasserted in 2023.[241]

A 1885 map showing Petit-Popo and Porto Seguro along the Togolese coast

Despite there not being a Portuguese diplomatic mission in Togo, the relations between the two countries date back to the XV century. Portuguese sailors were the first Europeans to reach the Bay of Benin around 1472.[242] In particular, The first Europeans to see Togo were João de Santarém and Pêro Escobar, the Portuguese explorers who sailed along its coast between 1471 and 1473.[243] They were impressed by the art treasures they saw there, particularly the works made of bronze, ivory, wood and terracotta. Political, diplomatic and trade relations then developed. The most important trade goods were slaves, which coastal African chiefs captured in their wars and sold to the Portuguese, who then brought them to their fort forts and from there exchanged them, primarily for gold. Aného - historically known as Petit Popo - it had a Portuguese slave market and it was a Portuguese base in what is now Togo. These contacts developed into a triangular trade between Portugal, Africa and Brazil in the 16th century , which, with increasing competition from the Dutch, French and English, turned into a direct trade between the coast of Brazil and the Bay of Benin. Especially with the flight of the Portuguese royal family to Brazil and the establishment of the capital of the Portuguese Empire in Rio de Janeiro at the beginning of the 19th century, the direct relationship between Brazil and Africa increased. The French ethnologist Pierre Fatumbi Verger in particular examined this relationship and in particular the movement of people between the Slave Coast and Brazil, both in trade from the Slave Coast towards Brazil and in the return of many former slaves there with the abolition of slavery in the middle of the 19th century 19th century. A number of existing family names in the region date from this time, including: da Silva, da Costa, da Rocha, de Souza, d'Almeida, dos Santos, Marinho, Martins and Olympio.[244][245][246]

In fact, it is still possible to find some traces the Portuguese left behind them, notably Catholicism (the religion of 25% of the country's population[247]), some vocabulary (e.g. abounêké from "boneca" or "doll" or kopò from "copo" or "glass" or also from "dor" or "pain") and toponyms (e.g. Porto Seguro).[248] Sylvanus Olympio, the first President of Togo was of Afro-Luso- Brazilian descent and member of the important Olympio family, which included his uncle Octaviano Olympio, one of the richest people in Togo in the early 1900s.[249][250][251][252] It is also worth noting that a Portuguese national was appointed as the EU head of mission in Togo[253] and in May 2021 it was announced that the Portuguese Paulo Duarte would be Togo's new national coach.[254]

Central Africa[edit]

Excluding Angola, Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe (Portuguese-speaking African countries) there aren't large Portuguese communities in Central African countries.

A major community is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where around 6,100 Portuguese are thought to live.[255]

Eastern Africa[edit]

Itege Mentewab lying prostrate at Mary's feet at Nerga Selassie in Lake Tana, 1748

Excluding Mozambique (Portuguese-speaking African country) there aren't large Portuguese communities in Eastern African countries.

There is a Portuguese African community found in Njanja Area of Zimbabwe. They are known as Njanja People.

Though a small cohort, Portuguese are also present in Ethiopia. For instance, Empress Mentewab is arguably one of the most prominent Portuguese-Ethiopians.[256][257]

In Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda on the other hand the Portuguese presence has been historically insignificant. Despite this, there was a thrilling Portuguese community in Rwanda up the early 1990s but with the genocide the overwhelming majority left, especially for France.[258][259] In recent years the relations with Rwanda have improved and Portugal was the biggest foreign investor in the country in 2017.[260][261][262] With Burundi relations are limited and mainly deal with volunteering.[263][264][265][266] Relations with Uganda are also very limited[267][268] and the majority of Portuguese living in the country are associated with the Catholic church[269][270] and international cooperation.[271][272] The biggest recent event in Luso-Ugandan relations include a 261 million $ project in Uganda promoted by Mota-Engil.[273]

"Preste" as the Emperor of Ethiopia, enthroned on a map of East Africa. From an atlas by the Portuguese cartographer Diogo Homem for Queen Mary, c. 1555–1559. (British Library)

Relations with Eastern African countries such as Eritrea and Djibouti also are very limited. Nonetheless, it is interesting to notice that the first Westerner to document a visit to Eritrea was the Portuguese explorer Francisco Alvares in 1520. His books have the first description of the local powers of Tigray, the kingdom of Axum and Barnagais (the lord of the lands by the sea).[274] The contemporary coast of Eritrea was the one that guaranteed the connection to the region of Tigray where the Portuguese had a small colony, and therefore the connection to the interior Ethiopian, allies of the Portuguese. Massawa was also the stage for the 1541 landing of troops by Cristóvão da Gama in the military campaign that would eventually defeat the Adal Sultanate in the final battle of Wayna Daga in 1543.[275] The Portuguese came to the coast of the Horn of Africa in the XVI century in search for Prester John (Preste João), who was thought as a key ally for attacking Mecca and thus for ensuring the control the Red Sea. Using its navy, Portugal targeted the Ottoman Empire, establishing trade and supply bases. The Portuguese, including missionaries, also aimed to strengthen religious influence.[276] The Portuguese occupied Massawa and Arquico. Not much remains but Massawa's port was designed for the first time by Portuguese D. João de Castro in 1541.[277] Massawa was also the point in which Cristóvão da Gama's troops disembarked when they came to Africa to confront Adal in the Wayna Daga battle. In fact, the Eritrean coast secured a link to the Portuguese ally, Ethiopia. Nowadays relations between the two countries are almost non-existent. Interestingly, relations seem to be stronger with Eritrea's neighbour Djibouti, now harbouring an important international port.[278][279]

South Africa[edit]

The largest Portuguese community found in Southern Africa is by far the one established in South Africa.

North Africa[edit]

Among North African countries, Morocco has a small but significant Portuguese diaspora.

Algeria hosts around 1,621 Portuguese people.[280] The Portuguese community in Algeria is a recent diaspora, mainly consisting of people working for one of the more than 80 Portuguese enterprises active in the Northern African country.[281]

There was also a small Portuguese community in Sudan up until the 2023 coup. It is thought that at least 21 Portuguese fled the country due to the increased political instability. There is now record of only one Portuguese citizen remaining in the Northern African country as of 2023.[282][283]

Population by country[edit]

As shown below, there are 64,000 estimated Portuguese Africans in African countries (except for South Africa) not being PALOP members.

Country Population Year
 Portugal 1,390,000 2010
 South Africa 750,000[284] 2021
 Angola 380,767 2010
 Mozambique 250,413 2010
 Malawi 19,000[285] 2020
 Cape Verde 18,561[286] 2020
 Zimbabwe 17,000[287] 2020
 Guinea-Bissau 10,314[288] 2020
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 6,100[255] 2020
 Zambia 5,600[289] 2020
 Namibia 4,783[290] 2018
 São Tomé and Príncipe 4,705[291] 2020
 Senegal 2,900[292] 2020
 Morocco 2,445[293] 2020
 Algeria 1,621 2022
 Congo 1,485[294] 2019
 Tanzania 1,400[295] 2020
 Eswatini 1,026[296] 2014
 Kenya 782[297] 2014
 Botswana 466[298] 2019
 Egypt 229[299] 2020
 Tunisia 243[300] 2020
 Ivory Coast 200[65] 2019
 Nigeria 170[171] 2017
 Equatorial Guinea 134[301] 2014
 Mali 76[302] 2020
 Guinea 60[303] 2020

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ S.A, Priberam Informática. "Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa". Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  2. ^ "Representação Diplomática de Portugal em Benim".
  3. ^ "Portugueses no Benin".
  4. ^ "Histoire - Gouvernement du Bénin". web.archive.org. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  5. ^ Série de autores e consultores, Dorling Kindersley, History (título original), 2007, ISBN 978-989-550-607-1, pág 554
  6. ^ Rieutord, Monique (1 July 2011). "Coquery-Vidrovitch Catherine, 2011 - Petite histoire de l'Afrique. Paris: La Découverte, 222 p." Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer. Revue de géographie de Bordeaux (in French). 64 (255): 449–450. doi:10.4000/com.6351. ISSN 0373-5834.
  7. ^ "ANPT – République du Bénin". ANPT – République du Bénin (in French). Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  8. ^ Fort Portugais de Ouidah : témoin de l'histoire, retrieved 19 November 2023
  9. ^ "MISE AU POINT DAHOMÉENNE à propos de l'expulsion des Portugais de la petite enclave d'Ouidah". Le Monde.fr (in French). 5 August 1961. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  10. ^ alex. "O Forte de Ouidah". Fundação Pierre Verger (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  11. ^ "LE PREMIER ANNIVERSAIRE DE L'INDÉPENDANCE DU DAHOMEY". Le Monde.fr (in French). 2 August 1961. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  12. ^ "Portonovo –". www.hubizzy.com. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  13. ^ "Relação Portugal - Burkina Faso".
  14. ^ "Portugueses no Burkina Faso estão bem". TSF Rádio Notícias (in European Portuguese). 30 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  15. ^ "Governo atento a portugueses no Burkina Faso". www.cmjornal.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  16. ^ "Burkina Faso: portugueses querem ficar no país". CNN Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  17. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (17 January 2016). "Identidade do português morto em Ouagadougou ainda não foi divulgada". Identidade do português morto em Ouagadougou ainda não foi divulgada (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  18. ^ "Pelo menos 14 estrangeiros mortos em ataque no Burkina Faso". Voice of America (in Portuguese). 17 January 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  19. ^ "Português de 52 anos morreu em ataque no Burkina Faso". www.sabado.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  20. ^ "Burkina Faso: cidadãos portugueses "estão bem", adianta embaixador de Portugal". Jornal Expresso (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  21. ^ Lusa, Agência. "Cidadãos portugueses residentes no Burkina Faso "estão bem"". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  22. ^ "Luso-Burkinabé relations".
  23. ^ "Coopération : Ouagadougou et Lisbonne en quête d'un partenariat gagnant-gagnant".
  24. ^ "Ministro dos Negócios Estrangeiros no Gana, na Costa do Marfim e no Burkina Faso". www.portugal.gov.pt. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  25. ^ "Les candidatures pour le programme étudiant de premier cycle (PEC-G) édition 2024 seront ouvertes du 26 Mai au 21 juillet 2023 - leFaso.net". lefaso.net (in French). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  26. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (9 December 2009). "Burkina Faso estagia em Portugal antes de partir para Angola". Burkina Faso estagia em Portugal antes de partir para Angola (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  27. ^ "Paulo Duarte volta a ser selecionador do Burkina Faso". CNN Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  28. ^ "Les pays qui ont changé de nom". Le Point (in French). 30 September 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  29. ^ Volta - etymology
  30. ^ Larousse, Éditions. "Burkina ou Burkina Faso anciennement Haute-Volta République du Burkina - LAROUSSE". www.larousse.fr (in French). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  31. ^ "TAP retoma operação sazonal entre Lisboa e Banjul com três voos semanais". NewsAvia. 3 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  32. ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  33. ^ "Portugal-Gambia relations".
  34. ^ adminCatarina (7 June 2018). "IMVF implementa primeiro projeto da Cooperação Portuguesa na Gâmbia". IMVF – Instituto Marquês de Valle Flôr (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  35. ^ "The True Origin of The Gambia's Bizarre Borders". Atlas Obscura. 20 January 2017.
  36. ^ Gray, J.M (1940). The History of the Gambia. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-51196-5.
  37. ^ "Gambia: Christians demand that the state be declared secular and not Islamic – Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  38. ^ Gray, p. 5
  39. ^ a b c Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of The Gambia (PDF). Bathurst: HM Stationery Office. 1938. pp. 1–10.
  40. ^ "Gambia | Ethnologue Free". Ethnologue (Free All). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  41. ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  42. ^ "Portugal-Ghana relations".
  43. ^ "Caracóis gigantes, "tro-trós" e negócios no trânsito: o país onde é fácil encontrar comida mas não casa". Jornal Expresso (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  44. ^ "Um português no Gana. "Eles estão confiantes. Dizem mesmo que vão golear Portugal"". TSF Rádio Notícias (in European Portuguese). 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  45. ^ "Casal português no Gana leva alegria a 270 crianças – Mundo Português" (in European Portuguese). 25 January 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  46. ^ "Roupa doada é vendida em África ou é lixo que acaba no mar". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). 3 June 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  47. ^ "Costa discutiu "situação política internacional" com presidente do Gana". Notícias ao Minuto (in Portuguese). 19 July 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  48. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (6 July 2023). "MNE assegura que UE quer travar insegurança e influência do Wagner no Burkina Faso". MNE assegura que UE quer travar insegurança e influência do Wagner no Burkina Faso (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  49. ^ "Elmina Castle – Castles, Palaces and Fortresses". www.everycastle.com. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  50. ^ "Elmina Castle, Ghana". www.ghana.photographers-resource.com. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  51. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  52. ^ "GHANAIAN SLAVE DUNGEONS :: musiconthebrain". www.musiconthebrain.org.uk. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  53. ^ "As influências linguísticas portuguesas em África fora das fronteiras dos PALOP" (PDF).
  54. ^ "Conhecer o mundo com José Megre ao volante". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). 13 March 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  55. ^ Feinberg, Harvey M. (1989). Africans and Europeans in West Africa: Elminans and Dutchmen on the Gold Coast During the Eighteenth Century. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-797-4.
  56. ^ Ijoma, J.O. (1982). "Portuguese Activities in West Africa Before 1600 the Consequences". Transafrican Journal of History. 11: 136–146. JSTOR 24328537.
  57. ^ Decorse, Christopher R. (1992). "Culture Contact, Continuity, and Change on the Gold Coast, AD 1400–1900". The African Archaeological Review. 10: 163–196. doi:10.1007/BF01117700. JSTOR 25130551. S2CID 162216492.
  58. ^ Rodney, Walter (1969). "Gold and Slaves on the Gold Coast". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana. 10: 13–28. JSTOR 41406348.
  59. ^ Newman, Simon P. (2013). A New World of Labor: The Development of Plantation Slavery in the British Atlantic. University of Pennsylvania Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt3fhj7n. ISBN 978-0-8122-4519-6. JSTOR j.ctt3fhj7n.[page needed]
  60. ^ Decorse, Christopher R.; Spiers, Sam (2009). "A tale of two polities: socio-political transformation on the Gold Coast in the Atlantic World" (PDF). Australian Historical Archaeology. 27: 29–38 – via ASHA.
  61. ^ Lusa, Agência. "Vida dos portugueses na Guiné-Conacri mantém-se "normal" apesar da incerteza após o golpe". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  62. ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  63. ^ "População de Abidjan fica em casa devido à tentativa de golpe de Estado". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). 8 January 2001. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  64. ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  65. ^ a b "PR/Costa do Marfim: Marcelo antevê criação de centro cultural e eventualmente escola portuguesa". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  66. ^ "Spoon". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  67. ^ "Ambassade de Côte d´Ivoire au Portugal". portugal.diplomatie.gouv.ci. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  68. ^ "Ambassade de Côte d'Ivoire au Portugal: Une mission en prospection à Abidjan, du 20 au 25 janvier | FratMat". www.fratmat.info. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  69. ^ "Diplomatie: La protection consulaire des Ivoiriens désormais assurée au Portugal | FratMat". www.fratmat.info. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  70. ^ "Malgré les mutineries de début d'année, l'économie ivoirienne poursuit son envol - Tribune Ouest". tribuneouest.com. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  71. ^ "Cinq accords de coopération signés entre Abidjan et Lisbonne". Le 360 Afrique (in French). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  72. ^ "Coopération : Le Portugal veut renforcer ses relations avec la Côte d'Ivoire | FratMat". www.fratmat.info. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  73. ^ "Cabinet du Premier Ministre de Côte d'Ivoire". www.primature.ci. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  74. ^ Intellivoire (12 September 2017). "Côte d'Ivoire : Visite d'Etat du Président Ivoirien au Portugal". Intellivoire (in French). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  75. ^ "Cote d'Ivoire: 4 accords signés par les présidents Ouattara et de Sousa".
  76. ^ "La Côte d'Ivoire et le Portugal signent 4 accords de coopération". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  77. ^ "APLOP- Associação dos Portos da Língua Portuguesa". www.aplop.org. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  78. ^ Secretário Executivo recebe Embaixador da Costa do Marfim em Portugal, retrieved 26 March 2024
  79. ^ "Embaixador da Costa do Marfim visita sede do Grupo Casais - Grupo Casais" (in European Portuguese). 5 November 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  80. ^ ""Ana Leal": Embaixada da Costa do Marfim deixa casa alugada completamente destruída". TVI Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  81. ^ "Primeira-dama da República da Costa do Marfim visitou Évora". DianaFM (in European Portuguese). 30 July 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  82. ^ "Conselheiro Económico da Embaixada da Costa de Marfim visita o Nonagon - Nonagon" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  83. ^ "Côte d'Ivoire: 3 entreprises exclues de toute participation aux marchés publics - Sport.abidjan.net". sports.abidjan.net (in French). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  84. ^ "Nova câmara de comércio quer tornar Costa do Marfim destino para exportações portuguesas". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  85. ^ AMANI, Yannick (13 September 2017). "LA CGECI SIGNE UN ACCORD DE PARTENARIAT AVEC LE PATRONAT PORTUGAIS". CGECI (in French). Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  86. ^ Viseu, Notícias de. "Município de Armamar na Costa do Marfim | Notícias de Viseu" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  87. ^ "A utilização de textos literários no ensino universitário de Português Língua Estrangeira na Costa do Marfim. Uma proposta a partir da obra Coração, cabeça e estômago, de Camilo Castelo Branco" (PDF).
  88. ^ "Encontro do Presidente do Camões, I.P. com embaixador da Costa do Marfim - Camões - Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua". www.instituto-camoes.pt. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  89. ^ "Evora Africa Festival : Dominique Ouattara, ambassadrice des arts et cultures ivoiriens au Portugal". Evora Africa Festival : Dominique Ouattara, ambassadrice des arts et cultures ivoiriens au Portugal (in frFR). Retrieved 27 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  90. ^ Encontro com alunos de língua portuguesa em Abidjan, retrieved 27 March 2024
  91. ^ Alves, Maria Teixeira (1 July 2019). "Vasco Duarte Silva: "O BDA quer ser também o parceiro de referência das empresas portuguesas na Costa do Marfim"". O Jornal Económico (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  92. ^ "Embaixada de Portugal na Costa de Marfim".
  93. ^ "Diplomatie : Le Portugal pour l' ouverture d' une ambassade à Abidjan - Afrique sur 7" (in French). 13 June 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  94. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (5 July 2023). "MNE destaca em Abidjan trajetória de crescimento económico da Costa do Marfim". MNE destaca em Abidjan trajetória de crescimento económico da Costa do Marfim (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  95. ^ "De Souza se félicite de la visite du président Ouattara au Portugal qui a été". news.abidjan.net (in French). Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  96. ^ "COTE D'IVOIRE-PORTUGAL: LES PRESIDENTS ALASSANE OUATTARA ET MARCELO DE SOUSA REAFFIRMENT LEUR ENGAGEMENT A CONSOLIDER LES RELATIONS BILATERALES". GOUV.CI. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  97. ^ a b Handloff, Robert Earl, ed. (1988). Cote d'Ivoire: a country study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 7. OCLC 44238009. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link).
  98. ^ "Côte d'Ivoire". Britannica Kids. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  99. ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  100. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (8 August 2014). "Portugueses na Serra Leoa e Libéria contactam consulado por causa da crise do ébola". Portugueses na Serra Leoa e Libéria contactam consulado por causa da crise do ébola (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  101. ^ Fernandes, José Carlos. "O que o mundo moderno deve à exploração de África e dos africanos". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  102. ^ "Uff" (PDF).
  103. ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  104. ^ "Atentado no hotel Radisson: relato de português no Mali". TVI Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  105. ^ "Bras de fer entre la France et Al-Qaida sur les otages".
  106. ^ "Corpo do militar português morto no Mali chega quarta-feira a Ovar". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 20 June 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  107. ^ "Portugal mantém compromisso no Mali após morte de militar". RFI (in Portuguese). 20 June 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  108. ^ "Notícia". www.exercito.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  109. ^ "Portugal mantém compromisso no Mali após morte de militar". RFI (in Portuguese). 20 June 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  110. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (28 March 2012). "Portugueses retidos no Mali chegaram a Portugal". Portugueses retidos no Mali chegaram a Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  111. ^ "Portugal-Mali relations".
  112. ^ "JMJ 2023: toujours pas de visas pour les inscrits maliens – Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va (in French). 6 July 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  113. ^ "Une année après son installation au Mali : la compagnie aérienne "Tap Portugal" entend renforcer les acquis". Afribone. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  114. ^ INSIDE, TRAVEL (20 April 2011). "TAP Portugal au Mali en juin – aboutTravel" (in Swiss High German). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  115. ^ MILITARES PORTUGUESES NO MALI | REPORTAGEM, retrieved 26 March 2024
  116. ^ "Governo acompanha com "preocupação" situação no Mali. Portugueses estão "bem"". TSF Rádio Notícias (in European Portuguese). 19 August 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  117. ^ "Portugal luta pela sua segurança em países como o Mali". Portal da Defesa na Internet (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  118. ^ "Portugal reforçará participação em Missão das Nações Unidas no Mali, Minusma | ONU News". news.un.org (in Portuguese). 23 January 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  119. ^ "Ministro da Defesa Nacional visita militares portugueses no Mali e reúne-se com autoridades locais". Portal da Defesa na Internet (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  120. ^ "Portugal terá "responsabilidade especial" para garantir segurança no Mali". www.portugal.gov.pt. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  121. ^ "Un Portugais, formateur dans l'âme, prend la tête de EUTM Mali – B2 Pro Le quotidien de l'Europe géopolitique" (in French). 17 December 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  122. ^ Monteiro, Jaime (27 May 2020). "UE alarga missão liderada por Portugal no Mali". BOM DIA Luxemburgo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  123. ^ "Ministro da Defesa visita tropas portuguesas no Mali". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 19 January 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  124. ^ "Intervenção do Ministro da Defesa Nacional na cerimónia de tomada de posse do Vice Chefe do Estado-Maior da Força Aérea". www.portugal.gov.pt. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  125. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (19 August 2020). "Portugal tem no Mali 74 militares e uma aeronave". Portugal tem no Mali 74 militares e uma aeronave (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  126. ^ FORÇA AÉREA PREPARA INTERVENÇÃO NO MALI, retrieved 26 March 2024
  127. ^ Militares Portugueses partem para o Mali - Fala Portugal, retrieved 26 March 2024
  128. ^ Administrateur (1 March 2021). "Séance de travail à l'Ambassade du Portugal en France". JEUNES UE-UA (in French). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  129. ^ "Forças militares portuguesas no Mali". RTP Ensina (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  130. ^ Lusa, Agência. "Portugal poderá reforçar missão de paz no Mali com seis militares e avião em 2020". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  131. ^ "Tropas portuguesas no Mali alvo de ameaças terroristas". ionline (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  132. ^ "Militares portugueses no Mali sentem-se abandonados pelo Estado". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 16 May 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  133. ^ Lusa, Agência. "Missão europeia no Mali formou cerca de 300 militares desde novembro". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  134. ^ "Ministro da Defesa realça elogios às forças portuguesas no Mali". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 13 December 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  135. ^ "Portugal integra força militar europeia que vai ajudar Mali a combater milícias". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 28 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  136. ^ Jolly, Jean (1996). Histoire du continent africain, Volume 1: de la préhistoire à 1600. Éditions L'Harmattan. p. 236. ISBN 978-2-7384-4688-6.
  137. ^ Joos, Louis Cosme Damien (1 January 1961). Brève histoire de l'Afrique Noire (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. ISBN 978-2-402-26003-9.
  138. ^ "África Ocidental: Impérios de Gana e Mali - e as cidades iorubás". educacao.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  139. ^ "Djibril Tamsir Niane (dir.), Histoire générale de l'Afrique, vol. 4 : L'Afrique du xiie au xvie siècle, UNESCO, 2000". unesdoc.unesco.org. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  140. ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  141. ^ ""Portugueses estão bem na Mauritânia"". www.cmjornal.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  142. ^ Lusa (6 August 2008). "Golpe de Estado na Mauritânia: Portugueses que precisem de apoio devem dirigir-se à embaixada de França". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  143. ^ "Portal das Comunidades - Mauritanie" (PDF).
  144. ^ "Convidado – Mauritânia: a arte ao serviço da luta contra o coronavírus". RFI (in Portuguese). 12 May 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  145. ^ "Portugueses no Mundo de 31 mar 2021 – RTP Play – RTP". RTP Play (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  146. ^ "Na Mauritânia, o sabão amarelo é herói no combate ao coronavírus. Graças a uma artista portuguesa". Expresso (in Portuguese). 12 June 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  147. ^ Correia, Alexandre. "Aventura todo-o-terreno e arte? Tem tudo a ver". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  148. ^ "Portugal-Mauritania relations".
  149. ^ "Le président de la république reçoit les lettres de créance du nouvel ambassadeur du Portugal en Mauritanie". Agence mauritanienne d'information (in French). 20 October 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  150. ^ "Le Chef de l'Etat reçoit l'ambassadeur portugais à l'issue de sa mission". Agence mauritanienne d'information (in French). 3 August 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  151. ^ "La Mauritanie et le Portugal décident de renforcer leur coopération dans différents domaines". Mauriweb (in French). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  152. ^ "Treino prático da Marinha Portuguesa na Mauritânia". www.cmjornal.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  153. ^ "Fragata da Marinha Portuguesa NRP Álvares Cabral desenvolve atividades de cooperação militar com a Mauritânia".
  154. ^ "Debates Parlamentares – Diário 073, p. 2373 (1995-05-05)". debates.parlamento.pt. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  155. ^ "PROGRAMA OPERACIONAL DE COOPERAÇÃO TERRITORIAL" (PDF).
  156. ^ Huish, John. "Travels of Richard and John Lander into the interior of Africa".
  157. ^ Saupin, Guy (2014). Africains et Européens dans le monde atlantique: XVe-XIXe siècle (in French). Presses universitaires de Rennes. ISBN 978-2-7535-3325-7.[page needed]
  158. ^ Slave Routes – Europe Portugal Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. New raw archival-sourced data regarding Arguin slave trade in the early sixteenth century have been released in Elbl, Ivana (22 June 2022). "Sand and Dreams: Daily Slave Purchases at the Portuguese Coastal Outpost of Arguim (Mauritania) (1519-1520): Full Raw Serialized Data Release, plus Context-Specific Annotations". Portuguese Studies Review. 30 (1): 325–354. Gale A752436186. The data very simply supersedes other obsolete listings and / or previous unfounded speculations ("estimates"), for the period in question. Available on academia.edu.https://trentu.academia.edu/ivanaElbl Consulted 29 May 2023.
  159. ^ Teixeira, Afonso Celso Malecha (March 2023). "Gouverner les villes maghrébines lors de l'occupation portugaise (XVe-XVIe siècles)". una-editions.fr. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  160. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arguin" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 482.
  161. ^ Cardeira da Silva, Maria (2018). "In the shadow of heritage". 4ª Conferência International da ACHS "Heritage across borders", org. ACHS: 156.
  162. ^ Casanova, Ricardo Conceição, Rui. "Português pede ajuda para sair do Níger. MNE diz estar a acompanhar através da embaixada em Abuja". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 25 November 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  163. ^ "Retirada de portugueses do Níger". www.portugal.gov.pt. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  164. ^ Neves, Bernardo (8 June 2022). "UE tem novos embaixadores em África com um português no Níger". BOM DIA Luxemburgo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  165. ^ ECO (2 August 2023). "Portugueses começaram a sair do Níger". ECO (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  166. ^ "Les Portugais quittent le Niger". www.theportugalnews.com (in French). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  167. ^ Lusa, Agência. "Portugueses identificados por Portugal começaram a sair do Níger". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  168. ^ Alassane, Salao (10 February 2023). "Sur les traces des savants d'Agadez au tournant du XXe siècle. Traduction d'un manuscrit de Bukhārī Tānūdé (écrit vers 1967-1969)". Afriques. Débats, méthodes et terrains d’histoire (in French). doi:10.4000/afriques.3724. ISSN 2108-6796.
  169. ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  170. ^ "Microsoft Power BI". app.powerbi.com. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  171. ^ a b "Nenhuma fotografia consegue captar o que é viver nesta cidade". Jornal Expresso (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  172. ^ "Morreu treinador português na Nigéria". www.record.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  173. ^ "Nigeria-Portugal relations".
  174. ^ "Não há portugueses nos confrontos da Nigéria". TVI Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  175. ^ "Português raptado na Nigéria". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 15 May 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  176. ^ "Colega diz que português será libertado em breve". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 11 February 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  177. ^ "Governo recusa pagar resgates". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 10 February 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  178. ^ Teixeira, Sérgio (29 November 2017). "Presidente manifesta pesar pela morte de português na Nigéria". BOM DIA Luxemburgo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  179. ^ "Gunmen kill 2 policemen, abduct Portuguese in Nigeria – China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  180. ^ "Polícia captura alegados homicidas de engenheiro português que morreu na Nigéria". Jornal Expresso (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  181. ^ "Detidos 30 suspeitos de raptar e assassinar português na Nigéria". www.cmjornal.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  182. ^ Monday, Okwuokei Chukwuedo (5 November 2021). A língua portuguesa na Nigéria: implantação, situação atual, valor económico e perspetivas (masterThesis thesis).
  183. ^ Omidire, Felix Ayoh. "Competence in foreign languages for effective global communication and national development: a case study of the teaching of Portuguese in Nigeria". nomadit.co.uk. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  184. ^ "Mota-Engil ganha contrato na Nigéria avaliado em 835 milhões de euros". Expresso (in Portuguese). 10 July 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  185. ^ Anaja, Hauwa Abubakar (30 June 2022). "Nigeria Seeks More Trade With Portugal". Voice of Nigeria. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  186. ^ Ailemen, Anthony (1 July 2022). "Buhari creates 'work group' to strengthen Nigeria-Portugal trade". Businessday NG. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  187. ^ "Nigéria: Coordenador da Unidade de Implementação do programa SWAIMS visita Abuja". Camões, I.P. (in European Portuguese). 30 June 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  188. ^ "Historical Legacies | Religious Literacy Project". Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  189. ^ "The Transatlantic Slave Trade". rlp.hds.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  190. ^ "The Transatlantic Slave Trade | Religious Literacy Project". Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  191. ^ Gordon, April A. (2003). Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 44–54. ISBN 978-1-57607-682-8. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  192. ^ Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009). Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. Scarecrow Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-8108-6316-3. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  193. ^ Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.
  194. ^ "Oba Esigie and the Portuguese". www.edoworld.net. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  195. ^ "Portuguese Musketeer | The Art Institute of Chicago". archive.artic.edu. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  196. ^ "L'Afrique et l'Europe entre Moyen Âge et Renaissance : changements de points de vue".
  197. ^ Ekeh, Peter Palmer (2005). Warri City and British Colonial Rule in Western Niger Delta. Urhobo Historical Society. ISBN 978-978-064-924-1.
  198. ^ Ali, Richard (6 May 2019). "For Naija, We Dey Kampe". African Arguments. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  199. ^ "Naija". www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  200. ^ Guran, Milton (October 2000). "Agudás - de africanos no Brasil a 'brasileiros' na África". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos. 7 (2): 415–424. doi:10.1590/S0104-59702000000300009.
  201. ^ "Brasileiro com alma africana" (PDF).
  202. ^ "Eleitores Portugueses no estrangeiro – 2022". app.powerbi.com. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  203. ^ "132 anos após Portugal deixar Casamansa, há 48 mil senegaleses a aprender português". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 11 September 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  204. ^ Cruz, Luís (27 February 2020). "Mais de 50 mil jovens aprendem português no Senegal". BOM DIA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  205. ^ "Cerca de 17 mil alunos aprendem Português no ensino médio e secundário no Senegal". TSF Rádio Notícias (in European Portuguese). 14 August 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  206. ^ "Português no Senegal é língua do passado, presente e futuro – embaixador de Portugal". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 16 March 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  207. ^ "Sénégal". www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  208. ^ "Portugueses no Senegal "entusiasmadíssimos" com visita de Marcelo". TSF Rádio Notícias (in European Portuguese). 12 April 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  209. ^ DIA, BOM (24 January 2021). "Um português na Serra Leoa entre medicina e desenrascanço". BOM DIA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  210. ^ Pereira, Liliana Vaz (14 September 2015). "Um bocadinho de Portugal na Serra Leoa". BOM DIA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  211. ^ "Portugal-Sierra Leone relations".
  212. ^ "CATÁLOGO PARCIAL DO FUNDO DO CONSELHO ULTRAMARINO DA SÉRIE GUINÉ" (PDF).
  213. ^ Browne-Davies, Nigel (1 January 2017). "Jewish Merchants in Sierra Leone, 1831-1934.pdf". Journal of Sierra Leone Studies, Volume Six, Edition One.
  214. ^ Johnston, Harry (June 1912). "The Portuguese Colonies". The Nineteenth Century and After. Vol. 71. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  215. ^ Rodney, "Slavery"
  216. ^ "Afrika-Sierra Leone". Antique Maps Adina Sommer. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  217. ^ Hair, P.E.H. (1978). "Hamlet in an Afro-Portuguese Setting: New Perspectives on Sierra Leone in 1607". History in Africa. 5: 21–42. doi:10.2307/3171477. JSTOR 3171477. S2CID 162363696.
  218. ^ "Escravatura". www.filorbis.pt. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  219. ^ "A History of the Upper Guinea Coast: 1545–1800" (PDF).
  220. ^ Curnow, Kathy (1983). The Afro-Portuguese ivories: classification and stylistic analysis of a hybrid art form (Thesis).[page needed]
  221. ^ "Male and Female Icons in Luso-African Ivory".
  222. ^ "African Art at the Portuguese Court, c. 1450–1521".
  223. ^ "The art and visuality of early contact between Europeans and Africans – Fellows' seminar by Scott Nethersole". Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  224. ^ Alpern, Stanley B. (1992). "The European Introduction of Crops into West Africa in Precolonial Times". History in Africa. 19: 13–43. doi:10.2307/3171994. JSTOR 3171994. S2CID 163106670.
  225. ^ "www.metmuseum.org". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  226. ^ Vogel, Susan M. For Spirits and Kings: African Art from the Paul and Ruth Tishman Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1981.
  227. ^ Elizabeth Allo Isichei, A History of Christianity in Africa: From Antiquity to the Present (1995), p. 58.
  228. ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  229. ^ "Togo-Portugal : intérêts communs – Prof. Robert Dussey" (in French). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  230. ^ "Portugal e Togo querem criar programa conjunto de cooperação económica e política". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  231. ^ "Dussey et Santos Silva renforcent la coopération Togo-Portugal – Togo Breaking News". togobreakingnews.info. 21 July 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  232. ^ First, Togo. "Togo's Chamber of Commerce to organize Portugal-dedicated open day on September 7th". www.togofirst.com. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  233. ^ "Togo : tenue à Lomé de la journée économique "open day Portugal"_French.news.cn". french.xinhuanet.com (in French). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  234. ^ "Togo : des hommes d'affaires portugais en opération séduction à Lomé". La Tribune (in French). 10 September 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  235. ^ "Cultiver la proximité entre le Portugal et le Togo". République Togolaise (in French). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  236. ^ Heitor, Jorge (22 March 1999). "Togo à procura da cooperação portuguesa". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  237. ^ "Bem-vindo a Portugal !". République Togolaise (in French). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  238. ^ "Portugal e Togo querem criar programa conjunto de cooperação económica e política". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 21 July 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  239. ^ "Togo-Portugal relations".
  240. ^ "Portugal vai entregar ao Togo três embarcações semirrígidas". Notícias ao Minuto (in Portuguese). 3 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  241. ^ "Marinha Portuguesa no Togo".
  242. ^ "How the language of the Edo people of Nigeria made its way into Portuguese creole". Quartz. 23 July 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  243. ^ Decalo, Samuel (1996). Historical Dictionary of Togo. Scarecrow Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780810830738.
  244. ^ Fernando Cristóvão (Hrsg.): Dicionário Temático da Lusofonia. Texto Editores, Lissabon/Luanda/Praia/Maputo 2006 (ISBN 972-47-2935-4), S. 835
  245. ^ Müller, Bernard (January–April 2016). "Du Terrain Ethnographique à la Dramaturgie: une enquête sur les afro-brésiliens du Togo, aujourd'hui". Revista Brasileira de Estudos da Presença (in French). 6: 94–109. doi:10.1590/2237-266055026. ISSN 2237-2660.
  246. ^ Lempereur, Samuel; Athayde, João De (1 December 2019). "Esclavage, créolisation et constitution des identités en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas des Agudàs du Bénin". Civilisations. Revue internationale d’anthropologie et de sciences humaines (in French) (68): 47–71. doi:10.4000/civilisations.5248. ISSN 0009-8140.
  247. ^ "L'Église au Togo". Mission et Migrations (in French). 11 May 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  248. ^ Crabtree, W.A. (1915). "Togoland". Journal of the Royal African Society. 14 (54): 168–184.
  249. ^ "Douze mots portugais (lusitanismes) de Lomé". Dire ou ne pas dire (in French). 5 February 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  250. ^ "Des comptoirs portugais au protectorat allemand de la tutelle française à l'" ablodé "". Le Monde.fr (in French). 27 April 1960. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  251. ^ "Sophie Ekoué met l'eau à la bouche". Afrik (in French). 20 March 2003. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  252. ^ "L'élément portugais dans les univers linguistique et onomastique du Golfe de Guinée : étude de cas".
  253. ^ "Três portuguesas vão chefiar delegações da UE na Venezuela, Togo e Cabo Verde". 5 May 2017.
  254. ^ Abola.pt (5 May 2021). "Togo Paulo Duarte vai assumir a seleção do Togo | Abola.pt". Abola.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  255. ^ a b "People of the DRC".
  256. ^ Aga, Mark T. "Empress Mentewab — allaboutETHIO". allaboutethio.com. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  257. ^ D&#39, Andreu Martínez; Alòs-Moner. "Early Portuguese Emigration To The Ethiopian Highlands: Geopolitics,Missions And Métissage". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  258. ^ "Emigrantes portugueses no Ruanda" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  259. ^ "Evacuação de estrangeiros do Ruanda" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  260. ^ "ENTREVISTA: Portugal foi o maior investidor no Ruanda em 2017 e tem oportunidades por explorar". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 2 June 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  261. ^ "Les Rwandais ont changé de langue après le génocide". La Croix (in French). 30 July 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  262. ^ "Portugal-Rwanda relations".
  263. ^ "Portugal-Burundi relations".
  264. ^ Monteiro, Jaime (26 December 2018). "O Natal de um português no Burundi". BOM DIA Luxemburgo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  265. ^ "L'art africain exposé à Bujumbura". BBC News Afrique (in French). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  266. ^ admin (27 February 2018). "Burundi : 9 pays européens et asiatiques renouent les relations diplomatiques –". Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  267. ^ "Portugal-Uganda relations".
  268. ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  269. ^ Carmo, Octávio (14 December 2022). "Combonianos: Missionários portugueses servem população e Igreja no Uganda". Agência ECCLESIA (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  270. ^ Costa, Manuel (30 January 2023). "Um Missionário Português no Norte do Uganda". Agência ECCLESIA (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  271. ^ "Alunos do Uganda recebem apoio de Militares portugueses". Portal da Defesa na Internet (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  272. ^ "RDP Internacional – RTP". RDP Internacional – RTP (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  273. ^ "Mota-Engil ganha contratos de 261 milhões de dólares no Uganda". www.jornaldenegocios.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  274. ^ "Francisco Álvares". dacb.org. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  275. ^ Pereira, Hugo (1 July 2012). Uma força Expedicionária Portuguesa na Campanha da Etiópia de 1541-1543 (Thesis). hdl:10400.26/6888.[page needed]
  276. ^ Carvalho, Maria João Loução de (2009). Gaspar Correia e dois perfis de governador : Lopo Soares de Albergaria e Diogo Lopes de Sequeira : em busca de uma causalidade (Thesis). hdl:10400.2/1484.[page needed]
  277. ^ Loureiro, Rui. "LEITURAS DE DIOGO DO COUTO: APONTAMENTOS SOBRE AS FONTES DAS DÉCADAS DA ÁSIA".
  278. ^ "Chairman Hadi's meeting with the Portuguese Ambassador, H.E Mrs. Luisa Fragoso | DPFZA". dpfza.gov.dj. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  279. ^ "Portugal-Eritrea relations".
  280. ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  281. ^ "Embaixador argelino em Lisboa relativiza exportações de gás para Portugal". www.cmjornal.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  282. ^ 21 dos 22 portugueses no Sudão quiseram sair do país. 11 estão no Djibouti (in Portuguese), retrieved 22 November 2023
  283. ^ Cruz, Luís (29 October 2021). "Comunidade portuguesa no Sudão não foi afetada pelo golpe militar". BOM DIA Luxemburgo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  284. ^ "Embaixador de Portugal na África do Sul insta os cerca de 450 mil portugueses no país a "ficarem em casa"".
  285. ^ "People of Malawi".
  286. ^ "Portugueses em Cabo Verde".
  287. ^ "People of Zimbabwe".
  288. ^ "Portugueses na Guiné Bissau".
  289. ^ "People of Zambia".
  290. ^ "Portuguese in Namibia".
  291. ^ "Portugueses em São Tomé e Príncipe".
  292. ^ "People of Senegal".
  293. ^ "Portuguese in Morocco".
  294. ^ "Portuguese-born people in Congo".
  295. ^ "People of Tanzania".
  296. ^ "Portuguese in Eswatini".
  297. ^ "Portuguese in Kenya".
  298. ^ "Portuguese-born people in Botswana".
  299. ^ "Portuguese in Egypt".
  300. ^ "Portuguese in Tunisia".
  301. ^ "Portuguese in Equatorial Guinea".
  302. ^ "Ministro da Defesa Nacional visita militares portugueses no Mali e reúne-se com autoridades locais".
  303. ^ "Vida dos portugueses na Guiné-Conacri mantém-se "normal" apesar da incerteza após o golpe".