Reforestation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
 This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009)
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (May 2009)
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (May 2009)
Tropical tree nursery at Planeta Verde Reforestación S.A.'s plantation in Vichada, Colombia.
Biodiversity on a 15-year-old reforested plot of land.
A 21-year-old plantation of red pine in Southern Ontario.

Reforestation is the restocking of existing forests and woodlands which have been depleted.[1] Leaves from trees emit oxygen as well as absorb carbon dioxide and other pollutants from our atmosphere. The demand for trees is exceeding the supply and therefore the importance of reforestation is increasing. Whether it be under the strain of global warming, endangered species, or supplies needed in everyday life (i.e.-houses, paper, furniture, etc.), reforestation is quickly becoming a realized solution. The term reforestation can also refer to afforestation, the process of restoring and recreating areas of woodlands or forest that once existed but were deforested or otherwise removed or destroyed at some point in the past. The resulting forest can provide both ecosystem and resource benefits such as: pollution control, dust control and has the potential to become a major carbon sink.[citation needed]

Contents

[edit] Tropical reforestation

 This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)

A study done at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, CO, USA found that, unlike previous belief that northern forests soak up a vast amount of carbon dioxide, more carbon dioxide is absorbed in tropical climates. Trees in temperate latitudes have a net warming effect on the climate. The heat that dark leaves absorb outweighs the carbon they soak up [2]. Therefore, tropical trees absorb carbon dioxide as well as being able to cool the planet by up to 0.7 ºC. Trees in tropical climates have, on average, larger, brighter, and more abundant leaves than non-tropical climates. The advantage of planting trees in a tropical setting is the quicker growth rate due to the longer rainy seasons. There is no need for the trees to hibernate and can therefore grow year-round. An incredible portion of the Earth's biodiversity is situated in tropical areas. The lack of reforestation in tropical climates is putting a larger portion of species at risk of becoming endangered. Planting trees can counteract this risk.

Trees across the tropics are getting bigger and offering unexpected help in the fight against climate change, scientists have discovered. A laborious study of the girth of 70,000 trees across Africa has shown that tropical forests are soaking up more carbon dioxide pollution than anybody realised. Almost one-fifth of our fossil fuel emissions are absorbed by forests across Africa, Amazonia and Asia, the research suggests. Simon Lewis, a climate expert at the University of Leeds, who led the study, said: "We are receiving a free subsidy from nature. Tropical forest trees are absorbing about 18% of the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere each year from burning fossil fuels, substantially buffering the rate of change." [3]

[edit] Managed reforestation

 This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009)

Reforestation of large areas can be done through the use of measuring rope (for accurate plant spacing) and the use of a dibbers, (or wheeled augers for planting the larger trees) for making the hole in which a seedling or plant can be inserted. Indiginous Soil inoculants (eg as Laccaria bicolor, ...) can be optionally used to increase survival rates in hardy environments.[citation needed]

A debatable issue in managed reforestation is however whether or not the succeeding forest will have the same biodiversity as the original forest. If the forest is replaced with only one species of tree and all other vegetation is prevented from growing back, a monoculture forest similar to agricultural crops would be the result. However, most reforestation involves the planting of different seedlots of seedlings taken from the area. More frequently multiple species are planted as well. Another important factor is the natural regeneration of a wide variety of plant and animal species that can occur on a clearcut. In some areas the suppression of forest fires for hundreds of years has resulted in large single aged and single specied forest stands. The logging of small clearcuts and or prescribed burning, actually increases the biodiversity in these areas by creating a greater variety of treestand ages and species.[citation needed]

Reforestation need not be only used for recovery of accidentally destroyed forests. In some countries, such as Finland, the forests are managed by the wood products and pulp and paper industry. In such an arrangement, like other crops, trees are replanted wherever they are cut. In such circumstances, the cutting of trees can be carefully done to allow easier reforestation. In Canada, the wood product and pulp and paper industry systematically replaces many of the trees it cuts, employing large numbers of summer workers for treeplanting work.[citation needed]

For example, in just 20 years, a teak plantation in Costa Rica can produce up to about 400 m³ of wood per hectare. As the natural teak forests of Asia become more scarce or difficult to obtain, the prices commanded by plantation-grown teak grow higher every year. Other species such as mahogany grow slower than teak in Tropical America but are also extremely valuable. Faster growers include pine, eucalyptus, and gmelina.[citation needed]

Reforestation, if several native species are used, can provide other benefits in addition to financial returns, including restoration of the soil, rejuvenation of local flora and fauna, and the capturing and sequestering of 38 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare per year.[citation needed]

Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that is responsible for the increase in temperature around the globe. This effect is known as global warming. It has been proven that forests absorb carbon dioxide through their photosynthesis cycle. Using this idea, that increasing forests with reforestation and discouraging deforestation will help mitigate global warming, experts can make people aware of the value of reforestation. Forest ecosystems are one of the most important ecosystems. They are especially important to the global carbon cycle in two ways[4]: they are responsible for moving around three billion tons of anthropogenic carbon every year. This amounts to about 30% of all carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels.[4] Another reason why forest ecosystems are important is that they are terrestrial carbon sinks (they store large amounts of carbon.) This accounts for as much as double the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.[4]

Canadell and Raupach (2008) believe that there are four major strategies available to mitigate carbon emissions through forestry activities. One of these strategies is to increase the amount of forested land through a reforestation process. Another strategy is to increase the carbon density of existing forests at a stand and landscape scale. Another strategy is to expand the use of forest products that will sustainably replace fossil-fuel emissions. The last strategy is to reduce carbon emissions that are caused from deforestation and degradation.[4]

However, achieving the first strategy requires great effort of land transformation. For example, China has used 24 million ha of new forest plantation and natural forest re-growth to offset 21% of Chinese fossil fuel emissions in 2000 (Canadell & Raupach, 2008, p. 1456). Nonetheless, there are other ideas that support the first strategy. To plant more trees is an eminent solution. In theory, any tree would cover more forest area and absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. On the other hand, a genetically modified tree specimen might grow much faster than any other regular tree.[5] Some of these trees are already being developed in the lumber and biofuel industries. So these fast-growing trees would not only be planted for those industries but they can also be planted to help absorb carbon dioxide faster than regular trees.[5]. The idea of a genetically modified tree will not only help the first strategy, but it will also help with the second by increasing forest area density.[citation needed]

Reducing deforestation is a strategy that will never go wrong. To cut down in deforestation has huge potential towards a cost-effective contribution to protect the atmosphere’s climate. At this point there are 13 Million ha of tropical regions that are deforested every year. These regions can reduce rates of deforestation by 50% by 2050.[4]

[edit] Extensive reforestation

Extensive forest resources placed anywhere in the world will not always have a positive impact. For example, large reforestation programs in boreal regions have a limited impact on climate mitigation. This is because it substitutes a bright snow-dominated region that reflects the sunlight with dark forest canopies. On the other hand, a positive example would be reforestation projects in tropical regions, which would lead to a positive biophysical change such as the formation of clouds. These clouds would then reflect the sunlight, creating a positive impact on climate mitigation.[6] This is why we need something called forest management. The reestablishment of forests is not just simple tree planting. Forests are made up of a diversity of species and they build dead organic matter into soils over time.[7] A major tree-planting program in a place like this would enhance the local climate and reduce the demands of burning large amounts of fossil fuels for cooling in the summer. But there still is an important difference between tree planting and reestablishment of forests a management tool for the global climate crisis.[7]

[edit] Reforestation risks

There are still some drawbacks and risks that are carried from climate mitigation through the uses of forests. There is always the risk that, through a forest fire or insect outbreak, all the stored carbon could make its way back in the atmosphere.[4] Reduced harvesting rates and fire suppression have caused an increase in the forest biomass in the western United States over the past century. This causes an increase of about a factor of 4 in the frequency of fires due to longer and hotter dry seasons.[4] Canadell and Raupach (2008) conclude by saying that “These new patters of disturbances are reshaping the view held in the past that vast forest resources anywhere would always play a major role in climate mitigation.”[4]

[edit] Promotion of reforestation

 The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (May 2009)

Some incentives can be as a simple as a financial compensation. Streck and Scholz (2006) talk about how a group of scientists from various institutions have developed a compensated reduction of deforestation approach (p. 875). They explain how this mechanism would award developing countries that disrupt any further act of deforestation. Countries that participate and take the option to reduce their emissions from deforestation during a committed period of time, they would receive financial compensation for the carbon dioxide emissions that they avoided (Streck & Scholz, 2006, p. 875). So in other words, if a country reduces its deforestation rate and achieves the target set, they would get compensation for it. This compensation will come after a technical verification of effective reduction in their emissions, no matter how this reduction was achieved (Streck & Scholz, 2006, p. 876). To raise the payments, the host country would issue government bonds or negotiate some kind of loan with a financial institution that would want to take part in the compensation promised to the other country. These funds received by the country could be invested to help find alternative to the extensive cut down of forests. This whole process of cutting down emissions would be voluntary, but once the country has agreed to lower they emissions they would be obligated to reduce their emissions. However, if a country was not able to meet their obligation, their target would get added to their next commitment period (Streck & Scholz, 2006, p. 876). The authors of these proposals see this as a solely government-to-government agreement. Private entities would not participate in the compensation trades (Streck & Scholz, 2006, p.876).

[edit] Indonesia

On Java Island in Indonesia around 2009 each newlywed couple is to plant 10 trees, while each divorced couple is to plant 50 trees. This is to combat deforestation on Java.[8]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

 This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2007)
  1. ^ "Reforestation - Definitions from Dictionary.com". dictionary.reference.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Reforestation. Retrieved on 2008-04-27. 
  2. ^ B.W., Time Magazine, 2007
  3. ^ [/http
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h (Canadell & Raupach, 2008, p.1456)
  5. ^ a b (“A changing climate of opinion?” 2008, p. 93).
  6. ^ (Canadell & Raupach, 2008, p.1457).
  7. ^ a b (Woodwell, Janzen, Wilcox, North, Swartz, & Hoyer, 1988, p.1493).
  8. ^ "Newlyweds turn back clock on deforestation." CNN. May 5, 2009. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.

2. (2008). A changing climate of opinion? Economist, 387, 93-96.

3. Bonan, G. B. (2008). Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science, 320, 1444-1449.

4. Canadell, J. G., Raupach, M. R. (2008). Managing Forests for Climate Change. Science, 320, 1456-1457.

5. Streck, C., Scholz, S. M. (2006). The role of forests in global climate change: whence we come and where we go. International Affairs, 82, 861-879.

6. Woodwell, G. M., Janzen, D. H., Wilcox, H. A., North, W. J., Swartz, J., Hoyer H. (1988). CO2 Reduction and reforestation. Science, 242, 1493-1494.

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforestation"
Personal tools