Sidney Lau romanisation
| Romanization of Chinese |
|---|
| Mandarin |
| Wu |
| Yue |
| Min |
| Gan |
| Hakka |
| Xiang |
| Polylectal |
| See also |
Sidney Lau romanisation is a system of romanisation for Cantonese that was developed in the 1970s by Sidney Lau for teaching Cantonese to Hong Kong Government expatriates. It is based on the Hong Kong Government's Standard Romanisation which was the result of the work of James D. Ball and Ernst J. Eitel about a century earlier.
Innovation[edit]
Lau's singular creative step was to indicate tonality with superscript numbers so as to do away with diacritics entirely.[1] His system was a plain attempt at simplification which proved popular with western learners of Cantonese as a second language and was initially the system of romanisation adopted by the University of Hong Kong.[2] However, the university now employs the Jyutping system for its Cantonese courses.[3]
Initials[edit]
| b /p/ 巴 |
p /pʰ/ 怕 |
m /m/ 媽 |
f /f/ 花 |
|
| d /t/ 打 |
t /tʰ/ 他 |
n /n/ 那 |
l /l/ 啦 | |
| g /k/ 家 |
k /kʰ/ 卡 |
ng /ŋ/ 牙 |
h /h/ 蝦 |
|
| gw /kʷ/ 瓜 |
kw /kʷʰ/ 誇 |
w /w/ 蛙 | ||
| j /ts/ 渣 |
ch /tsʰ/ 叉 |
s /s/ 沙 |
y /j/ 也 |
Finals[edit]
In his system, Lau treats /ɵ/ and /o/ as allophones of one phoneme represented with "u", while they are often respectively regarded as allophones of /œ:/ and /u:/ in other systems.[4]
| Coda | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∅ | /i/ | /u/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /p̚/ | /t̚/ | /k̚/ | ||
| Vowel | /aː/ | a /aː/ 沙 |
aai /aːi̯/ 徙 |
aau /aːu̯/ 梢 |
aam /aːm/ 三 |
aan /aːn/ 山 |
aang /aːŋ/ 坑 |
aap /aːp̚/ 圾 |
aat /aːt̚/ 剎 |
aak /aːk̚/ 客 |
| /ɐ/ | ai /ɐi̯/ 西 |
au /ɐu̯/ 收 |
am /ɐm/ 心 |
an /ɐn/ 新 |
ang /ɐŋ/ 笙 |
ap /ɐp̚/ 濕 |
at /ɐt̚/ 失 |
ak /ɐk̚/ 塞 | ||
| /ɛː/ /e/ |
e /ɛː/ 些 |
ei /ei̯/ 四 |
eng /ɛːŋ/ 鄭 |
ek /ɛːk̚/ 石 | ||||||
| /iː/ | i /iː/ 詩 |
iu /iːu̯/ 消 |
im /iːm/ 閃 |
in /iːn/ 先 |
ing /eŋ/ 星 |
ip /iːp̚/ 攝 |
it /iːt̚/ 洩 |
ik /ek̚/ 識 | ||
| /ɔː/ | oh /ɔː/ 疏 |
oi /ɔːy̯/ 開 |
o /ou̯/ 蘇 |
on /ɔːn/ 看 |
ong /ɔːŋ/ 康 |
ot /ɔːt̚/ 喝 |
ok /ɔːk̚/ 索 | |||
| /uː/ | oo /uː/ 夫 |
ooi /uːy̯/ 灰 |
oon /uːn/ 寬 |
oot /uːt̚/ 闊 |
||||||
| /ɵ/ /ʊ/ |
ui /ɵy̯/ 需 |
un /ɵn/ 詢 |
ung /ʊŋ/ 鬆 |
ut /ɵt̚/ 摔 |
uk /ʊk̚/ 叔 | |||||
| /œː/ | euh /œː/ 靴 |
eung /œːŋ/ 商 |
euk /œːk̚/ 削 | |||||||
| /yː/ | ue /yː/ 書 |
uen /yːn/ 孫 |
uet /yːt̚/ 雪 |
|||||||
| ∅ | m /m̩/ 唔 |
ng /ŋ̩/ 五 |
||||||||
Tones[edit]
| Tone symbol | Tone description | Example | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | Word | Meaning | ||
| 1° or N° | high flat | si1° | 詩 | poem |
| ga1 je2° | 家姐 | elder sister | ||
| 1 | high falling | tim1 | 添 | final particle expressing
the idea of addition or regret. |
| 2 or N* | mid rising | si2 | 史 | history |
| dik1 si6* | 的士 | taxi | ||
| 3 | mid flat | si3 | 試 | try |
| 4 | low falling | si4 | 時 | time |
| 5 | low rising | si5 | 市 | city |
| 6 | low flat | si6 | 是 | is |
1° indicates the high flat tone. If ° appears after any other tones, it signifies a changed tone and that the word is to be pronounced as 1°, but 1° is not the original/normal tone of the word. Similar to °, if * appears after any tones apart from tone 2, it indicates that the word is to be pronounced as tone 2, but tone 2 is not the original/normal tone of the word.[5]
References[edit]
- ^ "Pronunciation Guide – Initials". Sidney Lau. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
- ^ Kataoka, Shin; Lee, Cream (2008). "A System without a System: Cantonese Romanization Used in Hong Kong Place and Personal Names". Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics. 11. Chinese University of Hong Kong.
- ^ "Certificate in Chinese Language courses for foreign students". School of Chinese. University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
- ^ "Pronunciation Guide – Finals". Sidney Lau. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
- ^ "Pronunciation Guide – Tones". Sidney Lau. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
External links[edit]
- Explanation of Sidney Lau's Cantonese Romanization System
- Cantonese writing, with information on Sidney Lau romanisation
- Cukda Cantonese IME Archived 2011-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
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