Spokane Transit Authority

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Spokane Transit Authority
A 60-foot New Flyer Xcelsior articulated bus at the STA Plaza in July 2021
FormerlySpokane United Railways (1922-1945) Spokane City Lines Company (1945-1968) Spokane Transit System (1968-1981)
FoundedMarch 10, 1981; 43 years ago[1][2]
(as the Spokane Transit Authority for Regional Transportation (START))[3]
Headquarters1230 W. Boone Ave. Spokane, WA 99201
LocaleSpokane County, Washington (service planned to be extended to the Coeur d'Alene Metropolitan area, in 2026)[4]
Service area248 square miles (642 km2)[5]
Routes51[6]
DestinationsAirway Heights, Cheney, Medical Lake, Millwood, Liberty Lake, Spokane, Spokane Valley, unincorporated areas of Spokane County
FleetBuses: 164, Paratransit Vans: 70, Vanpool Vans: 87[7]
Daily ridership30,901 (weekdays, 2024) [8]
Annual ridership9,245,538 (2023) [9]
Fuel typeDiesel, hybrid electric, and battery electric
Chief executiveE. Susan Meyer
Websitespokanetransit.com

Spokane Transit Authority, more commonly Spokane Transit or STA, is the public transport authority of central Spokane County, Washington, United States, serving Spokane, Washington, and its surrounding urban areas. In 2023, the system had a ridership of 9,215,700, or about 33,900 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2023.

Originally conceived in 1980, and authorized by voters on March 10, 1981,[3] STA provides public transportation within the Spokane County Public Transportation Benefit Area (PBTA). As of 2023, STA's service area has a population of approximately 471,000[10] across 248 square miles (640 km2) including the cities of Spokane, Spokane Valley, Cheney, Liberty Lake, Airway Heights, Medical Lake, the Town of Millwood, and unincorporated areas between and around those cities.[11]

It began operating service in 1981 after acquiring the assets of the city-operated Spokane Transit System. The agency can trace its roots to a number of private transit operators extending back to 1888. While the 98th largest metropolitan area in the United States, Spokane ranks 20th in transit ridership per capita using 2019 ridership data.[12]

Services[edit]

An STA Vanpool vehicle

Spokane Transit provides multiple services:

  • Fixed Route Bus Service. Spokane Transit operates 51 bus routes throughout its service area on published schedules.[6] Most routes run 365 days a year. Additionally, STA operates routes during major community events such as the Lilac Bloomsday Run, Hoopfest, and the Spokane County Fair & Expo.
  • Paratransit. Pursuant to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Spokane Transit provides accessible transportation to persons with disabilities within 3⁄4 mile (1 km) of every fixed route.
  • Rideshare. Previously Vanpool. A service which matches people traveling to or from similar locations and provides a publicly owned car or van at a fixed price per month.

Fixed routes[edit]

Most of Spokane Transit's bus routes run through The Plaza in Downtown Spokane.
See also: List of Spokane Transit Authority bus routes

Spokane Transit has 51 fixed routes operating year-round on published schedules.[6] Routes are numbered to reflect service class by the number of digits as described in the table below. Key geography is reflected in the first digit of regular service, while numbering of target service with triple reflects key markets and underlying geography through the combination of digits. Routes have distinct weekday, Saturday and Sunday schedule patterns. Major holidays operate on a Sunday schedule.[13]

Route color organization[14]
Route type and color Explanation Routes
City Line
(Purple)
Spokane's first bus rapid transit line with daytime headways of 7.5 to 15 minutes and 30 minutes on Sundays. 1
Frequent Routes
(Red)
"Local service at frequent intervals: every 15 minutes on weekdays and every 15-60 minutes on weekends." 4, 20, 21, 25, 33, 90
Regular Routes
(Blue)
"Local service every 30-60 minutes. Night and weekend service varies by route." 14, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 43, 45, 60, 61, 62, 63, 67, 68, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98
Regional Routes
(Gray)
"High-speed regional links, traveling via freeways and also serving local stops on selected surface streets." 6, 66, 74, 172, 173, 190, 661, 662, 663, 664, 724, 771
Commuter Routes
(Pink)
"Service connecting major destinations via direct, high-speed routing during peak commute times, with some midday trips." 124, 144, 223, 247, 294, 663
Downtown Shuttles
(Green)
"Targeted shuttle services in the downtown core." 11, 12

Bus rapid transit[edit]

As of 2023, Spokane Transit has one bus rapid transit line within the region as part of its planned High Performance Transit network, with a second in development.

The first line, the City Line, began service in July 2023 and traverses from east–west through Downtown Spokane and the University District, running between the Browne's Addition neighborhood and the Spokane Community College Transit Center.

A second line, with a working project name of Division BRT, is currently in design and planned to run north–south through Spokane along Division Street, with a goal of starting construction in 2026 and commencing service between 2027 and 2029 dependent on the opening of the North Spokane Corridor.[15][16]

Passenger facilities and amenities[edit]

Bus stop signage
Basic curbside stop
Bus stop sign at a stop featuring a bus bulb curb
Bus bulb stop
People waiting at a bus stop
Bus shelter stop with trash can
High-Performance Transit shelter
Four typical formats of Spokane Transit Authority bus stops, featuring different levels of passenger and transit operation amenities. All stops feature a sign denoting the routes serving the stop, along with their terminus, as well as a unique stop identification number used for STA's real-time bus tracking information.

Transit centers[edit]

Spokane Transit operates four transit centers as of June 2023:[17]

Park-and-ride lots[edit]

Spokane Transit operates a total of 14 park-and-ride facilities throughout its service area, several of which are operated through cooperative agreements with other property owners to allow parking access to transit services.[18]

Bus stops[edit]

At the end of 2022, Spokane Transit served 1,778 bus stops throughout its service area.[19]

Bicycle accommodation[edit]

All fixed routes have buses with racks that can fit three bikes on the exterior of the bus. Most park and ride lots feature bike lockers that can be rented on a monthly basis. The New Flyer Xcelsior 60' articulating electric buses implemented on the City Line accommodate bikes on board the bus via the rear doors.[20]

Fares and passes[edit]

Fare structure[edit]

Fare structure as of May 2023:

Type Standard Fare Daily Fare Capping Monthly Fare Capping
Standard $2.00 $4.00 $60.00
Paratransit $2.00 $4.00 $60.00
Honored Rider
Seniors 60 and older and individuals with disabilities
(Honored Rider card required)		 $1.00 $2.00 $30.00
Stars and Stripes
Active-duty military personnel and veterans
(Stars and Stripes card required)		 $1.00 $2.00 $30.00
Student
Ages 19 or old
(Honored Rider Card required)		 $1.00 $2.00 $30.00
Youth
Ages 6–18 years old
(Rider's License or equivalent institutional card required) 		zero-fare zero-fare zero-fare
Children
5 and under
children must be accompanied 		free free free
Examples STA Legacy magnetic stripe fare cards. The green card (left) is a paper card issued upon purchase of a fare on board a bus. The orange card (right) is a plastic pre-purchased fare card that can be activated upon boarding a bus.

As of October 2022, the standard fare costs $2.00 and permits the rider to board any route for a period of two hours from initial purchase or validation on the bus. On October 1, 2022, Spokane Transit inaugurated a new accounted-based fare collection system, known as the Connect fare system. The fare system includes online account management, a smart card known as the Connect card, and a mobile app, STA Connect. The new system caps fares collected on a daily and monthly basis and includes several discount programs . A "Rider's License" allows youth ages 6–18 to ride with zero fare.[21] Traditional fareboxes remain on all fixed route coaches, allowing riders to pay with cash or older media as described below.

Fare media[edit]

As of 2021, fares on Spokane Transit can be paid in cash, or with pre-paid passes and transfers programmed to magnetic stripe cards or RFID smart cards. The fare payment platform went live on December 4, 2006, after a three-day transition period with no fares collection while new fare boxes were installed. STA's prior system, while also accepting cash, utilized paper transfers and metal coin tokens.[22]

STA launched the Connect Card with a companion eConnect app on October 1, 2022.[23][24] The fare collection system, developed by INIT, can accept the Connect Card via NFC and the mobile eConnect app. The Connect Card and mobile eConnect app are linked to an online account-based fare management system. Users can reload balances via the app, at the STA Plaza, or partnered retail locations.[25] The pass allows for fare-capping and allows users to lock the cards if a card is lost or stolen.

In July 2023, the system began accepting contactless payments including Visa, Mastercard, Discover, and digital wallets (Apple Pay and Google Pay) with onboard fare collection boxes as well as off-board fare validators and fare vending machines.[26][27][28]

Pass programs[edit]

Spokane Transit provides multiple fare instruments, including employee, youth, and college passes. Additionally, organizations may participate in the Universal Transit Access Pass (UTAP) program with a "utility charge" for each ride taken by eligible participants.[29] Spokane Transit currently maintains UTAP contracts with Eastern Washington University, Washington State University Spokane, Community Colleges of Spokane, Whitworth University, Gonzaga University and the University of Washington School of Medicine in Spokane (via Gonzaga University); City of Spokane for employees and elected officials; and, Spokane County for employees and elected officials.

Governance[edit]

Spokane Transit is governed by a board of directors which includes nine positions filled by elected officials who must be appointed by the municipal jurisdictions that form the agency, and one position appointed by the Board upon recommendation by the labor organizations representing the public transportation employees within the local public transportation system pursuant to state law.[30]

Originally, the board consisted of 2 members from the City of Spokane, 2 members from the Spokane County Commission, 1 member from each of the Cities of Airway Heights, Cheney, Medical Lake, and the Town of Millwood, and one additional member alternately held by an official from the City of Spokane and Spokane County. The City of Liberty Lake was incorporated in August 2001, and the City of Spokane Valley was incorporated in March 2003, necessitating a change in board membership.

Currently the board consists of:

  • City of Spokane, 3 members
  • Spokane County, 2 members
  • City of Spokane Valley, 2 members
  • The small cities, 2 members (combined)
  • Labor representative, 1 member (non-voting)

The board of directors is also advised by the following committees:

  • Board Operations Committee
  • Planning & Development Committee
  • Performance Monitoring & External Relations Committee
  • Citizens Advisory Board

The executive team for Spokane Transit Authority consists of the following positions:

Ridership[edit]

Annual ridership by service type
Year Total Ridership Fixed Route Paratransit Rideshare
2009[31] 11,883,773 11,152,408 521,578 209,787
2010[31] 11,441,913 10,710,528 517,192 214,193
2011[31] 11,550,363 10,831,987 485,551 232,825
2012[32] 11,771,880 11,031,338 490,106 250,436
2013[32] 11,811,344 11,087,049 483,038 241,257
2014[33] 12,045,936 11,324,434 475,171 246,331
2015[34] 11,499,762 10,815,736 464,448 219,578
2016[34] 10,922,872 10,261,816 468,050 193,006
2017[35] 10,920,438 10,264,971 477,010 178,457
2018[36] 10,703,052 10,069,599 476,020 157,433
2019[36] 10,569,104 9,971,798 442,044 155,262
2020[37] 6,114,361 5,817,776 205,815 90,770
2021[38] 5,560,634 5,238,135 252,201 70,298
2022[38] 7,013,222 6,595,319 327,327 90,576
2023[39] 9,245,538 8,789,348 360,535 95,655

Fixed route fleet[edit]

As of December 2022,[40][41] Spokane Transit has 177 buses in its fleet. Included in the fleet are:

Make/Model Length Seats Year Quantity Fleet Notes
Diesel
New Flyer D60LF 60' 62 2007 6 2661-2666
2009 4 2961-2964
61-foot New Flyer Xcelsior bus, for Spokane Transit Authority New Flyer Xcelsior 61' 62 2017 3 1761–1763 Delivered with BRT options including integrated roofline and flush windows
2018 7 1861–1867 Delivered with BRT options including 3rd set of doors, integrated roofline, and flush windows
Gillig Low Floor 29' 26 2003 3 2333; 2335-2336 Special livery for "Downtown Shuttle" (Routes 11 and 12)
Gillig Low Floor 35' 32 2007 3 2701-2703
Gillig Low Floor 40' 39 2006 19 2601-2619
2007 14 2704-2717
2008 14 2801-2814
2009 9 2901-2909
2014 8 1401–1408
2016 7 1601–1607
2017 6 1801–1806
2019 6 1901–1906
2021 16 2101-2116
New Flyer Xcelsior 40' 42 2022 10 2201-2210 Enter Service at end of January 2023
Diesel-Electric Hybrid
Gillig HEV 40' 39 2007 3 7001-7003
2008 6 8001-8006
2010 10 10701-10710
2012 6 12701-12706
Gillig HEV 29' 26 2009 3 9031-9033 Special livery for "Downtown Shuttle" (Routes 11 and 12)
Battery Electric
New Flyer Xcelsior CHARGE 60' 41 2021 10 E6001-E6011 Dedicated-use for City Line bus rapid transit operations. Special livery consisting of a black-to-lilac linear gradient design.
New Flyer Xcelsior CHARGE 40' 40 2021 2 E4001-E4002
40' 40 2023 6 4005-4010

Spokane Transit New Flyer XE35 March 2024

New Flyer Xcelsior CHARGE 35' 32 2023 3 23221-23223

STA Proterra ZX5 40 foot battery electric bus in July 2023

Proterra ZX5 40' 40 2021 2[42] E4003-E4004
40' 40 2023 10 22241-22250

Left side of Spokane Transit 60-foot BEB laying over at Hastings Park and Ride October 2023

New Flyer Xcelsior CHARGE 60' N/A 2023 3 23261-23263
Double-Decker (Future)
Alexander Dennis Enviro500 40' 84 2025 7 84401-84407 Will serve Routes 6 and 66, expected to be delivered in 2025.[43]

History[edit]

Spokane and Inland Empire Railroad in Spokane, Washington, USA in 1912.

1880s–1970s: Predecessors[edit]

Transit history in the Spokane area dates back more than 130 years beginning with the inaugural trip of a horse-drawn streetcar running between downtown Spokane and the Browne's Addition neighborhood to the west in 1888.[44] The first electrically powered streetcar began operations November 1889 and traveled between downtown Spokane through what is now the University District.[45] Over the next several decades, multiple private interests constructed and operated streetcars and cable cars typically as an integral part of a real estate development plan.

By 1896, the leading streetcar system was the Spokane Street Railway Company, with 23 miles of railway. Its network of lines was described as a "cartwheel" that emanated from a "hub" at the intersection of Riverside Avenue and Howard Street in downtown Spokane.[46]

By 1910, streetcar lines were owned and operated by two competing companies: Washington Water Power and Spokane Traction Company. In addition to urban street railways, each company had interests in electric Interurban lines that stretched as far away as Moscow, Idaho. In that year, streetcar and interurban ridership peaked at 37.98 million rides.[47]

The decade following 1910 was a time of intense competition for the streetcars, with growing automobile ownership and private jitneys that threatened the viability of a divided transit system. By the end of the decade, Spokane Traction Company fell into receivership and underwent reorganizations that were unsuccessful in returning the system to profitability. In 1922, Spokane citizens overwhelmingly voted to amend the city charter to reduce taxes and other special assessments imposed on streetcar operations and infrastructure, enabling the formation of a unified streetcar system featuring "universal transfers" between lines and empowering the company to convert some lines to trolleybuses on its own discretion.[48][49] Following the successful measure, the Spokane United Railway Company was formed as a subsidiary to Washington Water Power (later, Avista Corporation), creating a unified electric streetcar system.

The street railway system was gradually phased out through the 1930s to make way for motorized coaches. Bus ridership reached a peak in the Spokane area in 1946 with 26 million passengers. The system was purchased by Spokane City Lines Company (part of National City Lines) in 1945, and later turned over to the City of Spokane in 1968. Upon acquisition by the city, funding for the system was derived from a $1 household tax.[50]

1980s: Reorganization into regional system[edit]

In 1980, a municipal corporation was created to administer mass transit services for a new public transportation benefit area (PTBA). The new PTBA represented a shift in funding and operational model of Spokane Transit System from a city model to a regional model. Due to rapid inflation in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the flat $1 city tax on households that had funded Spokane Transit System was no longer keeping up with the rising costs of its era. The household tax model had another major disadvantage; because the tax depended on the quantity of households within the tax boundaries, its revenues would only increase with the construction of new households. Meanwhile, most residential growth was occurring outside Spokane city limits. Furthermore, the flat tax on households had been viewed by some as a very regressive tax.[50]

An election was held on March 10, 1981, to determine the future of public transportation in the Spokane region. The election measure, which passed and was subsequently implemented the following month of April 1981, replaced the $1 tax on households within Spokane city limits with a 0.3% sales tax to be applied throughout the public transportation benefit area. The shift in the transit agency's funding and administrative model was not isolated to Spokane. Many other cities and regions in Washington state including the cities of Vancouver and Tacoma, as well as King County, Pierce County, Snohomish County, and Clark County had already shifted from a city household tax model to a county-wide transit system funded by sales tax.[50]

In addition to adapting its funding model to reflect the current economic times, the shift to a regional model allowed the transit agency to heavily increase bus service to areas beyond Spokane city limits. Prior to the election, service outside city limits was limited, since no tax subsidies were collected outside the city limits.[50]

The restructured system operated under three branches; Spokane Transit Authority for Regional Transportation (START) was the administrative body, the Spokane Transit System (STS) name remained for the fixed route bus operation, and Spokane Area Special Transportation Agency (SASTA) operated the paratransit services. The three names were unified about one and half years later in September 1982 under the Spokane Transit Authority name and brand.[51] The name change officially took effect on September 23, 1982, after the START Board passed a resolution renaming the municipal corporation to Spokane Transit Authority.[52]

In September 1989, Spokane Transit open the Valley Transit Center, an off-street passenger facility located on 4th Avenue at University Road, featuring a large passenger island with covered seating. The facility included a park and ride lot among other amenities.[53]

1990s[edit]

At the urging of the downtown business community, Spokane Transit built a transit center in 1995 to replace the historic Howard and Riverside hub which required that buses park along many downtown streets for passengers to make transfers. Not only was this uncomfortable for passengers, who were forced to wait for buses in the weather, but it also made the streetside businesses less accessible to customers. The bus center, known as "The Plaza" was constructed as an indoor urban park at a cost of approximately $20 million including property acquisition costs. With its high, daylight ceiling, imported Italian tile, and cougar statues leaping over a waterfall between the up- and down- escalators, it generated great controversy.

In September 1998, Spokane Transit implemented a major revision of the bus network, the largest change to the bus network in 17 years. Routes were consolidated to provide more frequency on busy corridors and all route numbers were revised, primarily according to geography.[54]

In addition to the local sales tax, a major revenue source was Washington State's motor vehicle excise tax which provided matching funds. After statewide Initiative I-695 was passed in 1999, the legislature eliminated the matching funds even though the initiative was later found unconstitutional.

2000s[edit]

The period after the elimination of the motor vehicle excise tax was a time of unprecedented change for Spokane Transit. As its undesignated cash reserves balance fell, Spokane Transit attempted to increase its tax authority from 0.3% to 0.6% in September 2002, but it was rejected by voters 48% to 52%. Research following the failed ballot measure pointed to limited understanding of the agency's organizational structure, performance and financial conditions.[55]

Spokane Transit created task force to study changes that could be made to regain the support of the community, while simultaneously preparing for a potential 40% service decrease. After increased public participation, and 69% voter approval, Spokane Transit increased the sales tax from 0.3% to 0.6% in October 2004, subject to a sunset of the tax in 2009. In May 2008, voters reauthorized the additional 0.3% sales tax with no sunset clause, with nearly 69% in favor.[56]

SRTC and STA jointly created the Light Rail Steering Committee (LRSC) in early 2000 which was responsible for studying the creation of a light rail corridor from Downtown Spokane to Liberty Lake. This effort was preceded by significant study by the SRTC. In 2006 the committee published a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) which evaluated several rail and bus alternatives for the corridor. The committee stated preference for a single-track rail corridor using diesel multiple units (DMU) that would cost less than half the conventional light rail system. The travel demand modeling performed as part of the DEIS forecast less than 3,500 daily boardings on the 15.5-mile system in 2025. An advisory vote in 2006 elicited a negative response to continued planning and investment in the light rail project.

In 2008, transit consultants Nelson-Nygaard Associates recommended changes to transit operations downtown while retaining the use of the Plaza transfer facility.[57]

2010s[edit]

Spokane Transit adopted a new comprehensive plan, Connect Spokane, in June 2010, to guide system planning and growth. The plan calls for a network of high performance transit with frequent service connecting key neighborhoods and activity centers throughout the region.[58]

In response to a significant decline in sales tax revenue resulting from the Great Recession, Spokane Transit undertook service reductions in 2010 and 2011.[59] Despite the cuts, ridership increased, reaching an all-time high for Spokane Transit Authority in 2014, with 11.3 million passengers on its fixed route system.[60]

In 2016, voters approved an increase in the sale tax dedicated to public transit to implement the STA Moving Forward plan.[61] The plan called for more and better service, new connection facilities, include new transit centers and stations, and investments in six high performance transit lines.

In 2018, Spokane Transit opened the West Plains Transit Center, an investment of the STA Moving Forward plan.[62] The addition of the transit center allows passengers between the cities of Cheney, Medical Lake and Airway Heights to travel between those cities without transferring in Spokane at the STA Plaza. As part of the 2018 changes, STA also increased frequency on service to the West Central neighborhood, introduced larger buses on North Division Street and introduced a new express route to the Valley Transit Center.

2020s[edit]

A City Line bus rapid transit stop

Like public transport agencies across the globe, STA was significantly impacted by the COVID-19 Pandemic. Fixed route ridership dropped from 9.97 million passenger boardings in 2019 to 5.24 million passenger boardings in 2021.[63] STA's ridership began to recover in 2022, with May 2022 experiencing a year-over-year increase of 29.6% on fixed route, 38.7% on Paratransit and 37.0% increase on Vanpool.[64] In October 2022, STA launched a new fare collection system which allows for mobile payments in addition to previous payment methods, as well as introduced fare capping.[24]

In July 2023, STA launched City Line, the organization's first bus rapid transit line.[20]

Planned developments[edit]

Spokane Transit participates in regional transportation and land use planning activities. It is a member jurisdiction of the Spokane Regional Transportation Council (SRTC), and sends a member of its board to serve on SRTC's board.

High-performance transit station at Plaza Bay 6. The stop includes STA branding, real-time bus information, glass shelter, lighting, and seating.

High Performance Transit Network[edit]

In 2010, STA developed a preliminary proposal for what it calls a "High Performance Transit Network" (HPTN) comprising 14 corridors of premium all-day frequent transit service. The preliminary proposal does not specify the operating modes for each corridor but suggests that the corridors will operate at a speed appropriate to the access provided and urban characteristics of the operating environment. The HPTN vision is an element of the agency's proposed comprehensive plan, referred to as "Connect Spokane".

Also in 2010, STA and the City of Spokane initiated an alternatives analysis to study transit improvements in and around the downtown core. This "central city transit alternatives analysis" considered "High Performance Transit" improvements that can be made to increase mobility and stimulate in-fill development. The locally preferred alternative was adopted in July 2011, calling for an east–west alignment for an electric, rubber-tired vehicle, and was dubbed the Central City Line.[65]

In 2016, the central city transit plan took the form as the Central City Line project, later named the City Line, a bus rapid transit line that began service in 2023. It is the first phase of a number of high performance transit lines in Spokane and is the region's first bus rapid transit corridor.[66]

The future Division Street BRT, running from downtown Spokane to unincorporated Mead, WA, would be the second BRT corridor in the region.[67] In March 2022, the Washington State Legislature passed a 16-year transportation program, programming funding for various projects and initiatives, with an emphasis on moving people in cleaner, more efficient ways. The program included $50 million to Division Street bus rapid transit.[68][69]

References[edit]

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