Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols

Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
Traditional Chinese	臺語方音符號
Simplified Chinese	台语方音符号
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Táiyǔ Fāngyīn Fúhào
Bopomofo	ㄊㄞˊ ㄩˇ ㄈㄤㄧㄣㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Tairyeu Fang'yin Fwuhaw
Wade–Giles	T'ai2-yü3 Fang1-yin1 Fu2-hao4
Tongyong Pinyin	Tái-yǔ Fang-yin Fú-hào
MPS2	Táiyǔ Fāngyīn Fúhàu
IPA	[tʰǎɪ.ỳ fáŋ.ín fǔ.xâʊ]
Hakka
Romanization	Thòi-ngî Fông-yîm Fù-ho
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Tâi-gí Hong-im Hû-hō
Tâi-lô	Tâi-gí Hong-im Hû-hō

Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols;
Script type	Semisyllabary (letters for onsets and rimes; diacritics for tones)
Creator	Chu Chao-hsiang, Taiwan NLC
Time period	1946 to the present, used as ruby characters in Taiwan
Related scripts
Parent systems	Oracle bone script Seal script Clerical script Mandarin Phonetic Symbols Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols; ; ; ;
Sister systems	Simplified Chinese, Kanji, Hanja, Chữ Nôm, Khitan large script, Khitan small script
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Bopo (285), Bopomofo
Unicode
Unicode alias	Bopomofo
Unicode range	U+3100–U+312F, ; U+31A0–U+31BF
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols (Chinese: 臺語方音符號; TPS: ㄉㄞˊ ㆣ丨ˋ ㄏㆲ 丨ㆬ ㄏㄨˊ ㄏㄜ˫) constitute a system of phonetic notation for the transcription of Taiwanese languages, especially Taiwanese Hokkien. The system was designed by Professor Chu Chao-hsiang, a member of the National Languages Committee in Taiwan, in 1946.^[1] The system is derived from Mandarin Phonetic Symbols by creating additional symbols for the sounds that do not appear in Mandarin phonology. It is one of the phonetic notation systems officially promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.^[2]

Symbols[edit]

There are 49 symbols used in standard Taiwanese Hokkien. Of these 49 symbols, 26 are from the original Mandarin Phonetic Symbols, while 23 are additional, created for Taiwanese languages.

Initial symbols (21)
ㄅ	ㆠ	ㄆ	ㄇ	ㄉ	ㄊ	ㄋ	ㄌ	ㄍ	ㆣ	ㄎ	ㄫ	ㄏ	ㄐ	ㆢ	ㄑ	ㄒ	ㄗ	ㆡ	ㄘ	ㄙ
[p]	[b]	[pʰ]	[m]	[t]	[tʰ]	[n]	[l]	[k]	[g]	[kʰ]	[ŋ]	[h]	[t͡ɕ]	[d͡ʑ]	[t͡ɕʰ]	[ɕ]	[t͡s]	[d͡z]	[t͡sʰ]	[s]
Final symbols (24)
ㄚ	ㆩ	ㆦ	ㆧ	ㄜ	ㆤ	ㆥ	ㄞ	ㆮ	ㄠ	ㆯ	ㆰ	ㆱ	ㆬ	ㄢ	ㄣ	ㄤ	ㆲ	ㄥ	ㆭ	ㄧ	ㆪ	ㄨ	ㆫ
[a]	[ã]	[ɔ]	[ɔ̃]	[ə]	[e]	[ẽ]	[ai]	[ãĩ]	[ɑu]	[ɑ̃ũ]	[am]	[ɔm]	[m̩]	[an]	[ən]	[aŋ]	[ɔŋ]	[əŋ]	[ŋ̍]	[i]	[ĩ]	[u]	[ũ]

The symbols in blue do not exist in Mandarin phonology.
Four voiceless consonants ㄅ, ㄉ, ㄍ, ㄏ may be written in small form to represent the unreleased coda, as in ㆴ [p̚], ㆵ [t̚], ㆶ [k̚], ㆷ [ʔ]. However, due to technical errors, the coda symbol for ㄍ was mistaken as ㄎ. Unicode encoded ㆻ (31BB) in its version 13.0, and added a note under ㆶ (31B6), indicating 31BB is preferred.^[3]
Some extra symbols are used in other Taiwanese dialects: ㄬ [ɲ], ㄛ [o], ㄝ [ɛ], ㆨ [ɨ].

Images[edit]

Images below are a collection of Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols:

For Taiwanese Hokkien and Taiwanese Hakka: , , , , , , ,
For Taiwanese Hakka only: ,
For Taiwanese Hokkien only: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
For Mandarin only: , , ,
For Taiwanese Hakka and Mandarin: , , , ,
represents [x] in Mandarin and [h] in Taiwanese Hokkien and Taiwanese Hakka.
/ represent [ɛ]/[e] in Taiwanese Hokkien respectively, but they represent [e]/[ɛ] in Taiwanese Hakka.^[4]^[5]
Vowel [ɨ] is represented with in Hokkien and in Hakka.^[5]

Etymology[edit]

Initials
Group	Symbol	IPA	POJ	TL	BP	Notes	Example
Bilabial	ㄅ	[p]	p		b	Same value as in Mandarin	邊 (ㄅㄧㄢ pian)
	ㆠ	[b]	b		bb	Derived from ㄅ as a voiced counterpart	文 (ㆠㄨㄣˊ bûn)
	ㄆ	[pʰ]	ph		p	Same value as in Mandarin	波 (ㄆㄜ pho)
	ㄇ	[m]	m		bbn	Same value as in Mandarin	毛 (ㄇㆦ mo͘ )
Alveolar	ㄉ	[t]	t		d	Same value as in Mandarin	地 (ㄉㆤ˫ tē)
	ㄊ	[tʰ]	th		t	Same value as in Mandarin	他 (ㄊㆩ thaⁿ)
	ㄋ	[n]	n		ln	Same value as in Mandarin	耐 (ㄋㄞ˫ nāi)
	ㄌ	[l]	l		l	Same value as in Mandarin	柳 (ㄌㄧㄨˋ liú)
Velar	ㄍ	[k]	k		g	Same value as in Mandarin	求 (ㄍㄧㄨˊ kiû)
	ㆣ	[g]	g		gg	Derived from ㄍ as a voiced counterpart	語 (ㆣㄧˋ gí)
	ㄎ	[kʰ]	kh		k	Same value as in Mandarin	去 (ㄎㄧ˪ khì)
	ㄫ	[ŋ]	ng		ggn	Once appeared in old Mandarin	雅 (ㄫㄚˋ ngá)
Glottal	ㄏ	[h]	h		h	Different value to Mandarin, in Mandarin [x]	喜 (ㄏㄧˋ hí)
Alveolo- palatal	ㄐ	[t͡ɕ]	chi	tsi	zi	Same value as in Mandarin	尖(ㄐㄧㆰ tsiam)
	ㆢ	[d͡ʑ]	ji		zzi	Derived from ㄐ as a voiced counterpart	入 (ㆢㄧㆴ. ji̍p)
	ㄑ	[t͡ɕʰ]	chhi	tshi	ci	Same value as in Mandarin	手 (ㄑㄧㄨˋ tshiú)
	ㄒ	[ɕ]	si		si	Same value as in Mandarin	寫 (ㄒㄧㄚˋ siá)
Alveolar	ㄗ	[t͡s]	ch	ts	z	Same value as in Mandarin	曾 (ㄗㄢ chan)
	ㆡ	[d͡z]	j		zz	Derived from ㄗ as a voiced counterpart	熱 (ㆡㄨㄚㆷ. jua̍h)
	ㄘ	[t͡sʰ]	chh	tsh	c	Same value as in Mandarin	出 (ㄘㄨㆵ chhut)
	ㄙ	[s]	s		s	Same value as in Mandarin	衫 (ㄙㆩ saⁿ)

Rhymes and medials
Group	Symbol	IPA	POJ	TL	BP	Notes	Example
Vowels	ㄚ	[a]	a		a	Same value as in Mandarin	查 (ㄘㄚ cha)
	ㆩ	[ã]	aⁿ	ann	na	Derived from ㄚ as a nasalized counterpart	衫 (ㄙㆩ saⁿ)
	ㆦ	[ɔ]	o͘	oo	oo	New symbol solely used in Taiwanese, derived from ㄛ	烏 (ㆦ o͘ )
	ㆧ	[ɔ̃]	oⁿ	onn	noo	Derived from ㆦ as a nasalized counterpart	翁 (ㆧ oⁿ)
	ㄜ	[ə]	o		o	Different value from Mandarin, in Mandarin [ɰɤ]. May written as ㄛ and pronounced [o] in some dialects	高 (ㄍㄜ ko)
	ㆤ	[e]	e		e	New symbol solely used in Taiwanese	禮 (ㄌㆤˋ lé)
	ㆥ	[ẽ]	eⁿ	enn	ne	Derived from ㆤ as a nasalized counterpart	生 (ㄙㆥ seⁿ)
Diph- thongs	ㄞ	[ai]	ai		ai	Same value as in Mandarin
	ㆮ	[ãĩ]	aiⁿ	ainn	nai	Derived from ㄞ as a nasalized counterpart
	ㄠ	[ɑu]	au		ao	Same value as in Mandarin	𠢕 (ㆣㄠˊ gâu)
	ㆯ	[ɑ̃ũ]	auⁿ	aunn	nao	Derived from ㄠ as a nasalized counterpart, rarely used
M finals	ㆰ	[am]	am		am	A combination of ㄚ and ㄇ	暗 (ㆰ˪ ām)
	ㆱ	[ɔm]	om		om	A combination of ㆦ and ㄇ, rarely used	掩 (ㆱ om)
	ㆬ	[m̩]	m		m	Derived from ㄇ. May be used as a final bilabial nasal or a syllabic consonant	姆 (ㆬˋ ḿ)
N finals	ㄢ	[an]	an		an	Same value as in Mandarin
N finals	ㄣ	[n]	-n		-n	Only used in the finals ㄧㄣ, ㄨㄣ. ㄧㄣ has same value as in Mandarin. ㄨㄣ is pronounced as [un] unlike [wən] in Mandarin	因 (ㄧㄣ in)
Ng finals	ㄤ	[aŋ]	ang		ang	Same value as in Mandarin	人 (ㄌㄤˊ lâng)
	ㆲ	[ɔŋ]	ong		ong	New symbol solely used in Taiwanese	王 (ㆲˊ ông)
	ㄥ	[əŋ]	-ng		-ng	Only used in the final ㄧㄥ.	英 (ㄧㄥ eng)
	ㆭ	[ŋ̍]	ng		ng	Derived from ㄫ. May be used as a final velar nasal or a syllabic consonant	酸 (ㄙㆭ sng)
Medial vowels	ㄧ	[i]	i		i	Same value as in Mandarin	衣 (ㄧ i)
	ㆪ	[ĩ]	iⁿ	inn	ni	Derived from ㄧ as a nasalized counterpart	圓 (ㆪˊ îⁿ)
	ㄨ	[u]	u/o^[a]	u	u	Same value as in Mandarin	污 (ㄨ u)
	ㆫ	[ũ]	uⁿ	unn	nu	Derived from ㄨ as a nasalized counterpart. Only used in the final ㄧㆫ [ĩũ]	張 (ㄉㄧㆫ tiuⁿ)

^ Written as ⟨o⟩ when followed by an ⟨a⟩ (ㄚ) or ⟨e⟩ (ㆤ), as in the finals ⟨oa⟩, ⟨oe⟩ and ⟨oai⟩ (ㄨㄞ). Written as ⟨u⟩ elsewhere.

Other features[edit]

Combined rhymes[edit]

Vowel(s)	Open syllables		Nasal			Plosive
Vowel(s)	Open syllables		[m]	[n]	[ŋ]	[p̚]	[t̚]	[k̚]	[ʔ]
[a]	ㄚ	ㆩ	ㆰ	ㄢ	ㄤ	ㄚㆴ	ㄚㆵ	ㄚㆻ	ㄚㆷ	ㆩㆷ
[ai]	ㄞ	ㆮ							ㄞㆷ	ㆮㆷ
[au]	ㄠ								ㄠㆷ
[e]	ㆤ	ㆥ							ㆤㆷ	ㆥㆷ
[i]	ㄧ	ㆪ	ㄧㆬ	ㄧㄣ	ㄧㄥ	ㄧㆴ	ㄧㆵ	ㄧㆻ	ㄧㆷ	ㆪㆷ
[ia]	ㄧㄚ	ㄧㆩ	ㄧㆰ	ㄧㄢ	ㄧㄤ	ㄧㄚㆴ	ㄧㄚㆵ	ㄧㄚㆻ	ㄧㄚㆷ	ㄧㆩㆷ
[iau]	ㄧㄠ	ㄧㆯ							ㄧㄠㆷ
[iə]	ㄧㄜ								ㄧㄜㆷ
[iɔ]					ㄧㆲ			ㄧㆦㆻ
[iu]	ㄧㄨ	ㄧㆫ							ㄧㄨㆷ	ㄧㆫㆷ

Vowel(s)	Open syllables		Nasal			Plosive
Vowel(s)	Open syllables		[m]	[n]	[ŋ]	[p̚]	[t̚]	[k̚]	[ʔ]
[ə]	ㄛ								ㄛㆷ
[ɔ]	ㆦ	ㆧ	ㆱ		ㆲ	ㆦㆴ		ㆦㆻ	ㆦㆷ	ㆧㆷ
[u]	ㄨ			ㄨㄣ			ㄨㆵ		ㄨㆷ
[ua]	ㄨㄚ	ㄨㆩ		ㄨㄢ			ㄨㄚㆵ		ㄨㄚㆷ
[uai]	ㄨㄞ	ㄨㆮ
[ue]	ㄨㆤ								ㄨㆤㆷ
[ui]	ㄨㄧ
[m̩]	ㆬ		－						ㆬㆷ
[ŋ̍]	ㆭ		－						ㆭㆷ

Tones[edit]

Tone No.	1	2(6)	3	4	5	7	8
Name	陰平	上聲	陰去	陰入	陽平	陽去	陽入
Name	im-pîng	siōng-siann	im-khì	im-ji̍p	iông-pîng	iông-khì	iông-ji̍p
Symbol	none	ˋ	˪	ㄅ, ㄉ, ㄍ, ㄏ	ˊ	˫	ㄅ̇, ㄉ̇, ㄍ̇, ㄏ̇
Pitch	˥	˥˩	˧˩	˧ʔ	˨˦	˧	˥ʔ
Pitch	55	51	31	3ʔ	24	33	5ʔ
Example	ㄉㆲ (東)	ㄉㆲˋ (黨)	ㄉㆲ˪ (棟)	ㄉㆦㆻ (督)	ㄉㆲˊ (同)	ㄉㆲ˫ (洞)	ㄉㆦㆻ̇ (毒)

Example[edit]

Audio File:	Sound file^ⓘ
Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols:	ㄒㄧㄢㄒㆪ ㄍㆲˋ, ㄏㄚㆻ̇ ㄒㄧㄥㄉㄧㆰ˫ ㄉㄧㆰ˫ ㄊㄧㆩ
IPA:	[ ɕɪɛn˧ ɕĩ˥ kɔŋ˥˩ hak̚˧ ɕiəŋ˥ tɪam˧ tɪam˧ tʰĩã˥ ]
Pe̍h-ōe-jī:	Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ.
Tâi-lô:	Sian-sinn kóng, ha̍k-sing tiām-tiām thiann.
Traditional Chinese:	先生講、學生恬恬聽。
Hanyu Pinyin:	Xiān shēng jiǎng, xué shēng tián tián tīng.
Translation:	A teacher is speaking. Students are quietly listening.

Note: 恬恬 is Taiwanese Hokkien (台灣話). Synonyms would be 安靜 or 靜靜. 先生, in this context, means "teacher".

Unicode support[edit]

The Mandarin Phonetic Symbols were added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. The Unicode block for Mandarin Phonetic Symbols is U+3100 ... U+312F.

Bopomofo^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+310x						ㄅ	ㄆ	ㄇ	ㄈ	ㄉ	ㄊ	ㄋ	ㄌ	ㄍ	ㄎ	ㄏ
U+311x	ㄐ	ㄑ	ㄒ	ㄓ	ㄔ	ㄕ	ㄖ	ㄗ	ㄘ	ㄙ	ㄚ	ㄛ	ㄜ	ㄝ	ㄞ	ㄟ
U+312x	ㄠ	ㄡ	ㄢ	ㄣ	ㄤ	ㄥ	ㄦ	ㄧ	ㄨ	ㄩ	ㄪ	ㄫ	ㄬ	ㄭ	ㄮ	ㄯ
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

The extended phonetic symbols were added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. The Unicode block for the extended symbols is U+31A0 ... U+31BF. Four symbols for Cantonese and one for Minnan and Hakka coda were released in 2020 with the publication of version 13.0.^[3] One can learn more information from the proposals.^[6]^[7]

Bopomofo Extended^[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+31Ax	ㆠ	ㆡ	ㆢ	ㆣ	ㆤ	ㆥ	ㆦ	ㆧ	ㆨ	ㆩ	ㆪ	ㆫ	ㆬ	ㆭ	ㆮ	ㆯ
U+31Bx	ㆰ	ㆱ	ㆲ	ㆳ	ㆴ	ㆵ	ㆶ	ㆷ	ㆸ	ㆹ	ㆺ	ㆻ	ㆼ	ㆽ	ㆾ	ㆿ
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1

Font support[edit]

The Academia Sinica of Taiwan has released three sets of fonts for Taiwanese Hokkien: "吳守禮標楷台語注音字型", "吳守禮細明台語注音字型", and "吳守禮台語注音字型".^[8] When the above fonts are used (to Chinese characters), the Bopomofo Phonetic Symbols will automatically appear. For words with more than one pronunciation, user can choose "破音" fonts to find the desired pronunciation. The user manual can be downloaded here.^[9]

References[edit]

^ 吳守禮, 吳昭新. 華、台語注音符號溯源.
^ 方音符號系統(Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols) 臺語方音符號拼音方案使用手冊(閩南語音標系統) [Practical Manual for the Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols] (in Chinese). ROC Ministry of Education. 2001.
^ ^a ^b Bopomofo Extended (Version 13.0). Unicode Version-Specific Code Charts. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
^ "Taiwanese Hakka Romanization System" (臺灣客家語拼音方案). 2009. Ministry of Education, Taiwan.
^ ^a ^b "Hakka Romanization System" (客家語拼音方案使用手冊). 2012. Ministry of Education, Taiwan.
^ Yang, B., & Chan, E. (2019). L2/19-177R Proposal to encode Cantonese Bopomofo Characters.
^ Tung, B., Ko, B., Wei, S. (2018). L2/18-255 Proposal to fix glyphs in Bopomofo Extended block and encode one Bopomofo letter.
^ 吳守禮台語注音字型。中央研究院。
^ 中研院資訊所。(2013)。吳守禮台語注音字型說明。

External links[edit]

[6] Written as ⟨o⟩ when followed by an ⟨a⟩ (ㄚ) or ⟨e⟩ (ㆤ), as in the finals ⟨oa⟩, ⟨oe⟩ and ⟨oai⟩ (ㄨㄞ). Written as ⟨u⟩ elsewhere.

[1] 吳守禮, 吳昭新. 華、台語注音符號溯源.

[2] 方音符號系統(Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols) 臺語方音符號拼音方案使用手冊(閩南語音標系統) [Practical Manual for the Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols] (in Chinese). ROC Ministry of Education. 2001.

[Bopomofo13.0-3] Bopomofo Extended (Version 13.0). Unicode Version-Specific Code Charts. Retrieved 12 March 2020.

[Hakka98-4] "Taiwanese Hakka Romanization System" (臺灣客家語拼音方案). 2009. Ministry of Education, Taiwan.

[Hakka101-5] "Hakka Romanization System" (客家語拼音方案使用手冊). 2012. Ministry of Education, Taiwan.

[7] Yang, B., & Chan, E. (2019). L2/19-177R Proposal to encode Cantonese Bopomofo Characters.

[8] Tung, B., Ko, B., Wei, S. (2018). L2/18-255 Proposal to fix glyphs in Bopomofo Extended block and encode one Bopomofo letter.

[9] 吳守禮台語注音字型。中央研究院。

[10] 中研院資訊所。(2013)。吳守禮台語注音字型說明。

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