List of southernmost items

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The most southerly geographical features of various types are listed here.

Cities and settlements[edit]

See also: Southernmost settlements
Item Place Latitude/longitude
Capital (of an independent nation) New Zealand Wellington, New Zealand 41°17′20″S 174°46′38″E / 41.28889°S 174.77722°E / -41.28889; 174.77722 (Wellington, New Zealand)
Permanent settlement of any size Antarctica Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica)
Settlement capable of housing more than 1,000 people[1] Antarctica McMurdo Station, Antarctica 77°51′S 166°40′E / 77.850°S 166.667°E / -77.850; 166.667 (McMurdo Station, Antarctica)
Town > 1,000 people Chile Puerto Williams, Chile 54°56′S 67°37′W / 54.933°S 67.617°W / -54.933; -67.617 (Puerto Williams, Chile)
City > 50,000 people Argentina Ushuaia, Argentina 54°48′S 68°18′W / 54.800°S 68.300°W / -54.800; -68.300 (Ushuaia, Argentina)
City > 100,000 people Chile Punta Arenas, Chile 53°10′S 70°56′W / 53.167°S 70.933°W / -53.167; -70.933 (Punta Arenas, Chile)
City > 250,000 people New Zealand Christchurch, New Zealand 43°31′48″S 172°37′13″E / 43.53000°S 172.62028°E / -43.53000; 172.62028 (Christchurch, New Zealand)
City > 500,000 people Argentina Mar del Plata, Argentina 38°00′S 57°33′W / 38.000°S 57.550°W / -38.000; -57.550 (Mar del Plata, Argentina)
Metropolitan area > 5,000,000 people Australia Melbourne, Australia 37°48′49″S 144°57′47″E / 37.81361°S 144.96306°E / -37.81361; 144.96306 (Melbourne, Australia)
Metropolitan area > 15,000,000 people Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina 34°36′12″S 58°22′54″W / 34.60333°S 58.38167°W / -34.60333; -58.38167 (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Metropolitan area > 20,000,000 people Brazil São Paulo, Brazil 23°33′06″S 46°38′01″W / 23.55167°S 46.63361°W / -23.55167; -46.63361 (São Paulo, Brazil)

Geography[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Body of water (navigable) Bay of Whales, Ross Sea 78°30′S 164°20′W / 78.500°S 164.333°W / -78.500; -164.333
Land (excluding Antarctica) Thule Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 59°31′50″S 27°23′50″W / 59.53056°S 27.39722°W / -59.53056; -27.39722

Islands[edit]

See also: List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
Item Place Latitude/longitude
Any island (above sea level) Deverall Island 81°28′S 161°54′E / 81.467°S 161.900°E / -81.467; 161.900
Any island (with bare rock, not ice-covered) Ross Island 77°50′S 166°40′E / 77.833°S 166.667°E / -77.833; 166.667
Any size excluding Antarctica Thule Island 59°27′S 27°18′W / 59.450°S 27.300°W / -59.450; -27.300
Island > 10,000 km2 excluding Antarctica Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina/Chile 55°02′S 56°27′W / 55.033°S 56.450°W / -55.033; -56.450
Island > 100,000 km2 South Island, New Zealand 46°40′S 169°00′E / 46.667°S 169.000°E / -46.667; 169.000
Coral atoll Elizabeth Reef, Australia 29°57′S 159°04′E / 29.950°S 159.067°E / -29.950; 159.067

The southernmost point of Berkner Island is further south than any of these, but its bedrock lies entirely below sea level, with only its ice covering rising above.

Nature[edit]

Animals[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Bird: South polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) seen at the South Pole[2] 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (South Pole, Antarctica)
Amphibian: Gray four-eyed frog (Pleurodema bufoninum) Southern tip of South America[3] 53°54′S 71°18′W / 53.900°S 71.300°W / -53.900; -71.300 (Gray four-eyed frog)
Mammal: Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) Southern Ocean[4][5] 80th parallel south
Marsupial: Patagonian opossum (Lestodelphys halli) Estancia La Madrugada, Argentina[6] 47°06′00″S 66°29′01″W / 47.1°S 66.48361°W / -47.1; -66.48361 (Lestodelphys)
Reptile: Liolaemus magellanicus Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego[7] 52°22′57″S 68°24′36″W / 52.382367°S 68.409956°W / -52.382367; -68.409956 (Liolaemus)
Insect: Antarctic midge (Belgica antarctica) Refuge Islands[8][9] 68°21′S 67°10′W / 68.350°S 67.167°W / -68.350; -67.167 (Antarctic midge)
Fish: Gymnoscopelus nicholsi, Gymnoscopelus braueri, Electrona antarctica Ross Sea[10] 75th parallel south

Plants[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Flowering plants (in greenhouses) Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica[11] 90°00′S 139°16′W / 90.000°S 139.267°W / -90.000; -139.267 (Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica)
Grass and flowering plants (naturally occurring) Terra Firma Islands, Antarctica[12] 68°42′S 67°32′W / 68.700°S 67.533°W / -68.700; -67.533 (Terra Firma Islands)
Trees (Nothofagus betuloides, naturally occurring) Hornos Island, Chile[13] 55°58′S 67°15′W / 55.967°S 67.250°W / -55.967; -67.250 (Cape Horn)
Conifers (Pilgerodendron uviferum, naturally occurring) Tierra del Fuego, Chile[14][15] 54°20′S 70°7′W / 54.333°S 70.117°W / -54.333; -70.117 (Tierra del Fuego)
Palms (nīkau (Rhopalostylis sapida), naturally occurring) Chatham Islands, New Zealand[16] 44°02′S 176°26′W / 44.033°S 176.433°W / -44.033; -176.433 (Chatham Islands, New Zealand)

Agriculture[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Cattle farm Estancia Moat, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina[17] 54°58′32″S 66°44′41″W / 54.97556°S 66.74472°W / -54.97556; -66.74472 (Estancia Moat)
Cherry orchard Los Antiguos, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina[18] 46°32′30″S 71°39′20″W / 46.54167°S 71.65556°W / -46.54167; -71.65556
Potato farm Centro Experimental Kampenaike, Magallanes Region, Chile[19] 52°37′59″S 70°32′41″W / 52.63306°S 70.54472°W / -52.63306; -70.54472
Rice field San Nicolás, Ñuble Region, Chile[20][21] 36°30′12″S 72°12′44″W / 36.503333°S 72.212222°W / -36.503333; -72.212222 (San Nicolás)
Vineyard Chile Chico, Aysén Region, Chile[22] 46°32′00″S 71°41′16″W / 46.53333°S 71.68778°W / -46.53333; -71.68778 (Viñedo experimental)

Education[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
International Baccalaureate school John McGlashan College, Dunedin, New Zealand[23] 45°51′17″S 170°29′55″E / 45.85472°S 170.49861°E / -45.85472; 170.49861 (John McGlashan College in Dunedin)
University National University of Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina[24] 54°48′57″S 68°19′04″W / 54.81583°S 68.31778°W / -54.81583; -68.31778 (Ushuaia, Argentina)
Kindergarten Puerto Williams,[25] Chile 54°55′59″S 67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.61667°W / -54.93306; -67.61667 (Kindergarten in Puerto Williams)
Secondary school Puerto Williams, Chile[26] 54°55′59″S 67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.61667°W / -54.93306; -67.61667 (Puerto Williams, Chile)
Primary school Escuela Nº 38 "Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín", Esperanza Base, Antarctica[27] 63°24′S 57°00′W / 63.400°S 57.000°W / -63.400; -57.000 (Esperanza Base, Antarctica)

Science and technology[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Astronomical observatory South Pole Telescope, Antarctica 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (South Pole Telescope, Antarctica)
Permanent scientific
research station 		Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica)
Planetarium Tūhura Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand[28] 45°51′56″S 170°30′38″E / 45.86556°S 170.51056°E / -45.86556; 170.51056 (Otago Museum)
Nuclear power plant Atucha I, Argentina[29] 33°58′S 59°12′W / 33.967°S 59.200°W / -33.967; -59.200 (Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant, Argentina)
Atucha II, Argentina[citation needed] 33°58′S 59°12′W / 33.967°S 59.200°W / -33.967; -59.200 (Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant, Argentina)

Historical sites and archaeological findings[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Prehistoric archaeological site Yaghan people's Cape Horn hunting camp,[30] Chile. 55°58′19″S 67°15′50″W / 55.97183°S 67.264006°W / -55.97183; -67.264006 (Isla Hornos, Chile)

Transportation[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Airfield (permanent, no scheduled flights) Jack F. Paulus Skiway at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica 89°59′22″S 1°00′00″W / 89.98944°S 1.00000°W / -89.98944; -1.00000 (Jack F. Paulus Skiway, Antarctica)
Seaport/Harbour Winter Quarters Bay, McMurdo Station, Antarctica[31] 77°51′S 166°40′E / 77.850°S 166.667°E / -77.850; 166.667 (McMurdo Station, Antarctica)
Narrow gauge railway Dumont d'Urville Station, Antarctica[32][33]

The record was previously held by a 1963 installed line at the British Antarctic Survey base at Signy Island.[32]

66°40′S 140°01′E / 66.667°S 140.017°E / -66.667; 140.017 (Dumont d'Urville Station, Antarctica)
Airport (permanent, with scheduled flights) Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport, Puerto Williams, Chile 54°56′S 67°37′W / 54.933°S 67.617°W / -54.933; -67.617 (Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport)
International airport Ushuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport, Ushuaia, Argentina 54°50′S 68°17′W / 54.833°S 68.283°W / -54.833; -68.283 (Ushuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport)
Traffic light Hipólito Yrigoyen/Constitución Fueguina, Ushuaia, Argentina 54°49′42″S 68°20′04″W / 54.82834°S 68.33436°W / -54.82834; -68.33436
Railway Southern Fuegian Railway (Ferrocarril Austral Fueguino) from Ushuaia to the Tierra del Fuego National Park in Argentina[34] 54°48′S 68°18′W / 54.800°S 68.300°W / -54.800; -68.300 (Ushuaia, Argentina)
Suspension bridge Bodie Creek Suspension Bridge, Falkland Islands[35] 51°51′14″S 59°01′04″E / 51.853912°S 59.017825°E / -51.853912; 59.017825 (Bodie Creek Suspension Bridge)
Electrified railway Wellington station, Wellington, New Zealand 41°16′43″S 174°46′51″E / 41.27861°S 174.78083°E / -41.27861; 174.78083
Metro station Plaza de los Virreyes - Eva Perón in Buenos Aires, Argentina[36] 34°38′35″S 58°27′42″W / 34.64306°S 58.46167°W / -34.64306; -58.46167 (Plaza de los Virreyes - Eva Perón)
Underground railway station Flagstaff railway station, Melbourne, Australia 37°48′44″S 144°57′22″E / 37.81222°S 144.95611°E / -37.81222; 144.95611
Tramway system Christchurch Heritage Tram, Christchurch, New Zealand 43°32′07″S 172°38′28″E / 43.53528°S 172.64111°E / -43.53528; 172.64111 (Christchurch Heritage Tram) (southernmost point of route)

Recreation[edit]

Sport[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Bowling club Stewart Island Bowling Club, Oban, New Zealand[37] 46°53′57″S 168°07′43″E / 46.899224°S 168.128746°E / -46.899224; 168.128746 (Stewart Island Bowling Club)
Ski resort Cerro Castor, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina[38] 54°43′S 68°00′W / 54.717°S 68.000°W / -54.717; -68.000 (Cerro Castor)
Golf club Ushuaia Golf Club, Ushuaia, Argentina[39] 54°49′52″S 68°25′02″E / 54.831183°S 68.417283°E / -54.831183; 68.417283 (Ushuaia Golf Club)

Religious buildings[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Church (ice-made) Chapel of Our Lady of the Snows, Belgrano II Base, Antarctica[40][41] 77°52′S 34°37′W / 77.867°S 34.617°W / -77.867; -34.617 (Belgrano II Base, Antarctica)
Church (regular) Trinity Church, Antarctica (Russian Orthodox Church), King George Island, Antarctica[citation needed] 62°12′S 58°58′W / 62.200°S 58.967°W / -62.200; -58.967 (King George Island, Antarctica)
Mormon church Puerto Williams, Chile[42] 54°56′S 67°37′W / 54.933°S 67.617°W / -54.933; -67.617 (Mormon church of Puerto Williams, Chile)
Cathedral El Sagrado Corazón, Diocese of Punta Arenas, Punta Arenas, Chile[43] 53°10′S 70°56′W / 53.167°S 70.933°W / -53.167; -70.933 (Punta Arenas, Chile)
Hindu temple Centro Cultural y Templo Hindu, Punta Arenas, Chile[44] 53°10′S 70°56′W / 53.167°S 70.933°W / -53.167; -70.933 (Punta Arenas, Chile)
Mosque Southland Muslim Association, Invercargill, New Zealand[45] 46°24′35″S 168°23′20″E / 46.40972°S 168.38889°E / -46.40972; 168.38889 (Invercargill, New Zealand)
Synagogue Dunedin Synagogue, Dunedin, New Zealand[46][47] 45°52′S 170°30′E / 45.867°S 170.500°E / -45.867; 170.500 (Dunedin, New Zealand)
Buddhist stupa the Enlightenment Stupa at Portobello, Dunedin, New Zealand[48] 45°51′S 170°39′E / 45.850°S 170.650°E / -45.850; 170.650 (Portobello, New Zealand)
Sikh Gurdwara New Zealand Sikh Society (Wellington), Lower Hutt, New Zealand[49] 41°12′S 174°57′E / 41.200°S 174.950°E / -41.200; 174.950 (New Zealand Sikh Society)

Shops and service facilities[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Tourist office Puerto Williams,[50] Chile 54°55′59″S 67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.61667°W / -54.93306; -67.61667 (Puerto Williams, Chile)
Restaurant Lodge Lakutaia,[51] Puerto Williams, Chile 54°56′12″S 67°36′47″W / 54.936789°S 67.613039°W / -54.936789; -67.613039
Cinema Jubany Base, Antarctic Peninsula[citation needed] 62°14′S 58°40′W / 62.233°S 58.667°W / -62.233; -58.667 (Jubany)
Public post office Port Lockroy, Goudier Island, Antarctica[52] 64°49′S 63°30′W / 64.817°S 63.500°W / -64.817; -63.500 (Port Lockroy, Antarctica)
Bar Faraday Bar,[53] Vernadsky Research Base, Antarctica 65°14′45″S 64°15′27″W / 65.245747°S 64.257391°W / -65.245747; -64.257391
Automated teller machine McMurdo Station, Antarctica[54] 77°51′S 166°40′E / 77.850°S 166.667°E / -77.850; 166.667 (McMurdo Station, Antarctica)

International brand names[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Mercedes-Benz retailer Mario Bonetto Rodados y Servicios, Ushuaia, Argentina 54°48′05″S 68°17′06″W / 54.80131°S 68.28499°W / -54.80131; -68.28499
Toyota retailer Celentano Motors, Ushuaia, Argentina 54°47′30″S 68°14′12″W / 54.79156°S 68.23678°W / -54.79156; -68.23678
Volkswagen retailer Ushuaia, Argentina 54°47′27″S 68°14′25″W / 54.79077°S 68.24022°W / -54.79077; -68.24022
Mobil petrol station Invercargill, New Zealand 46°25′46″S 168°21′42″E / 46.42944°S 168.36167°E / -46.42944; 168.36167 [55]
Tesla retailer Wigram, Christchurch, New Zealand 43°32′44″S 172°33′34″E / 43.54562°S 172.55936°E / -43.54562; 172.55936 [56]
H&M Christchurch Central, Christchurch, New Zealand 43°32′00″S 172°38′16″E / 43.53333°S 172.63778°E / -43.53333; 172.63778 [57]
Shell petrol station Blackmans Bay, Tasmania, Australia 43°00′00″S 147°19′13″E / 43.00000°S 147.32028°E / -43.00000; 147.32028 [58]
Aldi Wonthaggi, Victoria, Australia 38°36′15″S 145°35′34″E / 38.60429°S 145.59273°E / -38.60429; 145.59273
7-Eleven Rosebud, Victoria, Australia 38°21′25″S 144°54′04″E / 38.35694°S 144.90111°E / -38.35694; 144.90111 [59]
ECCO Moorabbin, Melbourne, Australia 37°58′15″S 145°05′21″E / 37.97083°S 145.08917°E / -37.97083; 145.08917 [60]
IKEA Springvale, Melbourne, Australia 37°55′36″S 145°08′36″E / 37.92667°S 145.14333°E / -37.92667; 145.14333
Zara Chadstone Shopping Centre, Malvern East, Melbourne, Australia 37°53′05″S 145°05′00″E / 37.88464°S 145.08320°E / -37.88464; 145.08320

Franchised food brands[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Hard Rock Café Ushuaia, Argentina 54°48′25″S 68°18′23″W / 54.806825°S 68.3062502°W / -54.806825; -68.3062502
Domino's Pizza Punta Arenas, Chile 53°08′20″S 70°53′23″W / 53.138801°S 70.889852°W / -53.138801; -70.889852
Pizza Hut Invercargill, New Zealand 46°25′40″S 168°21′41″E / 46.427798°S 168.361313°E / -46.427798; 168.361313
Subway Invercargill, New Zealand 46°25′40″S 168°21′42″E / 46.427908°S 168.361736°E / -46.427908; 168.361736
McDonald's Invercargill, New Zealand[61] 46°25′15″S 168°21′41″E / 46.420921°S 168.361503°E / -46.420921; 168.361503
KFC Invercargill, New Zealand 46°25′08″S 168°21′42″E / 46.418758°S 168.361609°E / -46.418758; 168.361609
Burger King Invercargill, New Zealand[62] 46°24′48″S 168°21′42″E / 46.413267°S 168.361750°E / -46.413267; 168.361750
Starbucks Invercargill, New Zealand[63] 46°24′43″S 168°20′57″E / 46.411950°S 168.349075°E / -46.411950; 168.349075
Wendy's Dunedin, New Zealand[64] 45°53′38″S 170°30′14″E / 45.894013°S 170.503808°E / -45.894013; 170.503808
Taco Bell Dunedin North, Dunedin, New Zealand 45°51′39″S 170°30′45″E / 45.86095°S 170.51238°E / -45.86095; 170.51238
Denny's Christchurch Central, Christchurch, New Zealand 43°32′25″S 172°38′21″E / 43.54034°S 172.63921°E / -43.54034; 172.63921
Baskin-Robbins Camberwell, Melbourne, Australia 37°49′50″S 145°03′24″E / 37.830423°S 145.056742°E / -37.830423; 145.056742

Gardens/parks, zoos and aquaria[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
National park Cabo de Hornos National Park, Tierra del Fuego, Chile 55°49′58″S 67°25′58″W / 55.83278°S 67.43278°W / -55.83278; -67.43278 (Cabo de Hornos National Park)
Penguin reserve Magdalena Island Penguin Reserve, Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Chile[65]
Aviary Queens Park Aviary, Invercargill, New Zealand 46°24′13″S 168°21′37″E / 46.40361°S 168.36028°E / -46.40361; 168.36028
Botanical garden Jardín Botánico de Ushuaia, Ushuaia, Argentina[66] 54°47′07″S 68°16′56″W / 54.78528°S 68.28222°W / -54.78528; -68.28222

Other[edit]

Item Place Latitude/longitude
UNESCO world heritage site (natural) French Austral Land and Seas[67] 90°00′S 45°00′E / 90.000°S 45.000°E / -90.000; 45.000 (Cueva de las Manos, Argentina) (southernmost Point)
UNESCO world heritage site (cultural) Cueva de las Manos, Argentina[68] 47°09′S 70°40′W / 47.150°S 70.667°W / -47.150; -70.667 (Cueva de las Manos, Argentina)
Skyscraper (>100 m) Majestic Centre, Wellington, New Zealand 41°17′19″S 174°46′27″E / 41.288501°S 174.774296°E / -41.288501; 174.774296 (Majestic Centre)
Opera house Oamaru Opera House, Oamaru, New Zealand 45°05′55″S 170°58′13″E / 45.0986°S 170.9703°E / -45.0986; 170.9703 (Oamaru Opera House)
High-rise building Cue Building,[69] Invercargill, New Zealand 46°24′40″S 168°20′57″E / 46.4110°S 168.3493°E / -46.4110; 168.3493 (Cue Building)
Mine Invierno mine, Riesco Island, Chile[70] 52°52′12″S 71°37′31″W / 52.87000°S 71.62528°W / -52.87000; -71.62528 (Mina Invierno)
Brewery Cerveza Artesanal Beagle, Ushuaia, Argentina[71] 54°47′24″S 68°15′57″W / 54.789983°S 68.265745°W / -54.789983; -68.265745 (Cerveza Artesenal Beagle)
Lighthouse Monumental Cabo de Hornos, Hornos Island, Chile[72] 55°57′54″S 67°13′12″W / 55.96500°S 67.22000°W / -55.96500; -67.22000
Bell tower Tokomairiro Presbyterian Church, Milton, New Zealand 46°07′22″S 169°57′25″E / 46.12278°S 169.95694°E / -46.12278; 169.95694 (Tokomairiro Presbyterian Church)
Place of birth of a human Esperanza Base, Antarctica (Emilio Marcos Palma in 1978 and seven others) [73] 63°24′S 57°00′W / 63.400°S 57.000°W / -63.400; -57.000 (Esperanza Base, Antarctica)
Cemetery Buromskiy Island, Antarctica[74] 66°32′S 93°00′E / 66.533°S 93.000°E / -66.533; 93.000 (Buromskiy Island Cemetery)

See also[edit]

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References[edit]

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  7. ^ Jaksic, Fabian M. (2022). "Historical account and current ecological knowledge of the southernmost lizard in the world, Liolaemus magellanicus (Squamata: Liolaemidae)". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 95 (7). doi:10.1186/s40693-022-00112-y. S2CID 252717680.
  8. ^ "Stress tolerance in a polyextremophile: The southernmost insect | Request PDF".
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  10. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2020-03-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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