Tidal disruption event

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Image from a simulation of a star being disrupted by a supermassive black hole during a tidal disruption event. [1]

A tidal disruption event (TDE) is an astronomical phenomenon that occurs when a star approaches sufficiently close to a supermassive black hole (SMBH) to be pulled apart by the black hole's tidal force, experiencing spaghettification.[2][3] A portion of the star's mass can be captured into an accretion disk around the black hole (if the star is on a parabolic orbit), resulting in a temporary flare of electromagnetic radiation as matter in the disk is consumed by the black hole. According to early papers, tidal disruption events should be an inevitable consequence of massive black holes' activity hidden in galaxy nuclei, whereas later theorists concluded that the resulting explosion or flare of radiation from the accretion of the stellar debris could be a unique signpost for the presence of a dormant black hole in the center of a normal galaxy.[4] Sometimes a star can survive the encounter with an SMBH, and a remnant is formed. These events are termed partial TDEs.[5][6]

History[edit]

TDEs were first theorized by J.G. Hills in 1975[7]. A consequence of a star getting sufficiently close to a SMBH that the tidal forces between the star will overcome the star's self-gravity. The seminal paper on the topic by Martin G. Rees described how approximately half of the disrupted stellar material will remain bound, eventually accreting onto the black hole and forming a luminous accretion disk[8].

TDEs were first observed in the early 1990s in the X-ray regime by the ROSAT All-Sky Survey [citation needed].

Observations[edit]

As of May 2024, roughly 100 TDEs are known[9][10][11], and have been discovered through several astronomical methods. such as optical transient surveys including Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF)[11] and the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASASS-SN) [12]. Other TDEs have been discovered in X-rays, using the ROSAT, XMM-Newton, and eROSITA[13]. TDEs have also been discovered in the ultraviolet.[14]

In September 2019, scientists using the TESS satellite announced they had witnessed a tidal disruption event called ASASSN-19bt, 375 million light-years away, which was first discovered by ASASS-SN.[15][16]

Physical Properties and Energetics[edit]

There are two broad classes of TDEs. The majority of TDEs consist of "non-relativistic" events, where the outflows from the TDE are akin to the energetics seen in Type Ib and Ic supernovae.[17]

Approximately 1% of TDEs, however, are relativistic TDEs, where an Astrophysical jet is promptly launched when the star is destroyed. This jet can then last for a few years before shutting off.[18] As of 2023 only 4 jetted TDEs are known.[19]

Tidal-disruption radius[edit]

See also: Sphere of influence (black hole)

A star gets tidally disrupted when the tidal force exerted by a black hole exceeds the self-gravity of the star . The distance below which is called the tidal radius and is given approximately by:[20][21]

This is identical to the Roche limit for disruptions of planetary bodies.

Usually, the tidal-disruption radius of a black hole is bigger than its Schwarzschild radius, , but considering the radius and mass of the star fixed there is a mass for the black hole where both radii become equal meaning that at this point the star would simply disappear before being torn apart.[22][23]

Notable tidal disruption events[edit]

Swift J1644+57 (captured by the Hubble Space Telescope)
  • Swift J1644+57 [24] A relativistic jet that was launched during the disruption of a star 3.8 billion light years away. The jet lasted 1.5 years, at which point it shut off.[25]
  • ASASSN-14li [26][27] The first radio detection of a non-relativistic outflow from a TDE, in 2014.
  • AT2018hyz[28] A TDE that was radio quiet until approximately 750 days after the initial TDE event, and has been rising rapidly in radio frequencies since. This has been interpreted as a delayed radio outflow, or an off-axis jet.[29]
  • AT2022cmc [30] is a jetted TDE discovered in 2022 by ZTF.
  • ASASSN-20hx, located near the nucleus of galaxy NGC 6297, was discovered in July 2020 and noted that the observation represented one of the "very few tidal disruption events with hard powerlaw X-ray spectra".[31][32]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "DESY News: Ghost particle from shredded star reveals cosmic particle accelerator". www.desy.de. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  2. ^ "Astronomers See a Massive Black Hole Tear a Star Apart". Universe today. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  3. ^ "Tidal Disruption of a Star By a Massive Black Hole". Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  4. ^ Gezari, Suvi (11 June 2013). "Tidal Disruption Events". Brazilian Journal of Physics. 43 (5–6): 351–355. Bibcode:2013BrJPh..43..351G. doi:10.1007/s13538-013-0136-z. S2CID 122336157.
  5. ^ Guillochon, James; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico (2013-04-10). "Hydrodynamical Simulations to Determine the Feeding Rate of Black Holes by the Tidal Disruption of Stars: The Importance of the Impact Parameter and Stellar Structure". The Astrophysical Journal. 767 (1): 25. arXiv:1206.2350. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767...25G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/25. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118900779.
  6. ^ Ryu, Taeho; Krolik, Julian; Piran, Tsvi; Noble, Scott C. (2020-12-01). "Tidal Disruptions of Main-sequence Stars. III. Stellar Mass Dependence of the Character of Partial Disruptions". The Astrophysical Journal. 904 (2): 100. arXiv:2001.03503. Bibcode:2020ApJ...904..100R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb3ce. ISSN 0004-637X.
  7. ^ Hills, J. G. (March 1975). "Possible power source of Seyfert galaxies and QSOs". Nature. 254 (5498): 295–298. Bibcode:1975Natur.254..295H. doi:10.1038/254295a0. hdl:2027.42/62978. ISSN 1476-4687.
  8. ^ Rees, Martin J. (June 1988). "Tidal disruption of stars by black holes of 106–108 solar masses in nearby galaxies". Nature. 333 (6173): 523–528. Bibcode:1988Natur.333..523R. doi:10.1038/333523a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  9. ^ van Velzen, Sjoert (2011). "Optical Discovery of Probable Stellar Tidal Disruption Flares". ApJ. 741 (2): 73. arXiv:1009.1627. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...73V. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/73. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  10. ^ Mockler, Brenna (2019). "Weighing Black Holes Using Tidal Disruption Events". ApJ. 872 (2): 151. arXiv:1801.08221. Bibcode:2019ApJ...872..151M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab010f.
  11. ^ a b Hammerstein, Erika (2023). "The Final Season Reimagined: 30 Tidal Disruption Events from the ZTF-I Survey". ApJ. 942 (9): 9. arXiv:2203.01461. Bibcode:2023ApJ...942....9H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca283.
  12. ^ Holoien, Thomas W.-S.; Vallely, Patrick J.; Auchettl, Katie; Stanek, K. Z.; Kochanek, Christopher S.; French, K. Decker; Prieto, Jose L.; Shappee, Benjamin J.; Brown, Jonathan S.; Fausnaugh, Michael M.; Dong, Subo; Thompson, Todd A.; Bose, Subhash; Neustadt, Jack M. M.; Cacella, P.; Brimacombe, J.; Kendurkar, Malhar R.; Beaton, Rachael L.; Boutsia, Konstantina; Chomiuk, Laura; Connor, Thomas; Morrell, Nidia; Newman, Andrew B.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Shishkovsky, Laura; Strader, Jay (2019). "Discovery and Early Evolution of ASASSN-19bt, the First TDE Detected by TESS". The Astrophysical Journal. 883 (2): 111. arXiv:1904.09293. Bibcode:2019ApJ...883..111H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3c66. S2CID 128307681.
  13. ^ Khabibullin, I.; Sazonov, S. (21 October 2014). "Stellar tidal disruption candidates found by cross-correlating the ROSAT Bright Source Catalogue and XMM–Newton observations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 444 (2): 1041–1053. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1491. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  14. ^ Gezari, S.; Martin, D. C.; Milliard, B.; Basa, S.; Halpern, J. P.; Forster, K.; Friedman, P. G.; Morrissey, P.; Neff, S. G.; Schiminovich, D.; Seibert, M.; Small, T.; Wyder, T. K. (10 December 2006). "Ultraviolet Detection of the Tidal Disruption of a Star by a Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal. 653 (1): L25–L28. doi:10.1086/509918. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  15. ^ Holoien, Thomas W.-S.; Vallely, Patrick J.; Auchettl, Katie; Stanek, K. Z.; Kochanek, Christopher S.; French, K. Decker; Prieto, Jose L.; Shappee, Benjamin J.; Brown, Jonathan S.; Fausnaugh, Michael M.; Dong, Subo; Thompson, Todd A.; Bose, Subhash; Neustadt, Jack M. M.; Cacella, P.; Brimacombe, J.; Kendurkar, Malhar R.; Beaton, Rachael L.; Boutsia, Konstantina; Chomiuk, Laura; Connor, Thomas; Morrell, Nidia; Newman, Andrew B.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Shishkovsky, Laura; Strader, Jay (2019). "Discovery and Early Evolution of ASASSN-19bt, the First TDE Detected by TESS". The Astrophysical Journal. 883 (2): 111. arXiv:1904.09293. Bibcode:2019ApJ...883..111H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3c66. S2CID 128307681.
  16. ^ Garner, Rob (2019-09-25). "TESS Spots Its 1st Star-shredding Black Hole". NASA. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
  17. ^ Cendes, Y.; Alexander, K. D.; Berger, E.; Eftekhari, T.; Williams, P. K. G.; Chornock, R. (1 October 2021). "Radio Observations of an Ordinary Outflow from the Tidal Disruption Event AT2019dsg". The Astrophysical Journal. 919 (2): 127. arXiv:2103.06299. Bibcode:2021ApJ...919..127C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac110a. ISSN 0004-637X.
  18. ^ Eftekhari, T.; Berger, E.; Zauderer, B. A.; Margutti, R.; Alexander, K. D. (20 February 2018). "Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. III. Late-time Jet Energetics and a Deviation from Equipartition". The Astrophysical Journal. 854 (2): 86. arXiv:1710.07289. Bibcode:2018ApJ...854...86E. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa8e0.
  19. ^ Hensley, Kerry (2023-11-08). "Why Are Jets from Disrupted Stars So Rare?". AAS Nova. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  20. ^ Hills, J. G. (March 1975). "Possible power source of Seyfert galaxies and QSOs". Nature. 254 (5498): 295–298. Bibcode:1975Natur.254..295H. doi:10.1038/254295a0. hdl:2027.42/62978. ISSN 0028-0836.
  21. ^ Lacy, J. H.; Townes, C. H.; Hollenbach, D. J. (November 1982). "The nature of the central parsec of the Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 262: 120. Bibcode:1982ApJ...262..120L. doi:10.1086/160402. ISSN 0004-637X.
  22. ^ Gezari, Suvi (2014). "The tidal disruption of stars by supermassive black holes". Physics Today. 67 (5): 37–42. Bibcode:2014PhT....67e..37G. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2382. ISSN 0031-9228.
  23. ^ Rees, Martin J. (1988). "Tidal disruption of stars by black holes of 106–108 solar masses in nearby galaxies". Nature. 333 (6173): 523–528. Bibcode:1988Natur.333..523R. doi:10.1038/333523a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4331660.
  24. ^ Bloom, Joshua (2011). "A Possible Relativistic Jetted Outburst from a Massive Black Hole Fed by a Tidally Disrupted Star" (PDF). Science. 333 (6039): 203–206. arXiv:1104.3257. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..203B. doi:10.1126/science.1207150. PMID 21680812.
  25. ^ Cendes, Yvette (8 December 2021). "How do black holes swallow stars?". Astronomy Magazine. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  26. ^ van Velzen, Sjoert (2016). "A radio jet from the optical and x-ray bright stellar tidal disruption flare ASASSN-14li". Science. 351 (6268): 62. arXiv:1511.08803. Bibcode:2016Sci...351...62V. doi:10.1126/science.aad1182.
  27. ^ Jiang, Ning; Dou, Liming; Wang, Tinggui; Yang, Chenwei; Lyu, Jianwei; Zhou, Hongyan (1 September 2016). "The WISE Detection of an Infrared Echo in Tidal Disruption Event ASASSN-14li". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 828 (1): L14. arXiv:1605.04640. Bibcode:2016ApJ...828L..14J. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/828/1/L14. S2CID 119159417.
  28. ^ Cendes, Y.; Berger, E.; Alexander, K. D.; Gomez, S.; Hajela, A.; Chornock, R.; Laskar, T.; Margutti, R.; Metzger, B.; Bietenholz, M. F.; Brethauer, D.; Wieringa, M. H. (1 October 2022). "A Mildly Relativistic Outflow Launched Two Years after Disruption in Tidal Disruption Event AT2018hyz". The Astrophysical Journal. 938 (1): 28. arXiv:2206.14297. Bibcode:2022ApJ...938...28C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac88d0.
  29. ^ Matsumoto, Tatsuya; Piran, Tsvi (2 May 2023). "Generalized equipartition method from an arbitrary viewing angle". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 522 (3): 4565–4576. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1269.
  30. ^ Andreoni, Igor (2022). "A very luminous jet from the disruption of a star by a massive black hole" (PDF). Nature. 612 (7940): 430–434. arXiv:2211.16530. Bibcode:2022Natur.612..430A. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05465-8. PMID 36450988.
  31. ^ Lin, Dacheng (25 July 2020). "ATel #13895: ASASSN-20hx is a Hard Tidal Disruption Event Candidate". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  32. ^ Hinkle, J.T.; et al. (24 July 2020). "Atel #13893: Classification of ASASSN-20hx as a Tidal Disruption Event Candidate". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 24 July 2020.

External links[edit]

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