Tifal language
| Tifal | |
|---|---|
| Tifalmin | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Sandaun Province, Telefomin District |
| Ethnicity | incl. Urapmin |
Native speakers | 4,000 (2003)[1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tif – inclusive codeIndividual code: urm – Urap |
| Glottolog | tifa1245 Tifalurap1239 Urapmin |
| ELP | |
Tifal is an Ok language spoken in Papua New Guinea. Dialects are Tifal (Tifalmin), Urap (Urapmin) and Atbal (Atbalmin).
Geography[edit]
The Tifal language is bounded by Papuan and Irian Jaya speakers to the south and west, the Telefomin valley in the east, and the Sepik river to the north.[2]
Orthography[edit]
| Phonemic | ɑ | ɑː | b | d | eː | f | i | iː | k | l | m | n | ŋ | o | oː | s | t | u | uː | w | j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowercase | a | aa | b, p | d | e | f | i | ii | k | l | m | n | ng | o | oo | s | t | u | uu | w | y |
| Uppercase | A | Aa | B | D | E | F | I | Ii | K | L | M | N | O | Oo | S | T | U | Uu | W | Y |
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | b | t d | k | |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
| Fricative | f | s | ||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||
| Liquid | l |
- /b/ is realized as [pʰ] word finally, as [p] in syllable-coda position before a consonant, and [b] elsewhere.
- /t/ is realized as [t] in syllable coda before a consonant and [tʰ] elsewhere.
- /d/ is realized as [ɾ] intervocalically, e.g. /didab/: [dɪˈɾʌpʰ] 'water container'.
- /k/ is [ɣ] intervocalically, [k] in syllable coda before consonants, and [kʰ] elsewhere.
- /s/ is realized as [ʂ] before /u/.
- /l/ is alveolar adjacent to back vowels and alveodental elsewhere.[3] One dialect realizes /l/ as [r] intervocalically.
Vowels[edit]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | eː | o oː | |
| Open | ɑ ɑː |
/o/ and /oː/ rarely contrast.[4]
| Phoneme | Condition | Allophone | Realization elsewhere |
|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ | word-initially and finally | [i] | [ɪ] |
| /a/ | [a] | [ʌ] | |
| /u/ | [u] | [ʊ] | |
| /eː/ | in open syllables, before /m/, and between /j/ and /p/ | [eː] | [ɛː] |
| /o/ | before /n/ or /ŋ/; between /t/ and /k/ | [ɔ] | [o] |
Phonotactics[edit]
Syllable structure is (C)V(ː)(C). The expression kwiin takan 'oh my!' may be an exception.
/d/ only occurs word-initially.[6] /f/ only occurs syllable-initially.[7] /ŋ/ is always syllable-final.[8]
Initial /l/ only occurs in some dialects. Initial /kw/ occurs in two dialects, and may usually be interpreted as C+V.
/w/ and /j/ occur syllable-initially.[9] Only one dialect allows syllable-coda /j/.[10]
Stress[edit]
In inflected words stress lies on the last syllable of the verb stem. If there are long vowels stress falls on the first syllable in the word. If all vowels are short, stress falls on the last syllable. If it is closed stress falls on the first syllable.
Grammar[edit]
Nouns[edit]
Nouns are not inflected but may mark possession. Body parts and kinship terms are obligatorily possessed, and some kinship terms require affixing. On other nouns possession is optional, except for proper names which are never possessed.[11]
Pronouns[edit]
| Person | Basic | Emphatic | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | singular | ni-/na- | nala-/nalal-/-nila | |
| plural | nuu-/no- | nuulu-/nulul- | ||
| 2 | singular | m | kab- | kaltab-/kalab- |
| f | kub- | kultub-/kulub- | ||
| plural | kib- | kiltib- | ||
| 3 | singular | m | a- | ala-/alal-/al- |
| f | u- | ulu-/ulul-/ul- | ||
| plural | ib-/i- | iltib-/ilib-/ilal-/il- | ||
| Suffix meaning: | Poss. | Subj. | Definitive | Inst. | First | with, and, also |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suffix: | -mi~ni | -i~-di | -yo | ta | -siik/-siin | soo/soono |
| Suffix meaning: | Poss. | Inst. | 'only' | 'like, simile' |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suffix: | -mi~ni | ta | -kal | tab |
Verbs[edit]
Tifal has a rich aspectual system.[15] Verbs may be separated into four groups based on how they transform from continuative to punctiliar aspect. Some only have vowel and/or simple stem changes, some have suppletive stems, some change compound-final stems, and some which have allomorphs which add -(a)laa-min (or rarely -daa-laa-min) to the stem.[16]
Verbs also can be divided based on transitivity. Some require direct objects, some with optional objects, some with optional locational objects, and a few intransitive verbs.[17]
| verb | ben. | ben. | -laa | tense | person | mood | statement-final marker |
|---|
Tense and aspect[edit]
Most final verbs mark tense, mood, and person, but most verbs can mark aspect and not tense and still be a final verb.[19]
| Continuative | Punctiliar | |
|---|---|---|
| pres | -b/m1 | -d |
| yesterday past | 1-m-som/-a-som | -b |
| dist. past | -a-s | |
| very remote past | -bis | -s |
| abilitative | 1-m-am | 1-d-am |
| near future | 1-m-okom | 1-d-okom |
| dist. future | 1-m-okob | 1-d-okob |
- "initial consonant of the customary or class changing marker is retained"
Tifal sentences are contain inflected verb-root-chains, often with a final fully conjugated verb. One must inflect for the amount of time between one verb in the chain and the next.[21]
Deixis[edit]
Marking spatial relation between verbs and their objects is obligatory. "up" must be clarified as either "upslope" or "upstream", "down" as "downslope" or "downstream", and "across" as "across land" or "across a river".[21]
Kinship[edit]
Tifal has dyadic kinship terms (terms referring to the relationship two or more people have to each other), which are present in less than 10 languages and not prevalent in Papua New Guinea. However, they are a salient feature of the Ok languages. Related terms are found in Oksapmin, Mian, and Telefol.[22]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Tifal at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Urap at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Boush 1975, p. 0, Introduction.
- ^ Boush & Boush 1974, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Boush & Boush 1974, p. 22.
- ^ Boush & Boush 1974, pp. 17–19.
- ^ Boush & Boush 1974, p. 3.
- ^ Boush & Boush 1974, p. 7.
- ^ Boush & Boush 1974, p. 8.
- ^ Boush & Boush 1974, p. 9.
- ^ SIL 1994, p. 3.
- ^ Boush 1975, pp. 3–5.
- ^ Boush 1975, p. 6.
- ^ Boush 1975, p. 7.
- ^ Boush 1975, p. 8.
- ^ Fedden, Sebastian. "Aspectual stem distinctions in the Mian verb" (PDF). Leipzig University.
- ^ Boush 1975, pp. 10–12.
- ^ Boush 1975, pp. 13–16.
- ^ Boush 1975, p. 16.
- ^ Boush 1979, p. 1.
- ^ Boush 1975, pp. 22–23.
- ^ a b Bercovitch, Eytan. "On Learning a New Guinea Language". Language-Learning-Advisor.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
- ^ Loughnane, Robyn (2008). "The Oksapmin Kinship System". University of Sydney. Archived from the original on 2009-09-20. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
Bibliography[edit]
- Boush, Al; Boush, Susan (1974), Tifal phonology (Manuscript), archived from the original on 2012-10-11
- Boush, Al (1975), Tifal grammar essentials (Manuscript), archived from the original on 2012-10-11
- Boush, Al (1979), Aspect on Tifal final and medial verbs (Manuscript), archived from the original on 2012-10-11
- Tifal Organised Phonology Data (Manuscript), Boush, Al (compiler), 1994, archived from the original on 2012-10-11
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Further reading[edit]
- Steinkraus, Walter. 1969. 'Tifal phonology showing vowel and tone neutralization.' Kivung 2:1
- Healey, Phyllis, and Walter Steinkraus. 1972. 'A Preliminary Vocabulary of Tifal with Grammar Notes.' Language Data Microfiche AP 5, S.I.L., Huntington Beach, v + 117 pp. ISBN 0-88312-305-3
- Steinkraus, Walter. 1962–63. Manuscripts. SIL, Ukarumpa.
- Boush, Al. 1974–79. Manuscripts. SIL, Ukarumpa.