Tony Shalhoub

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Tony Shalhoub
Shalhoub in 2017
Born
Anthony Marc Shalhoub[1]

(1953-10-09) October 9, 1953 (age 70)
EducationUniversity of Wisconsin, Green Bay
University of Southern Maine (BA)
Yale University (MFA)
OccupationActor
Years active1980–present
Spouse
(m. 1992)
Children2
AwardsFull list
Signature

Anthony Marc Shalhoub (/ʃəlˈhb/ shəl-HOOB; born October 9, 1953) is an American actor. His breakout role was as Antonio Scarpacci on the sitcom Wings from 1991 to 1997. He later starred as Adrian Monk in the USA Network series Monk from 2002 to 2009, earning three Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series. For his supporting role as Abe Weissman on Amazon's The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series.

Shalhoub has had a successful film career, with roles in films such as Quick Change (1990), Barton Fink (1991), Big Night (1996), Men in Black (1997), Gattaca (1997), Paulie (1998), The Siege (1998), Galaxy Quest (1999), Spy Kids, Thirteen Ghosts, and The Man Who Wasn't There (all 2001). He has also provided voice work for the Cars franchise (2006–2022), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014), and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016). For his work on Broadway, Shalhoub won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his performance as Tewfiq Zakaria in The Band's Visit in 2018. Other Tony-nominated roles were in Conversations with My Father in 1992, Golden Boy in 2013, and Act One in 2014.

Early life and education[edit]

Anthony Marc Shalhoub (Arabic: أنتوني مارك شلهوب), the ninth of ten children, was born and raised in a Lebanese Maronite household[2] in Green Bay, Wisconsin.[3][4] His father, Joseph (1912–1991),[5] was from Zahle while it was still part of the Ottoman Empire and immigrated to the United States as a child after his own parents, Milhem and Mariam, died during World War I.[1] After immigrating to America, Joe Shalhoub became a meat peddler who drove a refrigerated truck.[6] Joe married Shalhoub's mother, Helen Seroogy (1910-1983),[7] a Lebanese American. The two met when Joe was taken in to be raised by her family, when both were young. The Seroogy family operated a candy store that remains a family business.[1] One of Shalhoub's maternal great-great-grandfathers, Abdul Naimy, although Lebanese, was reportedly killed by being crucified in 1895 during the Hamidian massacres committed against Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.[1] Shalhoub was introduced to acting by an older sister, who put his name forward to be an extra in a high-school production of The King and I.[3]

After graduating from Green Bay East High School, he spent a short time at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay before participating in the National Student Exchange to the University of Southern Maine where he later transferred and earned a bachelor's degree.[8] He later went on to earn a master's degree from the Yale School of Drama in 1980.[3][9]

Career[edit]

1980–2001: Rise to prominence and Wings[edit]

Shortly after graduating from Yale, Shalhoub moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he spent four seasons with the American Repertory Theater before heading to New York City, where he found work waiting tables. He made his Broadway debut in the 1985 Rita Moreno/Sally Struthers production of The Odd Couple and was nominated for a 1992 Tony Award for his featured role in Conversations with My Father. Shalhoub met his wife, actress Brooke Adams, when they co-starred on Broadway in The Heidi Chronicles.[citation needed] In 1998 Shalhoub starred in The Classic Stage Company's production of Waiting for Godot alongside John Turturro and Christopher Lloyd.

After playing several small television and film roles Shalhoub landed the role of cab driver Antonio Scarpacci in the NBC sitcom Wings which he played from 1991 to 1997. Shalhoub was pleasantly surprised to land the role after having a guest appearance as a waiter in the second season. He became a regular in the third season. The character's name was kept, but the character's occupation changed to a cab driver.[4] He affected an Italian accent for the role. Shalhoub played the role from 1991 until the series ended in 1997.

In the same time period, Shalhoub played the lead role of physicist Dr. Chester Ray Banton in The X-Files second-season episode "Soft Light", the first episode written by Vince Gilligan. Banton's shadow becomes lethal after Banton gets stuck in a particle accelerator, causing him to accidentally destroy anyone close to him, after which the government imprisons and tortures him in an effort to weaponize his superpower. Shalhoub's film roles following his Wings breakout included an excitable producer consulted by John Turturro's character in Barton Fink and a fast-talking lawyer in The Man Who Wasn't There (both directed by the Coen brothers), a linguistically unidentified cabby in Quick Change, a Cuban-American businessman in Primary Colors, sleazy alien pawn shop owner Jack Jeebs in the Men in Black films, an attorney in A Civil Action, a widowed father in Thirteen Ghosts, a cameo role in the film Gattaca, and a has-been television star who falls in love with an actual space alien, in the Star Trek: TOS satire film Galaxy Quest.

Shalhoub had a co-starring role in the film Big Night, as one in a pair of Italian immigrant brothers who own a struggling ethnic restaurant. In 1995 he had a role in the hit NBC sitcom Frasier in the episode "The Focus Group" as an Arab newsstand owner named Manu Habbib. He did voice acting for the 1997 computer game Fallout. Shalhoub demonstrated his dramatic range in the 1998 big-budget thriller The Siege, where he co-starred alongside Denzel Washington, Annette Bening, and Bruce Willis. His character, FBI Special Agent Frank Haddad, also a Lebanese American, suffered discrimination after terrorist attacks in New York City.[10] He returned to series television in 1999, this time in a lead role on Stark Raving Mad, opposite Neil Patrick Harris. The show failed to attract an audience and NBC canceled the series in 2000.[11]

2002–2009: Monk and acclaim[edit]

Shalhoub in 2005

After a three-year absence from the small screen, Shalhoub starred in another TV series, Monk. Airing on the USA Network, the series featured Shalhoub as Adrian Monk, a detective with obsessive-compulsive disorder. He was nominated for an Emmy Award[12] for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in eight consecutive years from 2003 to 2010, winning in 2003, 2005, and 2006. He also took the Golden Globe award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy in 2003.[13] In May 2020, NBC's Peacock streaming service posted a series of videos on YouTube during the COVID-19 pandemic, entitled the "At-Home Variety Show". Among them was a Monk short entitled "Mr. Monk Shelters in Place", featuring Shalhoub and his co-stars Traylor Howard, Ted Levine, and Jason Gray-Stanford, showing how their characters were coping with the pandemic.[14]

Shalhoub returned in December 2006 to the Off-Broadway Second Stage Theatre, opposite Patricia Heaton for a run of The Scene by Theresa Rebeck.[15] In addition to his acting work, Shalhoub, along with the Network of Arab-American Professionals and Zoom-in-Focus Productions, established The Arab-American Filmmaker Award Competition in 2005. Arab-American filmmakers submitted screenplays, and the chosen winner was flown to Hollywood to have their screenplay produced.[16]

Shalhoub at the Paley Center in 2008

He appeared with Matthew Broderick and Alec Baldwin in the 2004 Hollywood satire The Last Shot as a gruff small-time mobster with a love for movies. In 2006, he appeared in Danny Leiner's drama The Great New Wonderful as a psychologist in post-9/11 New York City. In 2007, he appeared in the horror film 1408 and on-stage off-Broadway as Charlie in The Scene. His first two voiceover credits were as Aradesh in the original Fallout in his only non-Cars related video game credit, and Emir in one episode of the Disney animated series Gargoyles. He received a 2008 Grammy nomination in the category "Best Spoken Word Album for Children" for his narration of The Cricket in Times Square.[17] He provided the voice of Luigi, a 1959 Fiat 500 who runs a tire shop, in the 2006 Disney/Pixar film Cars and its 2011 and 2017 sequels, Cars 2 and Cars 3, respectively, as well as 3 episodes of the short-form Cars series Tales from Radiator Springs (2013-2014) and the first episode of Cars on the Road (2022), and several video games in the franchise (2006-2011).

2010–2016: Return to theatre[edit]

In 2010, he went to Broadway to act as Saunders in a revival version of Lend Me a Tenor in New York at the Music Box Theatre.[18] He was nominated for a 2013 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play for Lincoln Center Theater's production of Golden Boy at the Belasco Theatre.[19] He was nominated for a 2014 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for Lincoln Center Theater's production of Act One at the Vivian Beaumont Theatre.[20] Shalhoub and his wife appeared in Samuel Beckett's Happy Days in June and July 2015 in New York City.[21][22] Shalhoub voiced Splinter in the 2014 film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and reprised the role in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016).[23]

He starred in the musical stage adaptation of the film The Band's Visit, in the Off-Broadway Atlantic Theatre Company production. The musical, with music and lyrics by David Yazbek and book by Itamar Moses, ran from November 11, 2016, through December 23, 2016. He reprised his role when the show moved to Broadway where it opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on November 9, 2017.[24] For his performance, he won the 2018 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical. He also appeared as Walter Franz in the 2017 Broadway revival of The Price.[25]

2017–2023: The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel[edit]

Shalhoub in 2018

Shalhoub stars as Jewish-American math professor Abe Weissman, father of protagonist Midge Maisel (Rachel Brosnahan), in the Emmy-winning, Amazon-produced television comedy series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel.[26] For his performance he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series both in 2019. Thelma Adams of TheWrap praised Abe's character development and Shalhoub's performance on the series writing, "Midge's father — always intelligent, rarely self-aware — has a remarkable epiphany where he finally understands what Midge has accomplished, and how late he is to the party."[27] Cristina Escobar of Roger Ebert.com declared, "[Shalhoub] came close to stealing the show".[28]

He played the character of Fred in the 2021 animated film, Rumble, and reprised his role as Adrian Monk in Mr. Monk's Last Case: A Monk Movie in 2023.

Personal life[edit]

Shalhoub married actress Brooke Adams in 1992. They have worked together in several films, in one episode of Wings, and on BrainDead. Adams has appeared credited as a "Special Guest Star" in five episodes of Monk—"Mr. Monk and the Airplane", "Mr. Monk's 100th Case", "Mr. Monk and the Kid", "Mr. Monk Visits a Farm", and "Mr. Monk and the Badge,"[29] as well as in Mr. Monk's Last Case.[30]

Family[edit]

Shalhoub and Adams appeared on Broadway together in the 2010 revival of Lend Me a Tenor.[31] At the time of their wedding, Adams had an adopted daughter, Josie Lynn (born 1989), whom Shalhoub adopted. In 1994, they adopted another daughter, Sophie (born 1993).[32]

Shalhoub's brother Michael is also an actor who made multiple guest appearances on Monk. He first appears in "Mr. Monk and the Missing Granny" as a member of a disbanded radical group suspected of involvement in a kidnapping. In "Mr. Monk Bumps His Head", he plays a Wyoming beekeeper who is annoyed when a suspect crashes a car into his farm. Michael also appears in "Mr. Monk Is the Best Man" as the minister presiding at Leland Stottlemeyer's wedding.

Investing[edit]

Shalhoub is an investor in the Michelin-starred Italian restaurant Rezdora.[33]

Filmography[edit]

Film[edit]

Year Title Role Notes
1986 Heartburn Airplane Passenger Some scenes cut
1989 Longtime Companion Paul's Doctor
1990 Quick Change Taxicab Driver
1991 Barton Fink Ben Geisler
1992 Honeymoon in Vegas Buddy Walker
1993 Addams Family Values Jorge
Searching for Bobby Fischer Chess Club Member
1994 I.Q. Bob Rosetti
1996 Big Night Primo
1997 A Life Less Ordinary Al
Gattaca German
Men in Black Jack Jeebs
1998 A Civil Action Kevin Conway
The Siege Agent Frank Haddad
The Impostors Voltri, First Mate
Paulie Misha Belenkoff
Primary Colors Eddie Reyes
1999 Galaxy Quest Fred Kwan
The Tic Code Phil
2001 Thirteen Ghosts Arthur Kriticos
The Man Who Wasn't There Freddy Riedenschneider
Spy Kids Mr. Alexander "Alex" Minion
2002 Life or Something Like It Prophet Jack
Made-Up Max Hires Also director
Impostor Nelson Gittes
Men in Black II Jack Jeebs
Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams Mr. Alexander "Alex" Minion
2003 Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over
Party Animals Celebrity Father
T for Terrorist Man in White Suit
Something More Mr. Avery
2004 The Last Shot Tommy Sanz
Against the Ropes Sam LaRocca
2005 The Naked Brothers Band: The Movie Himself
The Great New Wonderful Dr. Trabulous
2006 Cars Luigi (voice)
2007 Careless Mr. Roth
AmericanEast Sam
1408 Sam Farrell
2008 L.A. Actors Bum
2009 Feed the Fish Sheriff Anderson
2010 How Do You Know Psychiatrist
2011 Cars 2 Luigi (voice)
2013 Movie 43 George Deleted sketch
Pain & Gain Victor Kershaw
2014 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Master Splinter (voice)
2016 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
Custody Jason Schulman
The Assignment Dr. Ralph Galen
2017 Breakable You Adam Weller
Final Portrait Diego Giacometti
Cars 3 Luigi (voice)
They Shall Not Perish Karnig Parnian
2018 Rosy Dr. Godin
2021 Rumble Fred (voice)
2022 Linoleum Dr. Alvin
2023 Flamin' Hot Roger Enrico

Television[edit]

Year Title Role Notes
1986 The Equalizer Terrorist Episode: "Breakpoint"
1987 Spenser: For Hire Dr. Hambrecht Episode: "The Road Back"
1988 Alone in the Neon Jungle Nahid TV movie
1989 Money, Power, Murder Seth Parker TV movie
Day One Enrico Fermi TV movie
1991 Monsters Mancini Episode: "Leavings"
1991–1997 Wings Antonio Scarpacci 144 episodes
1992 Dinosaurs Jerry (voice) Episode: "Fran Live"
1993 Gypsy Uncle Jocko TV movie
1995 Gargoyles The Emir (voice) Episode: "Grief"
The X-Files Dr. Chester Ray Banton Episode: "Soft Light"
1996 Radiant City Narrator TV movie
Frasier Manu Habib Episode: "The Focus Group"
Almost Perfect Alex Thorpe Episode: "Auto Neurotic"
1997 Men in Black: The Series Jack Jeebs (voice) 2 episodes
1999 That Championship Season George Sitkowski TV movie
Ally McBeal Albert Shepley Episode: "Those Lips, That Hand"
1999–2000 Stark Raving Mad Ian Stark 22 episodes
2000 MADtv Taxi Cab Driver/Himself 2 episodes
2001 The Heart Department Dr. Joseph Nassar TV movie
2002–2009 Monk Adrian Monk Lead role (125 episodes)
2011 Too Big to Fail John Mack TV movie
Five Mitch Taylor TV movie
2012 Hemingway & Gellhorn Koltsov TV movie
2013 We Are Men Frank Russo 7 episodes
2013–2014 Cars Toons: Tales from Radiator Springs Luigi (voice) 3 episodes
2015 Nurse Jackie Dr. Bernard Prince 8 episodes
2016 The Blacklist Alistair Pitt Episode: "Alistair Pitt (No. 103)"
BrainDead Red Wheatus Main role (13 episodes)
2017–2023 The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Abe Weissman 43 episodes
2017 Mickey and the Roadster Racers Luigi (voice) Episode: "Roaming Around Rome"
2019–2020 Elena of Avalor Zopilote (voice) 6 episodes
2020 Peacock Presents: The At-Home Variety Show Featuring Seth MacFarlane Adrian Monk Episode: "Monk in Quarantine"
2020–2022 Central Park Marvin (voice) 7 episodes
2022 Cars on the Road Luigi (voice) Episode: "Dino Park"
2023 The Company You Keep Frankie Musso 2 episodes
2023 Mr. Monk's Last Case: A Monk Movie Adrian Monk TV movie

Stage[edit]

Year Title Role Venue
1980 As You Like It Oliver American Repertory Theater
The Berlin Requiem and The Seven Deadly Sins Paddle Wheel/Boss/Horse
Lulu Ferdinand/Casti-Piani
1981 Has "Washington" Legs? Wesley
The Marriage of Figaro Figaro
Sganarelle- An evening of Molière farces Alcidas/Lélie/Leandre
1982 The Journey of the Fifth Horse Pandalevski/Bizmionkov
Rundown Spear
Three Sisters Solyony
1983 Waiting for Godot Pozzo
The Boys from Syracuse Sergeant
Baby with the Bathwater Father/Voice of Psychologist
The School for Scandal Joseph Surface
Measure for Measure Angelo
1984 Six Characters in Search of an Author The Son
Holy Wars: Morocco and The Road to Jerusalem Mr. Kempler/Ari
1986 The Odd Couple Jesus Costazuela Broadhurst Theatre
1987 Richard II Sir William Bagot Shakespeare in the Park
Henry IV, Part 1 Poins/Sir Richard Vernon
1988 Zero Positive Patrick The Public Theater
Rameau's Nephew Lui Classic Stage Company
For Dear Life Jake The Public Theater
1989 The Heidi Chronicles Scoop Rosenbaum (replacement) Plymouth Theatre
1992 Conversations with My Father Charlie Royale Theatre
1997 The Old Neighborhood Bobby American Repertory Theater
2007 The Scene Charlie Second Stage Theatre
2010 Lend Me a Tenor Henry Saunders Music Box Theatre
2012 Golden Boy Mr. Bonaparte Belasco Theatre
2014 Act One Moss Hart, Barnett Hart, George S. Kaufman Vivian Beaumont Theatre
2015 The Mystery of Love and Sex Howard Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater
Happy Days Willie The Flea Theater
2016 The Band's Visit Tewfiq Zakaria Atlantic Theater Company
2017 The Price Walter Franz American Airlines Theatre
The Band's Visit Tewfiq Zakaria Ethel Barrymore Theatre

Video games[edit]

Year Title Voice role
1997 Fallout: A Post-Nuclear Role-Playing Game Aradesh
2006 Cars Luigi
2007 Cars Mater-National Championship
2009 Cars Race-O-Rama
2011 Cars 2

Producer[edit]

Year Title Notes
2003–09 Monk 125 episodes
2005 Mush Short film
2009 Pet Peeves
Feed the Fish

Awards and nominations[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Stated on Finding Your Roots. February 9, 2021.
  2. ^ Bloom, Nate (September 4, 2018). "The big Emmys, and the other Emmys". J. The Jewish News of Northern California. Shalhoub, who is of Lebanese Christian background, plays Abe Weissman, "TV's most lovable, beleaguered father" according to Vanity Fair.
  3. ^ a b c Wojciechowski, Michele "Wojo" (October 4, 2013). "We Are Men Star Tony Shalhoub on Life after Monk". Parade.
  4. ^ a b Mendoza, N.F. (May 7, 1995). "With An Eye On...:Tony Shalhoub's 'Wings' lets him be the driver and the passenger happy to go along for the ride". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
  5. ^ "Mr. Joseph Shalhoub". Green Bay Press-Gazette. February 20, 1991. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ "Tony Shalhoub on a Green Bay Childhood". The Wall Street Journal. February 18, 2015. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  7. ^ Gerds, Warren (December 19, 2005). "Yes, that was Tony Shalhoub". Green Bay Press-Gazette. Archived from the original on June 1, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  8. ^ "USM alumnus Tony Shalhoub wins first Tony Award". University of Southern Maine. June 11, 2018. Archived from the original on December 15, 2019.
  9. ^ Dell, Laurie S. (September 9, 2002). "From Maine to Monk: USM Alumni Tony Shalhoub". usmfreepress.org.
  10. ^ Leibowitz, Ed (November 3, 1998). "Caught in the Middle". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
  11. ^ Batchelor, Bob, ed. (2011). Cult Pop Culture: How the Fringe Became Mainstream. ABC-CLIO. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-313-35780-0.
  12. ^ "Tony Shalhoub Emmy Nominated". Emmys.com. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  13. ^ IMDb.com, Tony Shalhoub – Awards. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
  14. ^ Carras, Christi (May 12, 2020). "Tony Shalhoub returns as Monk to reveal he had COVID-19: 'A pretty rough few weeks'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  15. ^ "Tony Shalhoub to Join Patricia Heaton in Theresa Rebeck's The Scene". Broadway.com. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
  16. ^ "Success allows Shalhoub to tout his Arab-American heritage". The Denver Post. January 3, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  17. ^ "Complete List of Nominees for the 51st Annual Grammy Awards". E!. December 3, 2008.
  18. ^ Hetrick, Adam (December 17, 2009). "Tucci to Direct LaPaglia, Shalhoub, Maxwell and More in Lend Me a Tenor Broadway Revival". Playbill. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  19. ^ Gans, Andrew (April 30, 2013). "Nominations Announced for 67th Annual Tony Awards; Kinky Boots Earns 13 Nominations". Playbill. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
  20. ^ Gans, Andrew (April 29, 2014). "68th Annual Tony Awards Nominations Announced; Gentleman's Guide Leads the Pack". Playbill. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
  21. ^ Soloski, Alexis (June 29, 2015). "Happy Days review – a real-life showbiz couple act in a bleak portrait of marriage". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  22. ^ "Happy Days". The Flea Theater. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  23. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (April 3, 2014). "Johnny Knoxville, Tony Shalhoub Lend Voices To 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  24. ^ Clement, Olivia (November 11, 2016). "'The Band's Visit' Musical Begins Tonight Off-Broadway". Playbill.
  25. ^ Viagas, Robert (February 16, 2017). "Mark Ruffalo and Danny DeVito Begin Previews in Broadway Price". Playbill.
  26. ^ Rudolph, Ileane (December 28, 2017). "Watch My Show: Tony Shalhoub on Amazon's 'The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel'". TV Insider. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  27. ^ "'The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel' Season 5 Review: Comedy Series Triumphs in Final Episodes". The Wrap. April 14, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
  28. ^ "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Figures It Out in Smart Final Season". Rogerebert.com. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
  29. ^ "Who Is Tony Shalhoub's Wife? All About Actress Brooke Adams". Peoplemag. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  30. ^ Knolle, Sharon (December 8, 2023). "Mr. Monk's Last Case: A Monk Movie Cast and Character Guide". TheWrap. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  31. ^ "Lend Me a Tenor – Broadway Play – 2010 Revival". IBDB. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
  32. ^ Harrison, Claudia (February 5, 2019). "Tony Shalhoub and Brooke Adams' have two adopted daughters and they look simply stunning". Amo Mama. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
  33. ^ Eater (November 23, 2021). "How a Master Chef Built a Michelin-Starred Pasta Restaurant in the Heart of NYC — Mise En Place". YouTube. Retrieved November 23, 2021.

External links[edit]