University of Aberdeen
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| University of Aberdeen | |
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| Full Arms of the University | |
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Latin: Universitas Aberdonensis |
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| Motto: | Initium sapientiae timor domini (The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom) |
| Established: | 1495 |
| Type: | Public |
| Endowment: | £35.7 million [1] |
| Chancellor: | Lord Wilson of Tillyorn |
| Rector: | Stephen Robertson |
| Principal: | Prof. Sir Duncan Rice |
| Students: | 15,026 [2] |
| Undergraduates: | 11,155 [2] |
| Postgraduates: | 3,870 [2] |
| Location: | Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom |
| Affiliations: | Association of Commonwealth Universities |
| Website: | http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ |
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The University of Aberdeen is an ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland. It is the fifth oldest university in what is now the United Kingdom, and in the wider English-speaking world.
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[edit] History
[edit] Foundation and relationship between the two original universities
- See also King's College, Aberdeen and Marischal College for history pre-1860
The University of Aberdeen is one of the ancient universities of Scotland. The first university in Aberdeen, King's College, was founded in February 1495 by William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen and Chancellor of Scotland, drafting a request on behalf of King James IV to Pope Alexander VI resulting in a Papal Bull being issued. The University was established near St Machar's Cathedral, and was originally known as St. Mary's College following the dedication of its chapel.
Following the Reformation, King's College was purged of its Roman Catholic staff but in other respects was largely resistant to change. George Keith, the fifth Earl Marischal was a moderniser within the college and supportive of the reforming ideas of Peter Ramus[3]. In April 1593 he consequently founded a second university in the city, Marischal College. (It is noteworthy that Aberdeen was highly unusual at the time for having two universities in one city: as 20th-century University prospectuses wryly observed, Aberdeen alone had the same number as existed in all of England at the time.) It is also possible that the founding of another college in nearby Fraserburgh by Sir Alexander Fraser, a business rival of Keith, was instrumental in its creation.
Initially, Marischal College offered the Principal of King's College a role in selecting its academics, but this was refused by the King's authorities - cited as the first blow in a future rivalry. Marischal College, being located in the commercial heart of the city rather than the ancient but much smaller collegiate enclave of King's in Old Aberdeen, was quite different in nature and outlook, very much integrated into the life of the city, for example allowing its students to live outwith the College. The two rival colleges often clashed, sometimes more abstractly in legal matters, but not infrequently also more physically in brawls between students on the streets of Aberdeen itself.
As the institutions eventually began to put aside their differences a process of attempted (but unconsummated) mergers began in the seventeenth century and it was during this time that notable contributions were made by both to the Scottish Enlightenment. Both Colleges supported the Jacobite cause and following the defeat of the 1715 rising both were largely purged of their academics and officials.
[edit] The University of Aberdeen's creation
The nearest the two colleges had come to full union was as the "Caroline University of Aberdeen", a merger initiated by Charles I of Scotland in 1641. The final unification was brought following the ratification of Parliament by Oliver Cromwell during the interregnum in 1654. This united university survived until the Restoration whereby all laws made during this period were rescinded by Charles II and the two colleges reverted to independent status.[4] Charles I is still recognised as one of the university's seven Founders, due to his part in creating the Caroline University and his benevolence towards King's College.[5]Further unsuccessful suggestions for union were brought about throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries.[6]
The two universities in Aberdeen were finally merged on 15 September 1860 in accordance with the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858, which also created a new medical school at Marischal. The 1858 Act stated that the "united University shall take rank among the Universities of Scotland as from the date of erection of King's College and University." The University is thus Scotland's third oldest and the United Kingdom's fifth oldest University.
The university's coat of arms display the founders and locations of the previous two colleges. Top left is the arms of the burgh of Old Aberdeen. Top right is that of George Keith, the fifth Earl Marischal. Bottom left belongs to Bishop William Elphinstone. The bottom right quarter is a simplified version of the usual symbol (of three castles) representing the burgh and now City of Aberdeen[7].
[edit] The modern university
The focus between the two ex-college campuses has alternated over the years. While at the time of unification there were roughly equal divisions of numbers between the two, Marischal began an expansion in the later nineteenth century with a significant rebuilding effort ending in 1906. However in more recent years, the teaching of medicine has graduated towards the university's Foresterhill hospital site and science and engineering towards King's, benefiting from its less urban position and expanding from its traditional collegiate appearance to a modern campus with the traditional buildings at its heart. Only first year medical students are still taught at Marischal College, and only the rear of the building remains used for university purposes, housing offices, a debating chamber, the anatomy department, a public museum and the Mitchell Hall - from where graduation and other important ceremonies take place.
[edit] Organisation and governance
- Main Article Ancient university governance in Scotland
In common with the other ancient universities in Scotland, the university's structure of governance is largely regulated by the Universities (Scotland) Acts. It is largely divided into a tripartite system containing the General Council, University Court and Academic Senate (Senatus Academicus). More information can be found on the ancient university governance in Scotland article.
[edit] Officers
The Chancellor is the nominal head of the university, a position traditionally held by the Bishop of Aberdeen but divorced as a result of the Scottish Reformation. The chief executive and most significant official in most cases is the University's Vice Chancellor, who also holds the title of Principal.
The Rector of the University is the third official in order of precedence, assisted by his/her Rector's Assessor.
[edit] Subdivisions of the University
The University is divided into three Colleges
[edit] College of Arts and Social SciencesThe College is separated into a number of academic schools:
There are also a number of Research Centres and Institutes |
[edit] College of Life Sciences and MedicineThe College is separated into four academic schools: and is supported by: |
[edit] College of Physical SciencesThe College is divided into two main schools and a number of research centres:
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[edit] Architecture and buildings
The original buildings of both colleges which united to form the University are much admired architectural features of Aberdeen. Many newer campus buildings are of largely modernist style and focused around the expanding campus around King's College, now the main centre for most of the university's activities.
[edit] King's College campus
See also: King's College, Aberdeen
King's College forms a quadrangle with interior court, two sides of which have been rebuilt, and a library wing has been added. The Crown Tower and the Chapel, the oldest parts, date from 1500. The former is surmounted by a structure about 40 ft (12 m) high, consisting of a six-sided lantern and royal crown, both sculptured, and resting on the intersections of two arched ornamental slips rising from the four corners of the top of the tower. The choir of the chapel still contains the original oak canopied stalls, miserere seats, and lofty open screens in the French flamboyant style. Their preservation was due to the enlightened energy of the principal at the time of the Reformation, who armed his folk to save the building from the barons of the Mearns after they had robbed St Machar's of its bells and lead. Today, King's returns the favour by providing needed funds for the university as it fulfils its sometime occupation as corporate reception and exhibition area.
The first of the modern age of construction in the King's campus began with the construction in 1913 of the New Building (informally known as "New King's"), largely in a similar architectural style to the old buildings. New King's groups to form a yet larger quadrangle-like green for the campus also bordered by the High Street, King's and Elphinstone Hall, a traditional 1930 replacement for the Great Hall, which was turned into the (now former) library.
The Queen Mother Library is the university's main library and following its move from the original buildings of King's College is now housed in a modernist 5-storey structure nearby and houses some one million books. In April 2006 it was announced that a new £58 million library, designed by Danish architects schmidt hammer lassen, will be constructed, to be completed in 2011. In addition to its expanded facilities it will also house the University's historic collections, comprising more than a quarter of a million ancient and priceless books and manuscripts that have been collected over five centuries since the University's foundations [1].
The University also includes other modern buildings, such as the Fraser Noble Building, with a distinctive concrete crown designed to resemble the one adorning King's College, the Zoology Building, which has its own museum of natural history and the Meston Building, which is a mish-mash of many styles.
The Cruickshank Botanic Garden was presented to the university in 1899.
[edit] Marischal College
See also: Marischal College
Marischal College is a stately modern building, having been rebuilt in 1836-41, and greatly extended several years later. The additions to the buildings opened by King Edward VII in 1906, form one of the most splendid examples of modern architecture in Great Britain; the architect, Alexander Marshall Mackenzie, a native of Aberdeen, having adapted his material, white granite, to the design of a noble building to noteworthy effect. The beautiful Mitchell Tower is so named from the benefactor (Dr Charles Mitchell) who provided the splendid graduation hall. The opening of this tower in 1895 signalled the commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the university. Formerly an open three-sided court, the college now forms around a quadrangle.
The building is now mostly let to Aberdeen City Council, although the University retains a wing of the building containing the Marischal Museum and Mitchell Hall, which is used for graduation and other academic ceremonies.
[edit] Others
The Foresterhill Site contains the university's medical school, library and associated buildings in the West End of the city of Aberdeen. It forms part of a modern teaching hospital complex.
[edit] Students
In the 2006/07 term, the number of full-time students at the university was over 13,900, including over 3,000 postgraduates. The university has more than 590 different first degree programmes and more than 110 postgraduate taught programmes.[8]
[edit] Student representation
The student body is represented within the University by a Students' Association known as Aberdeen University Students' Association (AUSA). Additionally, the elected Rector of the University of Aberdeen serves along with the Rector's Assessor and AUSA President as a students' representatives on the University Court.
Following financial problems in the early 2000s, AUSA ceased to provide a multiple-venue entertainments building (the traditional Students' Union) for its members. The former building, which had included two bars, two nightclubs, a games room, shop, and other facilities, was replaced with a bar with pool tables, located on Littlejohn Street beside Marischal College. The organisation has been instrumental in the creation of "the Hub", a student dining and social centre created out of the former Central Refectory in the main Old Aberdeen campus, which opened in 2006.
During term time, AUSA publishes a weekly student newspaper called the Gaudie. Aberdeen Student Radio is the University's student radio station.
AUSA is responsible for student sport at the University of Aberdeen and a committee called the Aberdeen University Sports Union manage it.
[edit] Debating society
The Aberdeen University Debater is the oldest student organisation in the University. Debates were held from the foundation of the university, but in 1848 the society was reconstituted to act as a forum for university staff and students to discuss the issues of the day.[9][10][11] The Debater's motto is: "They haif said: Quhat say they: Let thame say," which was also the motto of George Keith, the founder of Marischal College.
1848 saw new rules being put in place that opened up the debating society to all students at the university other than just magistrands (final year students). Originally Debater, in keeping with contemporary ideas of study and self-improvement for young men debated literary and historical subjects in addition to political questions, though for much of the nineteenth century the constitution banned the discussion of religious questions and those of church politics.
Early motions included the Maynooth Grant (opposed in 1853-4) a national education system (supported in 1848-9, 1849-50, 1853-4 and 1859-60), monarchy vs republicanism in France (monarchy won in 1848-9), Chartism (first three clauses were opposed, but the rest were approved, 1848-9), universal suffrage (opposed in 1849-50) and extension of the franchise (supported in 1853-4), on foreign affairs, the Crimean War was opposed in 1853. There were also frequent debates on historical figures such as Cromwell, and on the influence of certain institutions - in 1859-60 it was declared that the press was more beneficial than the pulpit.
The first successful university paper began under the auspices of the Debater. In 1883 Alma Mater began to meet the demand for student journalism and to meet the needs of representation of students. In 1884, the Debater also took the first steps towards the introduction of a Students' Representative Council under support from Alexander Bain the then Rector.
The creation of the Union in 1895 provided a new debating chamber in Marischal College and the first permanent home of the society. The chamber beneath Mitchell Hall in Marischal College is the oldest purpose-built debating chamber in Scotland. For a time immediately after the turn of the century both the Union and the society were organising debates, which ultimately led to a merger in 1913 before being revived as separate institutions in 1920.
As secretary and then president of the debating society into the 1920s, Eric Linklater moved away from the serious nature that had been the spirit throughout the nineteenth century. Apart from an annual formal political debate, current affairs were ignored in favour of light-hearted and humorous topics. Only the annual inter-universities debates started in 1902, and any touring teams from America and Canada would provide a more serious tone.
The 1930s saw the debating society struggle to draw up attractive programmes of events. In 1934, the Oxford "King and Country" debate was restaged, and Fenner Brockway and William Joyce participated in a debate on Fascism which resulted in the House supporting fascism. Although this was then condemned in a similar debate in 1938. After the war, Debater struggled to find its role within the university. Attendance fell, and many students became disillusioned with what the society could offer them, particularly through the 1960s, when student activism was at a high.
The current Debater organises a series of events, with a remit to provide a forum for free speech on campus. Operating twice a week, Debater organises a public event or either a parliamentary debate or a forum on a current affairs topic, as well as a training night that consists of either a workshop or a training debate. The society runs a series of internal competitions, and participates in wide variety of inter-varsity competitions, including at both world and European university Debating Championships. The Debater also helps to extend debating and public speaking throughout Aberdeen with its schools outreach program and annual schools competition.
[edit] Student accommodation
Halls of residence are managed by the University. Two large concentrations of University accommodation are provided on the campus in Old Aberdeen, consisting of Crombie, Johnston and King's Halls of Residence, and a short distance away the Hillhead Halls Of Residence site, where there is a social centre with porters, catering, sports and computer facilities, in addition to on-site launderettes, a bar and a shop.
Following their first year, the majority of students opt to live in private accommodation off of the main university campus, although in recent years, prices and availability of accommodation has seen more second and third year students returning to university halls. This has forced the university to write to all students in university accommodation, in February 2008 and 2009, to let them know that accommodation will be reserved for first year students only in the academic year to follow.
The University has advertised a First-Year Accommodation Guarantee in recent years, but due to the high demand for homes in the rapidly growing city it has become increasingly difficult to fulfil the guarantee. At the start of the 2007-2008 term, the university ran out of rooms, and had to resort to temporary accommodation (including putting students into hotel rooms, and making kitchens, study rooms and common rooms into dorm rooms).
[edit] Alumni
Many distinguished and renowned figures have studied at the University of Aberdeen. Most recently it has produced several leading figures in the UK Government, including the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling and the Paymaster General, Tessa Jowell. Additionally, it has produced famous businessmen such as Stephen Carter and Will Whitehorn. Radio and television personalities such as Nicky Campbell, James Naughtie, Sandy Gall and Derek Rae also studied here.
The University is well known in philosophical and theological circles. Thomas Reid, the founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense, and an important figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, earned his degree from Marischal College. Robert Adamson and theologian William Robinson Clark also went here. Other academics who started here include Andrew Ross, Colin Campbell and James Legge.
Alumni of the medical faculty include Patrick Manson, who made important discoveries in parasitology and was the founder of the tropical medicine field. The Kai Tak Airport was namesaked after Kai Ho, who along with Patrick Manson and Graeme Cantlie established the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese in 1887, which later became University of Hong Kong in 1911.
Ali Smith, the author of the Booker Prize nominated novel Hotel World and the Whitbread Award winning novel The Accidental, took her undergraduate degree here. Contemporary playwright Simon Farquhar; Thomas Urquhart and Archibald Forbes are also alumni known in literary circles.
Those known in architectural circles include William Thornton, the designer of the United States Capitol and Charles Mitchell who worked with John Dobson and commissioned the elegant art nouveau church of St George's Jesmond from Thomas Ralph Spence.
Other figures include botanist C. H. Gimingham; plant pathologist Lawrence Ogilvie; actor Iain Glen; mountaineer Tom Patey; Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong Frederick Stewart; former leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, Nicol Stephen; and James Blair, the founder of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, USA.
[edit] Nobel Prize winners
- George Paget Thomson — Physics (1937)
- John James Richard Macleod — Physiology (1923)
- John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr — Peace (1949)
[edit] Profile and Reputation
| 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | |
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| Times Good University Guide | 26th[12] | 32nd[13] | 36th[14] |
| Guardian University Guide | 23rd[15] | 26th[16] | |
| Sunday Times University Guide | 34th=[17] | 34th[18] | |
| Independent | 39th[19] | 33rd[19] | |
| Daily Telegraph | 33rd[20] |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ "Financial Statements 2006-2007". University of Aberdeen. http://www.abdn.ac.uk/finance/statements/Accounts%202007%20Web.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
- ^ a b c "Aberdeen University Profile". http://www.universitiesprofile.com/uk_aberdeen.htm. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
- ^ This Noble College: Building on the European tradition
- ^ http://www.electricscotland.com/history/statistical/kings.htm
- ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/mediareleases/archive/2004/pr1311.hti
- ^ http://www.electricscotland.com/history/statistical/kings.htm
- ^ "University of Aberdeen - Armorial Tablet". The Heraldry Society of Scotland. http://heraldry-scotland.com/copgal/displayimage.php?album=6&pos=7. Retrieved on 2007-08-18.
- ^ University of Aberdeen. "Fast Facts". http://www.abdn.ac.uk/central/fastfacts.shtml. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
- ^ Anderson, R.D The Student Community at Aberdeen: 1860-1939 (AUP)
- ^ McLaren, C.A. Aberdeen Students 1600-1860 (AUP)
- ^ Hargreaves, J.D. and Forbes, Angela Aberdeen University 1945-1981: Regional Roles and National Needs (AUP)
- ^ "[www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/good_university_guide/ Times University Guide]". The Times. www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/good_university_guide/.
- ^ "[www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/good_university_guide/ Times University Guide]". The Times. www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/good_university_guide/.
- ^ "The Times Good University Guide 2007 - Top Universities 2007 League Table". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/displayPopup/0,,102571,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-03.
- ^ "The Guardian University Guide". The Guardian. http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide.
- ^ Guardian University Guide 2008
- ^ Sunday Times University Guide 2008
- ^ "University ranking based on performance over 10 years" (PDF). Times Online. 2007. http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/pdfs/univ07ten.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
- ^ a b "The Independent University League Table". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/the-main-league-table-2009-813839.html.
- ^ "University league table". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=HXFCSGXMNVABTQFIQMFCFGGAVCBQYIV0?xml=/news/2007/07/30/ncambs430.xml. Retrieved on 2007-10-29.
[edit] External links
- University of Aberdeen website
- University of Aberdeen Students' Association
- Aberdeen University Debater website
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