User:Aliensyntax/Anarchitecture

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Personal research and draft materials on the decentralized web 3.0 technology stack.

Ethereum[edit]

Ethereum
Original author(s)Vitalik Buterin, Gavin Wood
Developer(s)Vitalik Buterin, Jeffrey Wilcke, Gavin Wood, et al.
Written inC++, Go, Python, JavaScript, Java, Node.js, Haskell
Operating systemLinux, Windows, OS X, POSIX compliant
TypeDecentralized computing
LicenseGPL3, MIT, LGPL, multiple open-source licenses
Websitewww.ethereum.org

Ethereum is a public blockchain platform and new organizational principle[1] featuring a computational cryptocurrency[1] and Turing-complete programming environment.[2]

It is the realization of a shared global consensus computer,[1][3] a single fault-tolerant virtual machine, that serves to facilitate, verify, and enforce the operations of long-lived, stateful objects called accounts and contract-accounts.

Accounts provide persistent accounting and messaging for a valuable token called ether. Contract-accounts provide the further ability to run arbitrary code and replicate data in exchange for ether. More specifically, ether is dynamically traded against gas, an underlying network unit for measuring the expected real-world costs of different code executions and storage operations in the Ethereum network.

The computational resources needed to decide the outcomes of accounts and contract-accounts are thus constrained by economic factors. This is done to prevent various denial-of-service attacks caused by flooding the network with inefficient or malicious transaction requests. In this respect, ether can be further defined as a security mechanism and fairly intricate system of incentives to provide a workaround to the halting problem.[4]

What these underpinnings enable is a distinctive crypto-economic formulation of the concept of a smart contract.[5][6] A smart contract is "a set of promises agreed to in a 'meeting of the minds'", based on principles of observability, verifiability, privity, and enforceability, and further specified in an algorithmic medium governed by protocols for ensuring the mutual-performance of promises between parties.[7] In Ethereum, this is achieved via game-theoretic mechanisms, automation, radical transparency, strong cryptography, peer-to-peer networking, blockchain virtualization, transaction processing, and expressive scripting capabilities; essentially, a set of properties to construct, process, and execute the conditions, procedures, and other technical features of contracts, with the explicit purpose of providing guarantees of atomicity,[8] consistency, immutability,[8] non-repudiability,[1] permanence,[8] provenance,[8] security, and synchronization[8] for the communication and control of value in digital form.

Due to the serverless architecture, free open source and commons-oriented nature of Ethereum, it can be most accurately described as a decentralized system and unique instance of decentralized computing. Like many other blockchain technologies, Ethereum uses a globally executed singleton, i.e. a distributed virtual runtime environment, to coordinate the activities of every node in accordance with a unique consensus protocol, and thus it lacks a single point of failure. Stated differently, Ethereum is engineered to circumvent the need for censorship,[9] centralized authority, hierarchical organization,[10] and more broadly the social phenomenon of faith and/or trust in intermediaries. Along these lines, the Ethereum project can be understood to have a long-standing interest in equipping a very wide audience, particularly developers, with general tools for designing and deploying decentralized autonomous transactions, applications, and organizations into the computing fabric[1] of peer-to-peer economic, social, and political systems.[1][10][11]

Because of these functionalities, Ethereum is often characterized as a highly ambitious, complex, and disruptive[10] engineering movement with multifarious[12][13] and largely speculative consequences.

LEDE DRAFT v.0.1

History[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Philosophy[edit]

Abstraction[edit]

Automation[edit]

Decentralization[edit]

Disintermediation[edit]

Freedom[edit]

Openness[edit]

Ownership[edit]

Privacy[edit]

Transparency[edit]

Growth[edit]

ICO[edit]

Adoption[edit]

Development[edit]

Community
FounderVitalik Buterin
Key peopleMihai Alisie, Martin Becze, Ming Chan, Wendell Davis, Anthony Di Iorio, Sven Ehlert, Taylor Gerring, Vinay Gupta, George Hallam, Charles Hoskinson, Christoph Jentzsch, Alex Leverington, Joseph Lubin, Christian Lundkvist, Lucius Gregory Meredith, Ralph Merkle, William Mougayar, Daniel Nagy, Christian Reitwießner, Jutta Steiner, Viktor Trón, Gustav Simonsson, Stephan Tual, Alex Van de Sande, Fabian Vogelsteller, Jeffrey Wilcke, Gavin Wood, Vlad Zamfir

Proofs-of-concept[edit]

Platform milestones[edit]

Olympic[edit]

Frontier[edit]

Homestead[edit]

Metropolis[edit]

Serenity[edit]

Security audits[edit]

Standards[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Virtual layer[edit]

Machine code translation[edit]

RLP encoder[edit]
Compression encoder[edit]
EVM interpreter[edit]
JIT compiler[edit]

Data structures[edit]

Compound data record[edit]
Variable-length byte string array[edit]

Data storage[edit]

Merkle-Patricia tree[edit]
State trie[edit]
Transaction trie[edit]
Receipt trie[edit]
Encrypted key store[edit]

Data collection[edit]

Instruction set[edit]

Stop and arithmetic operations[edit]
Comparison and bitwise logic operations[edit]
Cryptographic operations[edit]
Environmental information[edit]
Block information[edit]
Stack, memory, storage and flow operations[edit]
Push operations[edit]
Duplication operations[edit]
Exchange operations[edit]
Logging operations[edit]
System operations[edit]

Contract facilities[edit]

Natural specification format[edit]
Application binary interface[edit]

Improvements[edit]

Network layer[edit]

Node discovery[edit]

RLPx protocol[edit]

P2P communication[edit]

ÐΞVp2p wire protocol[edit]

Improvements[edit]

Consensus layer[edit]

Byzantine fault tolerance[edit]

Consensus protocols[edit]

Proof-of-work: Ethash[edit]
Proof-of-stake: Casper[edit]

Improvements[edit]

Economic layer[edit]

Endogenous tokens[edit]

Gas[edit]
Ether[edit]
Ether[14]
Unit
SymbolΞ[15]
Denominations
Subunit
 1ether[12]
 10−3finney
 10−6szabo
 10−9shannon
 10−12babbage
Demographics
Date of introduction30 July 2015[16]Genesis block
User(s)Worldwide
Issuance
Currency typeDecentralized[note 1]
 Websitewww.ethereum.org
Valuation
InflationDisinflationary[17]

Cat:IB currency unk param:bodystyle Cat:IB currency unk param:subunit_name_7 Cat:IB currency unk param:subunit_ratio_7 Cat:IB currency unk param:subunit_ratio_6 Cat:IB currency unk param:currency code Cat:IB currency unk param:subunit_name_6

Exogenous tokens[edit]

Dependent tokens[edit]

Independent tokens[edit]

Stablecoins[edit]

Token statuses[edit]

Improvements[edit]

EIP 102 (Serenity): Rename "gas" to "mana"[edit]

Blockchain layer[edit]

Block structure[edit]

Block header[edit]
Parent block hash[edit]
Block number[edit]
Transaction list trie hash[edit]
Uncle list trie hash[edit]
Stack trace trie hash[edit]
Coinbase address[edit]
State root[edit]
Block difficulty[edit]
Block timestamp[edit]
Extra data[edit]
Nonce[edit]
Transaction list[edit]
Transaction units[edit]
Uncle list[edit]
Uncle block headers[edit]
Stack trace[edit]

State mappings[edit]

Addresses[edit]
Accounts[edit]
Contracts[edit]
Contract root[edit]

Transactions[edit]

Receipts[edit]

Services[edit]

Existence proofs[edit]
Name registries[edit]
Oracles[edit]
Oraclize.it[edit]
Reality Keys[edit]

Code execution[edit]

Improvements[edit]

EIP 101 (Serenity): Currency and crypto abstraction[edit]
EIP 103 (Serenity): Blockchain rent[edit]
On-chain scalability[edit]
Sharding[edit]

Middleware layer[edit]

Messaging[edit]

Whisper[edit]

Storage[edit]

IPFS[edit]
Swarm[edit]

Databases[edit]

BigchainDB[edit]

Computation[edit]

Glue systems[edit]

BTC Relay[edit]

Identity systems[edit]

uPort[edit]

Improvements[edit]

Off-chain scalability[edit]
State channels[edit]

Interface layer[edit]

Nodes[edit]

Mining nodes[edit]
Validator nodes[edit]
Full-client nodes[edit]
Light-client nodes[edit]

Wallets[edit]

Mist desktop wallet[edit]
uPort web wallet[edit]

Browsers[edit]

Mist[edit]
MetaMask[edit]

Improvements[edit]

Autonomous layer[edit]

Improvements[edit]

Organization layer[edit]

Improvements[edit]

Programming[edit]

Libraries[edit]

Web3.js[edit]

Languages[edit]

Solidity[edit]

Serpent[edit]

Frameworks[edit]

Meteor-ÐApp[edit]

Embark[edit]

Truffle[edit]

Environments[edit]

Microsoft Azure: EBaaS[edit]

Principles[edit]

Accessibility[edit]

Compositionality[edit]

Extensibility[edit]

Formality[edit]

Immutability[edit]

Modularity[edit]

Security[edit]

Simplicity[edit]

Systematicity[edit]

Design patterns[edit]

Tokens[edit]

Banking[edit]

Crowdfunding[edit]

Governance[edit]

Ecosystem[edit]

Culture[edit]

Games[edit]

Gambling[edit]
EtherPoker[edit]

Hypermedia[edit]

Content creation[edit]
Vevue[edit]
Music[edit]
Ujo Music[edit]

Finance[edit]

Accounting[edit]

Bookkeeping[edit]
Balanc3[edit]

Exchanges[edit]

Commodities[edit]
DigixGlobal[edit]
FreeMyVunk[edit]
Currencies[edit]
EtherEx[edit]
EtherOpt[edit]

Investment[edit]

Crowdfunding[edit]
The DAO[edit]
The Rudimental[edit]
Weifund[edit]
Shareholding[edit]
Otonomos[edit]

Trading[edit]

Derivatives[edit]

Payment systems[edit]

Micropayments[edit]
Proxies[edit]
Plutus[edit]

Logistics[edit]

Open industries[edit]

ConsenSys[edit]

Resource management[edit]

Information[edit]
eSign[edit]
Production[edit]
Provenance[edit]

Commerce[edit]

Markets[edit]

Energy[edit]
TransActive Grid[edit]
Forecasting[edit]
Augur[edit]
Gnosis[edit]
Software[edit]
ÐApp Store[edit]
Trading[edit]
SafeMarket[edit]
Transportation[edit]
Arcade City[edit]

Social networks[edit]

Internet forums[edit]

Social news[edit]

Internet-of-things[edit]

Access systems[edit]

Security devices[edit]
Slock.it[edit]

Drones[edit]

Virtual reality[edit]

Persistent worlds[edit]

Sandboxes[edit]
Etheria[edit]

Politics[edit]

Collective intelligence[edit]

Governance[edit]
Backfeed[edit]
BoardRoom[edit]

Cyber-sovereignty[edit]

Virtual nations[edit]
Bitnation[edit]
Pax[edit]

Law[edit]

Legal hacking[edit]

Initiatives[edit]
Common Accord[edit]

Significance[edit]

Academia[edit]

Business[edit]

Popular media[edit]

Science fiction[edit]

The Arts[edit]

Criticism[edit]

Sources[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Ether does not have a central banking authority.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Lubin, Joseph (2015-11-13). "Towards a Dynamic Economic, Social and Political Mesh" (Video). youtube.com (Conference Presentation). YouTube, LLC.
  2. ^ Bonneau, Joseph (2016). "EthIKS: Using Ethereum to Audit a CONIKS Key Transparency Log" (PDF) (Working Paper). jbonneau.com. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Kulkarni, Raghav; Luu, Loi; Saxena, Prateek; Teutsch, Jason (2015). "Demystifying Incentives in the Consensus Computer" (PDF). Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security: 705–179.
  4. ^ Buterin, Vitalik (2015-11-11). "Understanding the Ethereum Blockchain Protocol" (Video). youtube.com (Conference Presentation). YouTube, LLC.
  5. ^ Szabo, Nick (1997). "The Idea of Smart Contracts". szabo.best.vwh.net (Original Article).
  6. ^ Szabo, Nick (1997). "Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks" (PDF). First Monday. 2 (9).
  7. ^ Szabo, Nick (1996). "Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets". szabo.best.vwh.net (Original Article).
  8. ^ a b c d e Wood, Gavin (2016-04-11). "Web 3.0 by Example" (Video). youtube.com (Public Presentation). YouTube, LLC.
  9. ^ Buterin, Vitalik (2015-06-06). "The Problem of Censorship". blog.ethereum.org (Technical Blog Post). Ethereum Foundation.
  10. ^ a b c De Filippi, Primavera; Mauro, Raffaele (2014-08-25). "Ethereum: The Decentralised Platform that Might Displace Today's Institutions". Internet Policy Review. 25.
  11. ^ Frank, Sam (January 2015). "Come With Us if You Want to Live: Among the Apocalyptic Libertarians of Silicon Valley". harpers.org. Harper's Magazine Foundation.
  12. ^ a b Buterin, Vitalik (November 2013). "White Paper: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform" (Wiki). github.com (Original Article).
  13. ^ Garrod, J. Z. (2016). "The Real World of the Decentralized Autonomous Society" (PDF). Communication, Capitalism and Critique. 14 (1): 62–77.
  14. ^ "Ether: The Crypto-Fuel for the Ethereum Network". ethereu.org. Ethereum Foundation. n.d.
  15. ^ Tual, Stephan (2014-06-07). "The Symbol for Ether is..." forum.ethereum.org (Project Discussion). Ethereum Foundation.
  16. ^ "Block #0: Overview". etherscan.io (Web Application). 2015-07-30.
  17. ^ Lubin, Joseph (2015-10-28). "The Issuance Model in Ethereum". blog.ethereum.org (Project Discussion). Ethereum Foundation.

See also[edit]

External links[edit]