Watchman Nee

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In this Chinese name, the family name is Nee.
Watchman Nee
Watchman Nee
BornNovember 4, 1903 (1903-11-04)
Shantou, Qing dynasty
DiedMay 30, 1972 (1972-05-31) (aged 68)
Guangde, Anhui, China

Watchman Nee, Ni Tuosheng, or Nee T'o-sheng (Chinese: 倪柝聲; pinyin: Ní Tuòshēng; November 4, 1903 – May 30, 1972), was a Chinese church leader and Christian teacher who worked in China during the 20th century. His evangelism was influenced by the Plymouth Brethren.

In 1922, he initiated church meetings in Fuzhou, Fujian province, that may be considered the beginning of the local churches. During his thirty years of ministry, Nee published many books expounding the Bible. He established churches throughout China and held many conferences to train Bible students and church workers. Following the Communist Revolution, Nee was persecuted and imprisoned for his faith and spent the last twenty years of his life in prison. He was honoured by Christopher H. Smith (R–NJ) in the US Congress on July 30, 2009.[1]

Family and childhood[edit]

Watchman Nee was born on November 4, 1903, the third of nine children of Ni Weng-hsiu, a well-respected officer in the Imperial Customs Service, and Lin He-Ping (Peace Lin), who excelled as a child at an American-staffed Methodist mission school. His grandfather was a gifted Anglican preacher.[2] During a stint at the Chinese Western Girls' School in Shanghai to improve her English, Lin He-Ping met Dora Yu, a young woman who gave up a potential career in medicine to serve as an evangelist and preacher.[3]

Since Nee's parents were both Methodists, he was baptized by a bishop of the Methodist Church as an infant.[4][5][6]

Early schooling[edit]

In 1916, at age 13, Nee entered the Church Missionary Society Vernacular Middle School in Fuzhou, Fujian province to begin his Western-style education. He then went on to the middle school at Trinity College in Fuzhou, where he demonstrated great intelligence and ambition. Among his classmates was Wilson Wang, brother of one of Watchman Nee's good friends, Leland Wang. The two boys completed college despite severe flooding which brought cholera and plague and hardship to their region. In the final examinations, the 2 boys scored almost the same marks with Wilson Wang topping the class, followed closely by Watchman Nee in second place.[7][8][9]

Conversion and training[edit]

In the spring of 1920, when Nee was 17, Dora Yu was invited to hold ten days of revival meetings[10] in the Church of Heavenly Peace in Fuzhou.[11] After Nee's mother attended these meetings, she was moved to apologize to her son for a previous incident of unjust punishment. Her action impressed Nee so much that he determined to attend the next day's evangelistic meetings to see what was taking place there. After returning from the meeting, according to Nee's own account:

On the evening of 28th April, 1920, I was alone in my room, struggling to decide whether or not to believe in the Lord. At first I was reluctant but as I tried to pray I saw the magnitude of my sins and the reality and efficacy of Jesus as the Savior. As I visualized the Lord's hands stretched out on the cross, they seemed to be welcoming me, and the Lord was saying, "I am waiting here to receive you." Realizing the effectiveness of Christ's blood in cleansing my sins and being overwhelmed by such love, I accepted him there. Previously I had laughed at people who had accepted Jesus, but that evening the experience became real for me and I wept and confessed my sins, seeking the Lord's forgiveness. As I made my first prayer I knew joy and peace such as I had never known before. Light seemed to flood the room and I said to the Lord, "Oh, Lord, you have indeed been gracious to me."

— Watchman Nee, Watchman Nee's Testimony.

As a student at Trinity College, Nee began to speak to his classmates concerning his salvation experience. Later, he recounted:

Immediately I started putting right the matters that were hindering my effectiveness, and also made a list of seventy friends to pray for daily. Some days I would pray for them every hour, even in class. When the opportunity came I would try to persuade them to believe in the Lord Jesus... With the Lord's grace I continued to pray daily, and after several months all but one of the seventy persons were saved.

— Watchman Nee, Watchman Nee's Testimony.

After his conversion, Nee desired to be trained as a Christian worker. He first attended Dora Yu's Bible Institute in Shanghai, though he was still a high school student. However, he was dismissed due to his bad and lazy habits, such as sleeping in late. Eventually, Nee's seeking to improve his character brought him into close contact with a British missionary Margaret E. Barber who became his teacher and mentor.[12][13] Nee would visit Barber on a weekly basis in order to receive spiritual help. Barber treated Nee as a young learner and frequently administered strict discipline. When she died in 1930, Barber left all of her belongings to Nee, who wrote:

We feel most sorrowful concerning the news of the passing away of Miss Barber in Lo-Hsing Pagoda, Fukien. She was one who was very deep in the Lord, and in my opinion, the kind of fellowship she had with the Lord and the kind of faithfulness she expressed to the Lord are rarely found on this earth.

— Witness Lee, Watchman Nee: A Seer of the Divine Revelation in the Present Age.

The Plymouth Brethren connection[edit]

Through Barber, Watchman Nee was introduced to the writings of D.M. Panton, Robert Govett, G.H. Pember, Jessie Penn-Lewis, T. Austin-Sparks, and others. In addition, he acquired books from Plymouth Brethren teachers like John Nelson Darby, William Kelly, and C.H. Mackintosh.[12] Eventually, his personal library encompassed over three thousand titles on church history, spiritual growth, and Bible commentary, and he became intimately familiar with the Bible through diligent study using many different methods. In the early days of his ministry, he is said to have spent one-third of his income on personal needs, one-third to assist others, and the remaining third on spiritual books. He was known for his ability to select, comprehend, discern, and memorize relevant material, and grasp and retain the main points of a book while reading.[14]

Nee derived many of his ideas, including plural eldership, disavowal of a clergy-laity distinction, and worship centered around the Lord's Supper, from the Plymouth Brethren. From 1930 to 1935, his movement interacted internationally with the Raven-Taylor group of Exclusive Brethren led by James Taylor, Sr. This group "recognized" the Local Church movement as a parallel work of God, albeit one that had developed independently. Nee refused, however, to follow their practice of isolating themselves from other Christians and rejected their ban on celebrating The Lord's Supper with other Christians. Matters came to a head when Exclusive Brethren leaders learned that during his 1933 visits to the United Kingdom and the United States Nee had broken bread with Honor Oak Christian Fellowship associated with the independent ministry of T. Austin-Sparks and with non-Brethren missionaries whom Nee had known in China. After a series of communications Nee received a letter dated 31 August 1935, signed by leading Brethren, severing fellowship with him and his movement.[15][16]

Marriage[edit]

As a teenager, Nee fell in love with Charity Chang. Their two families had been friends for three generations. When Nee became a Christian, Charity ridiculed Jesus in Nee's presence. This bothered him. Eventually, after much struggling, Nee felt he needed to give up on their relationship. Ten years later, after finishing her university education, Charity became a Christian. She began attending church meetings in Shanghai in 1934.[9] In the same year, during Nee's fourth "Overcomer Conference" in Hangzhou, the two were married. Charity cared for Nee in his frequent illness and was the only visitor Nee was permitted during his imprisonment. They had no children.[9]

Ministry[edit]

In 1936, before a group of fellow workers, Watchman Nee outlined the commission of his ministry:

From the time I was bedridden by illness until the time I was healed by God, I was being shown more clearly the kind of work God wanted me

  1. Literary Work: After my illness, God made it known to me that the primary purpose of His imparting messages to me was not for explaining the Scripture, nor for preaching the ordinary Gospel, nor for prophesying, but for laying stress on the living word of life... All that I have written has one aim, which is that the reader will, in the new creation, give himself wholly to God and become a useful person in His hands. Now I whole-heartedly commit my writings, my readers and myself to God, who preserves men for ever, and hope that His Spirit will guide me into all His truths.
  2. Meetings for the Overcomer: God opened my eyes to the necessity of raising up in churches at various places, a number of people who are victorious to be His witnesses... Therefore once every year a meeting for the victorious was held in which I faithfully proclaimed the messages which God has revealed to me.
  3. Building up Local Churches: When the Lord called me to serve Him, the prime object was not for me to hold revival meetings so that people may hear more Scriptural doctrines nor for me to become a great evangelist. The Lord revealed to me that He wanted to build up local churches in other localities to manifest Himself, to bear testimony of unity on the ground of local churches so that each saint may perform his duty in the Church and live the Church life. God wants not merely individual pursuit of victory or spirituality but a corporate, glorious Church presented to Himself.
  4. Youth Training: If the return of the Lord be delayed, it will be necessary to raise up a number of youths to continue the testimony and work for the next generation... My idea is not to establish a seminary or a Bible institute but to have the young people live a corporate life and practice spiritual life, that is, receive training for the purpose of edification and to learn to read the Scripture and to pray in order to build up good character. On the negative side, to learn how to deal with sin, the world, the flesh, natural life, and so on. At a suitable time they are to return to their respective churches to be tempered together with other saints to serve the Lord in the Church...

In the future my personal burden and work will generally comprise these four aspects. May all the glory be to the Lord.

— Watchman Nee, Watchman Nee's Testimony.[citation needed]

Nee began to write and publish at a very early age. In 1923, he began to publish the magazine The Present Testimony, and in 1925, he started another magazine entitled The Christian. It was also in 1925 when Nee changed his name from Ni Shu-tsu to Ni To-sheng (English translation: Watchman Nee). At age 21, Nee established the first "local church" in Sitiawan, Malaysia while visiting his mother, who had moved there from China. In 1926, Nee established up another local church in Shanghai, which became the center of his work in China. By 1932, Nee's practice of meeting as local churches spread throughout China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. He maintained this pattern until his imprisonment.[3][9][17]

In 1928, Nee published a three-volume book entitled The Spiritual Man.[18] In February of the same year, Nee held his first "Overcomer Conference" in Shanghai. In January 1934, Nee called a special conference on the subjects of "Christ as the Centrality and Universality of God" and "The Overcomers". According to Nee, this was a turning point for him in his ministry. He said, "My Christian life took a big turn from doctrines and knowledge to a living person, Christ, who is God's centrality and universality."[3][9][19][better source needed]

In February 1934, Nee gave a series of talks in which he defined and expounded the practice of the local churches, stating that in the Bible, the church is never divided into regions and never denominated based on a teaching or doctrine. These talks were eventually published in the book The Assembly Life. In May of the same year, Nee encouraged Witness Lee to move to Shanghai from Yantai in order to join him and Ruth Lee in their work editing Nee's publications.[3][9]

In 1938, Nee traveled to Europe and gave messages that were later published as The Normal Christian Life.[6] Upon his return, Nee gave a conference on the Body of Christ. According to Nee, this was the second turn in his ministry. Nee recounted, "My first turn was to know Christ, and my second turn was to know His Body. To know Christ is only half of what the believers need. The believers also must know the Body of Christ. Christ is the head, and He is also the Body."[3]

In 1939, Nee became involved with his second brother's failing pharmaceutical company. Although acquiescing to family pressure, Nee also saw this as an opportunity to support his many co-workers who were suffering great poverty and hardship during the Second World War. Nee took over full management of the factory, reorganized it, and began to employ many local church members from Shanghai. At this time, some of the elders from the church in Shanghai questioned Nee's involvement in business, causing Nee to suspend his ministry in 1942. Shortly afterward, the church in Shanghai stopped meeting altogether.[3][9]

On March 6, 1945, Nee moved to Chongqing to oversee the factory there. There, he delivered a series of messages on Revelation 2 and 3 published as The Orthodoxy of the Church as well as messages on the Song of Songs. On September 9, 1945, the Japanese army surrendered in China, ending the Second Sino-Japanese War.[9] In 1946, Peace Wang and Witness Lee began to work to restore the church in Shanghai as well as Nee's public ministry there. Nee purchased twelve bungalows at Kuliang to hold trainings for his co-workers in the Christian work. By April 1948, a revival was brought to the church in Shanghai, and Nee resumed his ministry there. When he returned, Nee handed his pharmaceutical factory over to the Christian work as an offering to God, influencing many others to hand over their possessions to the work. Within a short time, the church in Shanghai grew to over 1000 members.[3][9]

Persecution and imprisonment[edit]

The rise of the Chinese Communist Party in 1949, with its doctrine of state atheism, caused Christians to come under great persecution.[20][21] False charges and arrests were also brought against many foreign missionaries. Through intensive propaganda campaigns and threats of imprisonment, believers were influenced to accuse one another.[22][23][24]

On April 10, 1952, Watchman Nee was arrested in Shanghai by Public Security officers from Manzhouli, Manchuria and charged with bribery, theft of state property, tax evasion, cheating on government contracts, and stealing of government economic information. Nee was also "re-educated". On January 11, 1956, there was a nationwide sweep targeting the co-workers and elders in the local churches. Some died in labor camps, while others faced long prison sentences. On January 18, 1956, the Religious Affairs Bureau began twelve days of accusation meetings at the church assembly hall on Nanyang Road in Shanghai, in which many accusations were brought against Nee in large accusation meetings.[25] On June 21, 1956, Nee appeared before the High Court in Shanghai, where it was announced that he had been excommunicated by the elders in the church in Shanghai and found guilty on all charges. He was sentenced to fifteen years imprisonment with reform by labor. Initially, he was detained at Tilanqiao Prison in Shanghai but was later moved to other locations. Only his wife, Charity, was allowed to visit him.

On January 29, 1956, Public Security took over the Nanyang Road building, and many of Nee's co-workers were arrested, put into isolation, and forced to repudiate Watchman Nee. Some co-workers joined in the accusation of Watchman Nee while others, such as Peace Wang, Ruth Lee, and Yu Chenghua remained silent and were punished with life imprisonment. Following this, mass accusation meetings were held across the country to condemn the "anti-revolutionary sect of Watchman Nee".[26][27]

Later imprisonment and death[edit]

One year before Nee's death in 1972, his wife, Charity, died due to an accident and high blood pressure; Nee was not allowed to attend her funeral. Charity's eldest sister then took the responsibility to care for Nee in prison.[28] Nee was scheduled for release in 1967 but was detained in prison until his death on May 30, 1972.[29] There was no announcement of his death nor any funeral. His remains were cremated on June 1, 1972, before his family arrived at the prison.[9]

Nee's grandniece recounted the time when she went to pick up Nee's ashes:

In June 1972, we got a notice from the labor farm that my granduncle had passed away. My eldest grandaunt and I rushed to the labor farm. But when we got there, we learned that he had already been cremated. We could only see his ashes... Before his departure, he left a piece of paper under his pillow, which had several lines of big words written in a shaking hand. He wanted to testify to the truth which he had even until his death, with his lifelong experience. That truth is—"Christ is the Son of God who died for the redemption of sinners and resurrected after three days. This is the greatest truth in the universe. I die because of my belief in Christ. Watchman Nee." When the officer of the labor farm showed us this paper, I prayed that the Lord would let me quickly remember it by heart... My granduncle had passed away. He was faithful until death. With a crown stained with blood, he went to be with the Lord. Although Nee did not fulfill his last wish, to come out alive to join his wife, the Lord prepared something even better—they were reunited before the Lord.

— Watchman Nee's grandniece, Watchman Nee: A Seer of the Divine Revelation in the Present Age.[citation needed]

Beliefs[edit]

Nee believed in the verbal inspiration of the Bible and that the Bible is God's Word. He also believed that God is in one sense triune, Father, Son, and Spirit, distinctly three, yet fully one, co-existing and co-inhering each other from eternity to eternity. He believed that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, even God Himself, incarnated as a man with both the human life and the divine life, that He died on the cross to accomplish redemption, that he rose bodily from the dead on the third day, that He ascended into heaven and was enthroned, crowned with glory, and made the Lord of all, and that He will return the second time to receive His followers, to save Israel, and to establish His millennial kingdom on the earth. He believed that every person who believes in Jesus Christ will be forgiven by God, washed by His redeeming blood, justified by faith, regenerated by the Holy Spirit, and saved by grace. Such a believer is a child of God and a member of the Body of Christ. He also believed that the destiny of every believer is to be an integral part of the church, which is the Body of Christ and the house of God.[9][better source needed] Nee had a unique blend of Brethren theology, the exchanged life theology of the Keswick conventions and his own east Asian insights into Christian theology. His well-known book, "Sit, Walk, Stand" focused on the believer's position "in Christ," an important feature of the Apostle Paul's theology.[citation needed]

Watchman Nee is often associated with Free Grace theology.[30] Nee held that assurance is not to be placed upon one's sanctification and put a heavy emphasis on eternal rewards. [31][32] Nee held that the "Outer Darkness" mentioned in Matthew is a temporal place for saved Christians who do not live in obedience.[33]

Publications[edit]

In addition to speaking frequently before many audiences, Watchman Nee authored various books, articles, newsletters, and hymns. Most of his books were based on notes taken down by students during his spoken messages. Some books were compiled from messages published previously in his periodicals.

Watchman Nee's best-known book in English is The Normal Christian Life, is based on talks he delivered in English during a trip to England and Europe in 1938 and 1939. There he expressed theological views on the New Testament book of Romans. The English messages of "The Normal Christian Life" were first published chapter by chapter in the magazine "A Witness and A Testimony" beginning in the Nov-Dec issue in 1940.[34] It was later published as a book by Witness and Testimony Publishers in August 1945 and advertised in the Sept/Oct edition of the "A Witness and A Testimony" magazine.[35]

Some of Watchman Nee's best-known books include:

  • The Spiritual Man (1928) Translated in (1969)
  • Concerning Our Missions (1939) Translated in (1942)
  • The Song of Songs (1945) Translated in (1970)
  • The Breaking of the Outer Man and the Release of the Spirit (1950) Translated in (1961)
  • The Normal Christian Life (正常的基督徒生活) (1938/1939) Published in 1940 (messages given in English)
  • The Normal Christian Church Life (1938) Translated in (1965)
  • Sit, Walk, Stand (坐行站) (1957) Translated in (1971)
  • What Shall this Man Do? (1961) Translated in (1975)
  • Love Not the World (1951) Translated in (1968)
  • Let Us Pray (1942) Translated in (1949)
  • A Living Sacrifice (1932) Translated in (1950)
  • Authority & Submission (1941) Translated in (1950)
  • The Spirit of the Gospel (1949) Translated in (1971)
  • God's Work (1940) Translated in (1967)
  • Back to the Cross (1931) Translated in (1956)
  • Grace for Grace (1949) Translated in (1968)
  • How to Study the Bible (1956) Translated in (1968)
  • Practical Issues of this life (1938) Translated in (1970)
  • The Mystery of Creation Translated in (1981)

In addition to publishing his own books, other spiritual publications were translated from English and published under Watchman Nee's oversight. These included books by T. Austin-Sparks, Madame Guyon, Mary E. McDonough, Jessie Penn-Lewis, and others.[36]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "In Recognition of Watchman Nee". Congressional Record Volume 155, Number 118. July 31, 2009.
  2. ^ Stark, Rodney (2015). A Star in the East: The Rise of Christianity in China. Conshohocken: Templeton Press. p. 58.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Kinnear, Angus (1973). Against the Tide. Fort Washington: Christian Literature Crusade.
  4. ^ Lee, Witness (1991). Watchman Nee: A Seer of the Divine Revelation in the Present Age. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry. p. 36.
  5. ^ Lin, He-Ping (1943). An Object of Grace and Love. Eastbourne: Kingsway.
  6. ^ a b Reetzke, James (2003). Biographical Sketches: A Brief History of the Lord's Recovery. Chicago: Chicago Bibles & Books.
  7. ^ Against the Tide: The Unforgettable Story of Watchman Nee 'Across the Grain' (2017)
  8. ^ Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. Watchman Nee and the Little Flock Movement in Maoist China.'Church History 74:1 (2005)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lee, Witness. Watchman Nee: A Seer of the Divine Revelation in the Present Age. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry (1991).
  10. ^ Wu, Silas H. Dora Yu and Christian Revival in Twentieth-Century China. Boston: Pishon River Publications (2002), 158.
  11. ^ Wu, Silas H. Dora Yu and Christian Revival in Twentieth-Century China. Boston: Pishon River Publications (2002), 175.
  12. ^ a b Reetzke, James. M.E. Barber: A Seed Sown in China. Chicago: Chicago Bibles & Books (2005).
  13. ^ Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. Watchman Nee and the Little Flock Movement in Maoist China. Church History 74:1 (2005), 73.
  14. ^ Lee, Witness. Watchman Nee: A Seer of the Divine Revelation in the Present Age. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry (1991), 23–27.
  15. ^ Woodbridge, David (2019). Missionary Primitivism and Chinese Modernity: The Brethren in Twentieth-Century China. Boston: Brill. pp. 49–75. ISBN 978-9-00433-675-9. OCLC 1055568760.
  16. ^ Buntain, William E. (2019). Dickson, Neil (ed.). "The Exclusive Brethren, Watchman Nee, and the Local Churches in China". Brethren Historical Review. 15: 40–72. ISSN 1755-9383.
  17. ^ Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. "Watchman Nee and the Little Flock Movement in Maoist China." Church History 74:1 (2005), 76–77.
  18. ^ Hattaway, Paul. China's Christian Martyrs. Oxford: Monarch Books (2007).
  19. ^ Lee, Witness. The Central Line of the Divine Revelation. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry (1995).
  20. ^ Daughrity, Dyron B. (2010). The Changing World of Christianity: The Global History of a Borderless Religion. Peter Lang. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-4331-0523-4.
  21. ^ Adeney, David. China: Christian Students Face the Revolution. Downers Grove: Intervarsity Press (1973).
  22. ^ Jones, Francis P. Documents of the Three-self Movement: Source Materials for the Study of the Protestant Church in Communist China. New York: National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA (1963).
  23. ^ Kuhn, Isobel. Green Leaf in Drought. Kent: OMF Books (1958).
  24. ^ Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. "Watchman Nee and the Little Flock Movement in Maoist China." Church History 74:1 (2005), 69.
  25. ^ Nee, Watchman. Gleanings in the Fields of Boaz. New York: Christian Fellowship Publishers (1987), 117.
  26. ^ Sze, Newman. The Martyrdom of Watchman Nee. Culver City: Testimony Publications (1997).
  27. ^ Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. "Watchman Nee and the Little Flock Movement in Maoist China." Church History 74:1 (2005).
  28. ^ Lee, Witness. Watchman Nee: A Seer of the Divine Revelation in the Present Age. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry (1991)
  29. ^ Melton, J. Gordon. Religious Leaders of America. Detroit: Gale Research (1999), 834.
  30. ^ Chay, Fred (2017). A Defense of Free Grace Theology: With Respect to Saving Faith, Perseverance, and Assurance. Grace Theology Press. ISBN 978-0-9981385-4-1.
  31. ^ Lazar, Shawn (2017-07-13). "Watchman Nee on Assurance – Grace Evangelical Society". Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  32. ^ Lazar, Shawn (2021-12-06). "Watchman Nee on Gnashing Your Teeth – Grace Evangelical Society". Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  33. ^ Rokser, Dennis M.; Stegall, Thomas L.; Witzig, Kurt (2015-09-18). Should Christians Fear Outer Darkness?. Grace Gospel Press. ISBN 978-1-939110-10-7.
  34. ^ "A Witness and a Testimony (1940)" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  35. ^ "A Witness and a Testimony (1945)" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  36. ^ "Books Translated." Publications by Watchman Nee. Living Stream Ministry. http://www.watchmannee.org/publications.html#translated

Further reading[edit]

  • Chen, James. Meet Brother Nee. Hong Kong: The Christian Publishers (1976).
  • Kinnear, Angus. Against the Tide. Eastbourne: Kingsway Publications (2005).
  • Laurent, Bob. Watchman Nee: Man of Suffering. Uhrichsville: Barbour Publishing (1998).
  • Lee, Witness. Watchman Nee: A Seer of the Divine Revelation in the Present Age. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry (1991).
  • Lyall, Leslie. Three of China's Mighty Men. London: Overseas Missionary Fellowship (1973).
  • Nee, Watchman. Watchman Nee's Testimony. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Church Book Room (1974).
  • Roberts, Dana. Understanding Watchman Nee. Plainfield, NJ: Logos International (1980).
  • Roberts, Dana. Secrets of Watchman Nee. Orlando, FL: Bridge-Logos, 2005.
  • Sze, Newman. The Martyrdom of Watchman Nee. Culver City: Testimony Publications (1997).
  • Wu, Dongsheng John. Understanding Watchman Nee: Spirituality, Knowledge, and Formation. Eugene: Wipf & Stock Publishers (2012).

External links[edit]

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