Yellow Submarine (film)

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Yellow Submarine
Original U.S. movie poster
Directed by	George Dunning Dennis Abey (live action sequence)
Produced by	Al Brodax
Written by	John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr (songs) Lee Minoff (short story) Al Brodax (screenplay) Jack Mendelsohn Erich Segal
Starring	Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, epilogue: John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr Voices: Paul Angelis, John Clive, Dick Emery, Geoffrey Hughes, Lance Percival and Peter Batten
Music by	The Beatles George Martin
Cinematography	John Williams
Editing by	Brian J. Bishop
Distributed by	Apple Films , United Artists
Release date(s)	June 6, 1968
Running time	90 min. (USA)
Country	U.K.
Language	English
Budget	£250,000
Preceded by	Magical Mystery Tour
Followed by	Let It Be

Yellow Submarine is a 1968 animated feature film based on the music of the Beatles. It is also the title for the soundtrack album to the feature film, released as part of the Beatles' music catalogue. The film was directed by animation producer George Dunning, and produced by United Artists (UA) and King Features Syndicate. The Beatles themselves appear only in the closing scene of the film, with the Beatles characters in the film voiced by other actors.

Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Animation 4 Music 5 Beatles' participation 6 Voices 7 Songs in Yellow Submarine 8 Release history 8.1 Original theatrical release 8.2 Initial home video releases 8.3 1999 film and soundtrack re-release 9 Artists 10 Awards 11 See also 12 References 13 External links

[edit] Plot

At the beginning of the story, Pepperland is introduced by a narrator as a cheerful music-loving paradise under the sea, protected by Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which falls under a surprise attack by the music-hating Blue Meanies, who seal the band inside a music-proof bubble, turn the Pepperlanders into statues, and drain the countryside of colour.

In the last minute before his own capture, Pepperland's elderly Lord Mayor sends a soldier called Old Fred (whom the mayor calls "Young Fred") in a yellow submarine to get assistance. Old Fred travels to Liverpool, where he follows the depressed and aimless Ringo and persuades him to help. Ringo collects his "mates" John, George and finally Paul. The five journey back to Pepperland in the yellow submarine, passing through several episodes:

• Sea of Time – where time flows both forwards and backwards to the tune of "When I'm Sixty-Four",
• Sea of Science – where they sing "Only a Northern Song",
• Sea of Monsters – where a monstrous "vacuum cleaner beast" sucks up the entire landscape and then itself, freeing them.
• Sea of Nothing – where they meet a rather helpful "nowhere man" named Jeremy Hilary Boob Ph.D, and sing the song "Nowhere Man" in reference to him. Ringo takes pity on Jeremy and lets him aboard the submarine.
• Foothills of the Headlands (or Sea of Heads) – where they are separated from the submarine and John sings "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds",
• Finally, the Sea of Holes – where Jeremy is kidnapped by one of the Blue Meanies patrolling the outskirts of Pepperland. When Ringo jumps on to a green hole (which turns into the Sea of Green and is actually a hidden temporospatial portal), they arrive in Pepperland.

Reunited with Old Fred and the submarine, they imitate Sgt. Pepper's band, and "rally the land to rebellion". Jeremy is rescued, colour and flowers rebloom, the original Sgt. Pepper's band is released (thanks to a hole carried in Ringo's pocket from the Sea of Holes), and Pepperland is restored. The Blue Meanies are forced to retreat, but John extends an offer of friendship, and the Chief Blue Meanie has a change of heart (partly due to some "transformation magic" performed by Jeremy), and accepts. An enormous party ensues, with everyone living happily ever after.

At the end, the real Beatles, having returned home, playfully show off their souvenirs, whereof George has the submarine's motor, Paul has "a little love", and Ringo still has half a hole in his pocket (having supposedly given the other half to Jeremy). John sees "newer and bluer Meanies in the vicinity of the theatre" and cheerfully comments that there is only one way to go out: "Singing!". The quartet obliges with a reprise of "All Together Now" which ends with various translations of the song's title appearing in sequence on the screen.

[edit] Production

Released at the height of the psychedelic pop culture period of the 1960s, the movie Yellow Submarine was a box-office hit, drawing in crowds both for its lush, wildly creative images, and its soundtrack of Beatles songs. The original story was written by Lee Minoff, based on the song by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and the screenplay penned by four collaborators including Erich Segal. The recurring line "It's all in the mind" is taken from The Goon Show.

As with many motion picture musicals, the music takes precedence over the actual plot, and most of the story is a series of set-pieces designed to present Beatles music set to various images, in a form reminiscent of Walt Disney's Fantasia (and foreshadowing the rise of music videos and MTV fifteen years later). Nonetheless, the movie still presents a modern-day fairy tale that caters to the ideals of the "love generation".

The dialogue is littered with puns, double entendres, and Beatles in-jokes, many scripted by poet Roger McGough. "Blue Meanies" is sometimes used as a slang term for the police, although many viewers will have missed this (see List of slang terms for police officers). The term "Blue Meanies" is actually a metaphor for bad people in government and corporations, who force their wills on good people (Pepperlanders), and carelessly deplete and ruin the natural environment, resources, colour and landscape. They are carefree about their destructive ways and will do whatever necessary to crush those (the Beatles) who oppose them.

In the DVD commentary track, production supervisor John Coates adds an additional perspective, stating that "blue" was a play on "Jew", not as a reflection of any anti-Semitism on the part of the filmmakers, but rather as a commentary on the stereotypical casting of Jews as villains. There is also a scene where a Blue Meanie questions some disguised Beatles, asking, "Are you Bluish? You don't look Bluish..." However, this is speculative since the Blue Meanies were originally supposed to be red, or even purple, but when Edelmann's assistant accidentally changed the colours, the film's characters took on a different meaning.^[1]

Additionally, the Beatles' animated persona was based on their appearance in the promotional film for the song "Strawberry Fields Forever", with the exception of Paul being without his moustache. The film also includes several references to songs not included in the soundtrack, including "A Day in the Life" where the lyrics are referenced in the "Sea of Holes" scene, as well as the orchestral breaks earlier in the movie, also from "A Day in the Life".

[edit] Animation

A large number of national and foreign animators were assembled by TVC. Bob Balser and Jack Stokes were animation directors. Charlie Jenkins, one of the film's key creative directors, was responsible for the rotoscope work on Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds. Australian Anne Joliffe was a key animator. The background work was executed by artists under the direction of Alison De Vere. Ted Lewis and Chris Miles were responsible for Animation Clean Up. The movie's style, created by creative director Heinz Edelmann, contrasts greatly with the efforts of Disney Feature Animation and other animated films previously released by Hollywood up until the time. The film uses a style of limited animation that deliberately defies reality and paints a landscape that could never exist in the real world, something that appealed greatly to the escapists of the 1960s (see also Fantastic Planet). It also paved the way for Terry Gilliam's animations for Do Not Adjust Your Set and Monty Python.

George Dunning, who also worked on the Beatles cartoon series, was the overall director for the film, supervising over 200 artists for 11 months. He took personal charge of the Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds sequence.

The animation of Yellow Submarine has sometimes falsely been attributed to the famous psychedelic pop art artist of the era, Peter Max; but the film's art director was Heinz Edelmann. Edelmann, along with his contemporary Milton Glaser, pioneered the psychedelic style for which Max would later become famous, but according to Edelmann and producer Al Brodax, as quoted in the book Inside the Yellow Submarine by Hieronimus and Cortner, Max had nothing to do with the production of Yellow Submarine.^{[2][page needed]}

Notable animators who worked on the film included Paul Driessen, Cam Ford, Anne Jolliffe, Tony Cuthbert, Geoff Collins, Jim Hiltz, Ron Campbell and Hester Coblenz.

[edit] Music

In addition to the existing title song "Yellow Submarine", five new songs were commissioned for the movie: "All Together Now", (a football-crowd favourite); "It's All Too Much", (a George Harrison composition); "Baby You're a Rich Man" (the first song recorded specifically for this film, but which made its first appearance as the B-side to the "All You Need Is Love" single); "Only a Northern Song", a Harrison song originally recorded during sessions for Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (the partial inspiration for this film); and "Hey Bulldog", a John Lennon piano romp echoing of "Lady Madonna", which was recorded at the same time (this song was originally included only in the European theatrical release, but restored for the U.S. theatrical reissue in 1999).

The film's instrumental music was an orchestral score composed and arranged by George Martin. One of the film's cues, heard after the main title credits, was originally recorded as the introduction to "Good Night", John's composition for Ringo on The Beatles (a.k.a. The White Album); it was later released as "A Beginning" on the Anthology 3 album.

[edit] Beatles' participation

The Beatles themselves were not enthusiastic about participating in a motion picture at the time. They were displeased with their second feature film Help!, and were further discouraged by the disastrous reception of their self-produced TV special Magical Mystery Tour. They did, however, see an animated film as a favourable way to complete their commitment to United Artists for a third film. Voice actors were hired to imitate the musicians' voices in the film. The Beatles were impressed after seeing a draft of the film, and agreed to make a live-action cameo appearance in the final scene, which was filmed in early February 1968. The cameo was originally intended to feature a post-production psychedelic background and effects; but due to time and budget constraints, a blank, black background remained in the final film.

In The Beatles Anthology video, the surviving Beatles (including George) all admitted that they liked the film. For many years after its release Ringo was approached by children and asked "Why did you press the button?", referring to when his character curiously pressed the panic button ejecting him from the submarine into the sea of monsters.

[edit] Voices

• John Clive – John
• Geoffrey Hughes – Paul
• Peter Batten – George (Batten was arrested during voice recording because he had deserted the British army, so Paul Angelis finished recording his part.)
• Paul Angelis – Ringo, Chief Blue Meanie, George
• Dick Emery – Lord Mayor, Nowhere Man (Jeremy Hillary Boob, Phud (Ph.D.)), Max
• Lance Percival – Old/Young Fred (Lance Percival also provided the voices of Paul and Ringo for the ABC TV Beatles cartoon.)
• John Lennon – John (singing voice)
• Paul McCartney – Paul (singing voice)
• George Harrison – George (singing voice)
• Ringo Starr – Ringo (singing voice)

[edit] Songs in Yellow Submarine

The original soundtrack album consisted of Beatles tracks and some orchestral pieces by George Martin on the second side:

• "Yellow Submarine"
• "Only a Northern Song"
• "All Together Now"
• "Hey Bulldog"
• "It's All Too Much"
• "All You Need Is Love"
• "Pepperland" (George Martin)
• "Sea of Time" (George Martin)
• "Sea of Holes" (George Martin)
• "Sea of Monsters" (George Martin)
• "March of the Meanies" (George Martin)
• "Pepperland Laid Waste" (George Martin)
• "Yellow Submarine in Pepperland" (Lennon/McCartney, arranged by George Martin)

Another soundtrack, the Yellow Submarine Songtrack, was released in 1999 to contain all but one of the Beatles' songs from the film (the missing song is "A Day In The Life", whose orchestral crescendo was used in the film):

• "Yellow Submarine"
• "Hey Bulldog"
• "Eleanor Rigby"
• "Love You To"
• "All Together Now"
• "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"
• "Think for Yourself"
• "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"
• "With a Little Help from My Friends"
• "Baby You're a Rich Man"
• "Only a Northern Song"
• "All You Need Is Love"
• "When I'm Sixty-Four"
• "Nowhere Man"
• "It's All Too Much"

The orchestral pieces were also used in the short NASA Apollo 9 mission film, which NASA made for every mission.

[edit] Release history

[edit] Original theatrical release

The movie was originally distributed worldwide by United Artists in two versions. The version shown in Europe included an extra musical number, "Hey Bulldog", heard in the final third of the movie. For the U.S. version, the number was replaced with alternate animation due to time constraints. It was felt that at the time, American audiences would grow tired from the length of the movie. Of all the Beatles films released by UA, this is the only one UA retained the rights to, leading up to its purchase by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1981. In 2005, Sony Pictures Entertainment led a consortium that purchased MGM and UA, and thus SPE now handles theatrical distribution for MGM, while 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment is responsible for home video distribution, although the most recent home video release is now out of print. As of 20 April 2009 (2009 -04-20)^[update], the Internet Movie Database gave it a "MovieMeter" score of 7.1 out of 10, meaning "favorable".^[3]

[edit] Initial home video releases

With the dawn of the home video era came an opportunity to release Yellow Submarine on VHS and LaserDisc. However, it was held up for some years due to music rights issues that UA had to clear in order for the film to be issued on video by what was then MGM/UA Home Video in 1987. This was presented in its U.S. theatrical release (without the "Hey Bulldog" scene), with a simulated stereo mix of the film's original mono soundtrack. After a couple of years, the video was pulled from release, and for many years mint copies of the initial home video pressing were considered collectibles.

[edit] 1999 film and soundtrack re-release

In 1999, United Artists and Apple Records digitally restored the audio of the film for theatrical and home video re-release. Though the visuals were not digitally restored, a new transfer was done after cleaning the original film negative and rejuvenating the colour. A soundtrack album for this version was also released, which featured the first extensive digital stereo remixes of Beatles material.

The film was also re-edited to its original European theatrical release version, with the "Hey Bulldog" number restored.

The DVD that was released also featured a "soundtrack only" version, in which the dialogue is removed, leaving only the music and the songs. As already mentioned, it is currently out of print. (It is up to UA and Fox to decide when it will be released again, pending new licensing fee issues.) Used copies are being sold for a premium on the Internet and new copies, although hard to find, are available through collectors.^{[citation needed]}

The "With A Little Help From My Friends" sequence originally erroneously had John Lennon singing the song. This was edited out of the 1999 re-release.

[edit] Artists

• Screen story by Lee Minoff
• Screenplay by Lee Minoff, Al Brodax, Jack Mendelsohn, and Erich Segal
• Character designers: Jon Cramer, Dick Sawyer
• Animation directors: Robert Balser, Jack Stokes
• Animators: Alan Ball, John Challis, Hester Coblentz, Geoff Collins, Rich Cox, Duane Crowther, Tony Cuthbert, Malcolm Draper, Paul Dreissen, Cam Ford, Tom Halley, Dick Horne, Arthur Humberstone, Dennis Hunt, Diane Jackson, Anne Jolliffe, Dave Livesey, Reg Lodge, Geoff Loynes, Lawrence Moorcroft, Ted Percival, Mike Pocock, Gerry Potterton, Jack Stokes
• Effects animator: Chris Caunter
• Production designer: Heinz Edelmann
• Layout: Ray Aragon, Peter Arthy, Jack Daniels, Alan Grey, Gordon Harrison, Ted Pettingal, Gill Potter
• Color stylists: Alison DeVere, Millicent McMillan
• Backgrounds: Jenny Aldridge, Arthur Button, Malcolm Dakin, David Elvin, Paul Francis, Ian Gordon, Caird Green, Clare Greenford, Muriel Jennings, Martina Selway
• Clean-up animation directors: Ted Lewis Chris Miles
• Key assistant animators: Ian Cowan, Richard Dakin, Ray Newman
• Ink and paint managers: Jenny Brisbane, Susan Brown, Margaret Geddes, Susan Gibbons, Janet Hosie, Helen Jones, Corona Maher
• Animation camera: Alan Foster, Tony Hanes, Ian Letts, Malcolm Livesey, Rex Neville, Graham Orrin, Bev Roberts, John Williams, Richard Wodyinski
• Film editor: Brian J. Bishop
• Assistant editor: Torquil Stewart
• Sound editors: Donald Cohen, Ken Rolls
• Re-recording mixer: Hugh Strain
• Co-produced by Mary Ellen Stewart
• Production executive: John Coates
• Production coordinator: Abe Goodman
• Production assistant: Sally Hyman
• Production administrators: Peter Franklin, Norman Kauffman
• Special sequences: Charles Jenkins
• Live action director: Dennis Abey
• Assistant director: Edrich Radage
• Music supervised by George Martin
• Produced by Al Brodax
• Directed by George Dunning

[edit] Awards

• 1970 Grammy Award for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special (nominated)
• 1969 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation (nominated)
• 1968 New York Film Critics Circle Awards Special Award

[edit] See also

• List of animated feature-length films
• List of fictional submarines

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Yellow Submarine

• Yellow Submarine at the Internet Movie Database
• Yellow Submarine at Allmovie
• Album lyrics
• Review of Yellow Submarine by Roger Ebert
• h2g2 Yellow Submarine – the Film Edited Guide Entry

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