10th century in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 10th century.
Works
[edit]Title | Author | Description | Date |
---|---|---|---|
Book of Fixed Stars | Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi | Treatise on astronomy including a star catalogue and star charts | c. 964[1] |
The Pillow Book | Sei Shōnagon | diary / journal / memoire | c. 990s-1000s Japan |
Kavijanasrayam | Malliya Rechana | Telugu poetic prosody book | c. 900-950 |
Paphnutius | Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim | Play | c. 935-1002 |
Vikramarjuna Vijaya | Adikavi Pampa | Kannada version of the epic Mahabharata | c. 939? |
Al-Tasrif | Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi | Medical encyclopedia | Completed in 1000[2] |
Josippon | Joseph ben Gorion | History of the Jews from the destruction of Babylon to the Siege of Jerusalem | 940[3] |
Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity | Brethren of Purity | Philosophical-scientific encyclopedia | 10th century[4] |
Aleppo Codex | Shlomo ben Buya'aa | Copy of the Bible | 920[5] |
De Administrando Imperio | Constantine VII | Political geography of the world | c. 950[6] |
Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions | Associated with Constantine VII | Treatises providing information on military campaigns in Asia Minor | Based on material compiled in the early 10th century, current form dates to the late 950s[7] |
Geoponica | Compiled under the patronage of Constantine VII | Agricultural manual[8] | Compiled in its present form in the 10th century[9] |
Þórsdrápa | Eilífr Goðrúnarson[10] | Skaldic poem with Thor as its protagonist | 10th century[11] |
Hákonarmál | Eyvindr skáldaspillir | Poem composed in memory of Haakon I of Norway | After 961[12] |
"Háleygjatal" | Eyvindr skáldaspillir | Poem seeking to establish the Hlaðir dynasty as the social equal of the Hárfagri dynasty[13] | End of the 10th century[14] |
Kitab al-Aghani | Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani | Collection of songs, biographical information, and information relating to the lives and customs of the early Arabs and of the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates[15] | 10th century[16] |
Shahnameh | Ferdowsi | Epic poem | Begun c. 977, finished 1010[17] |
Benedictional of St. Æthelwold | Godeman (a scribe) for Æthelwold of Winchester | Benedictional including pontifical benedictions for use at mass at different points of the liturgical year | Written and illuminated between 963 and 984[18] |
Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise | Leo VI the Wise | Handbook dealing with military formations and weapons | Early 10th century[19] |
Exeter Book | Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric | Collection of Old English poetry, including "The Wife's Lament" | Copied c. 975[20] |
"Deor" | Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (part of the Exeter Book)[20] | The only surviving Old English poem with a fully developed refrain; possibly of a Norse background[21] | Copied c. 975[20] |
"The Rhyming Poem" | Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (part of the Exeter Book)[20] | Poem in couplets utilising rhyme, which was rarely used in Anglo-Saxon literature[22] | Copied c. 975[20] |
Extensive Records of the Taiping Era | Compiled by Li Fang | Collection of anecdotes and stories | 977–78[23] |
Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era | Compiled by Li Fang | Encyclopedia | 984[24] |
Greek Anthology | Originally compiled by Meleager, combined by Constantinus Cephalas with works by Philippus of Thessalonica, Diogenianus, Agathias and others; part of a later revision compiled by Maximus Planudes | Collection of Greek epigrams, songs, epitaphs and rhetorical exercises | Originally compiled in the 1st century BCE, expanded in the 9th century, revised and augmented in the 10th century, expanded again from a manuscript compiled in 1301[25] |
Wamyō Ruijushō (倭名類聚抄) | Compiled by Minamoto no Shitagō (源 順) | Collection of Japanese terms | Mid-930s[26] |
Gosen Wakashū (後撰和歌集) | Ordered by Emperor Murakami | Imperial waka anthology | c. 951[27] |
Yamato Monogatari (大和物語) | Unknown | Uta monogatari (narrative fiction with waka poetry) | c. 951-956 |
History of the Prophets and Kings | Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari | Universal history | Unfinished at the time of Tabari's death in 956[28] |
Praecepta Militaria | Attributed to Nikephoros II Phokas | Military manual | 965[29] |
Escorial Taktikon | Edited by Nikolaos Oikonomides (1972)[30] | Precedence list | Drawn up between 975 and 979[31] |
Bodhi Vamsa | Upatissa of Upatissa Nuwara | Prose poem describing the bringing of a branch of the Bodhi tree to Sri Lanka in the 3rd century | c. 980[32] |
Old History of the Five Dynasties | Xue Juzheng | Account of China's Five Dynasties | 974[33] |
Chronicon Salernitanum | Anonymous[34] | Annals | 974[35] |
Chronicon Æthelweardi | Æthelweard | Latin version of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle | After 975 and probably before 983[36] |
Gesta Berengarii imperatoris | Anonymous[37] | Epic poem | Early 10th century[38] |
Kokin Wakashū (古今和歌集) | Compiled by a committee of bureaucrats recognised as superior poets | Anthology of Japanese poetry | Compiled c. 905[39] |
Annales Cambriae | Diverse sources | Chronicle believed to cover a period beginning 447 | c. 970[40] |
Waltharius | Unknown Frankish monk | Epic poem about the Germanic Heroic Age | First circulated/published c. 850 to c. 950[41] |
Leofric Missal | Unknown scribes | Service book | Core written c. 900, with an addition made c. 980[42] |
"Eiríksmál" | Unknown | Poem composed in memory of Eric Bloodaxe | Probably 10th century[12] |
Khaboris Codex | Unknown | Oldest known copy of the New Testament | 10th century[43] |
Suda | Unknown[44] | Encyclopedia | 10th century[45] |
Tractatus coislinianus | Unknown | Manuscript containing a statement of a Greek theory of comedy | 10th century[46] |
Beowulf | Unknown | Epic | Believed to have been written between the 7th and 10th centuries[47] |
Ishinpō | Tanba Yasunori | Encyclopedia of Chinese medicine | Issued in 982[48] |
Hudud al-'alam | Unknown | Concise geography of the world | Begun 982–983[49] |
Ōjōyōshū | Genshin | Kanbun Buddhist text | 985 |
Karnataka Kadambari | Nagavarma I | Romance in champu (mixed prose and verse) | Late 10th century |
Chhandombudhi | Nagavarma I | Treatise on prosody in Vijayanagara literature in Kannada | c. 990 |
Completes the first draft of Shahnameh (The Book of Kings) | Ferdowsi | a long epic poem, the national epic of Greater Iran | 999[50] |
Tomida femina | Anonymous | Charm, the oldest known complete Occitan poem | 10th century |
The Battle of Maldon | Anonymous | Old English heroic poem (earliest manuscript lost 1731) | Between the Battle of Maldon in Spring 991 and 1000?[51] |
Passio Sancti Eadmundi | Abbo of Fleury | Hagiographic account of the death of Edmund the Martyr | 10th century |
Authors
[edit]Name | Description | Dates |
---|---|---|
Abu Firas al-Hamdani | Arab poet | 932–968[52] |
Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam | Algebraist | c. 850 – c. 930[53] |
Ælfric of Eynsham | Author of homilies in Old English, and three works to assist in learning Latin, the Grammar, the Glossary and the Colloquy (probably with Aelfric Bata. Also a Bible translator | c. 955 – c. 1010[54] |
Æthelweard | Anglo-Saxon historian | Before 973 – c. 998[55] |
Akazome Emon (赤染衛門) | Japanese waka poet | fl. 976–1041[56] |
Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri | Philosopher born in modern Iran | Died 992[57] |
Al-Maʿarri | Arab poet born near Aleppo, Syria | 973–1057[58] |
Al-Masudi | Arab historian and geographer | c. 896 – 956[59] |
Al-Mutanabbi | Arabic poet | 915–965[60] |
Ibn al-Nadim | Author of the Fehrest, an encyclopedia | c. 932 – c. 990[61] |
Al-Natili | Arabic-language author in the medical field | fl. c. 985–90[62] |
Alchabitius | Author of Al-madkhal ilā sināʿat Aḥkām al-nujūm, a treatise on astrology; from Iraq | fl. c. 950[63] |
Aldred the Scribe | Author of the glosses in the Lindisfarne Gospels | 10th century[64] |
Alhazen | Mathematician, died in Cairo | c. 965 – c. 1040[65] |
Asser | Welsh biographer and bishop, died in Sherborne | died 1909[66] |
Bal'ami | Vizier to the Samanids and translator of the Ṭabarī into Persian | Died c. 992–7[67] |
Abu-Shakur Balkhi | Persian writer | 915–960s[68] |
Abu Zayd al-Balkhi | Persian Muslim polymath | 849–934[69] |
Rabia Balkhi | Arabic- and Persian-language poet | Died 940[70] |
Bard Boinne | Described in the Annals of the Four Masters as the "chief poet of Ireland" | Died 932[71] |
Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī | Arab astronomer | c. 850 – c. 929[72] |
David ben Abraham al-Fasi | Karaite lexicographer from Fes | 10th century[73] |
Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī | Scholar and polymath of the late Samanids and early Ghaznavids | 973 – after 1050[74] |
Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī | Mathematician and astronomer; author of Kitāb fī mā yaḥtaj ilayh al-kuttāb wa'l-ʿummāl min ʾilm al-ḥisāb, an arithmetic textbook; of Persian descent | 940 – 997 or 998[75] |
Cináed ua hArtacáin | Irish poet and author of dinsenchas poems | Died 974[76] |
Constantine VII | Byzantine emperor and author of De Administrando Imperio and De Ceremoniis | 905–959[77] |
Abu-Mansur Daqiqi | Poet, probably born in Ṭūs | After 932 – c. 976[78] |
Shabbethai Donnolo | Italian physician and writer on medicine and astrology | 913 – after 982[79] |
Egill Skallagrímsson | Viking skald and adventurer | c. 910 – c. 990[80] |
Eilífr Goðrúnarson | Icelandic skald | c. 1000[81] |
Einarr Helgason | Skald for Norwegian ruler Haakon Sigurdsson | fl. late 10th century[82] |
Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria | Author of a history of the world and treatises on medicine and theology | 876–940[83] |
Eysteinn Valdason | Icelandic skald | c. 1000[84] |
Eyvindr skáldaspillir | Icelandic skald | Died c. 990[85] |
Al-Farabi | Muslim philosopher | c. 878 – c. 950[86] |
Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani | Literary scholar and author of an encyclopedic work on Arabic music | 897–967[15] |
Ferdowsi | Persian poet and author of the Shahnameh, the Persian national epic | c. 935 – c. 1020–26[87] |
Flodoard | French historian and chronicler | 894–966[88] |
Frithegod | British poet, author of Breviloquium vitae Wilfridi, a version of Stephen of Ripon's Vita Sancti Wilfrithi written in hexameters | fl. c. 950 – c. 958[89] |
Fujiwara no Asatada (藤原 公任) | One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals | c. 910 – c. 966[90] |
Fujiwara no Kintō (藤原 公任) | Japanese poet and critic responsible for the initial gathering of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals | 966–1041[91] |
Fujiwara no Takamitsu (藤原 高光) | Japanese poet, one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals | Died 994[90] |
Fujiwara no Tametoki (藤原 為時) | Japanese waka and kanshi poet and father of Murasaki Shikibu[92] | Late 10th – early 11th century[93] |
Fujiwara no Toshiyuki (藤原 敏行) | Japanese poet | Died c. 901[94] |
Kushyar Gilani | Iranian astronomer | fl. second half of the 10th/early 11th century[95] |
Guthormr sindri | Norwegian skald | 10th century[96] |
Nathan ben Isaac ha-Babli | Babylonian historian | 10th century[97] |
Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld | Icelandic skald[98] | Died c. 1007[99] |
Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani | Arabic belle-lettrist and inventor of the maqāma genre | 968–1008[100] |
Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī | Arabian geographer | Died 945[101] |
Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi | Armenian man of letters | c. 840 – c. 930[102] |
Hrotsvitha | German dramatist and poet | c. 935 – c. 1002[103] |
Ibn al-Faqih | Persian historian and geographer | Died 903[104] |
Ibn al-Jazzar | Physician | Died 970/980[105] |
Ibn al-Qūṭiyya | Historian of Muslim Spain, born in Seville and of Visigothic descent[106] | Died 977[107] |
Ibn Duraid | Arabian poet | 837–934[108] |
Ibn Hawqal | Author of Kitāb al-masālik wa'l-mamālik, a book on geography; born in Nisibis | Second half of the 10th century – after 988[109] |
Ibn Juljul | Author of Tabaqāt al atibbāʾ wa'l-hukamả, a summary of the history of medicine | 944 – c. 994[110] |
Ibn Khordadbeh | Author on subjects including history, genealogy, geography, music, and wines and cookery; of Persian descent | c. 820 – c. 912[111] |
Ioane-Zosime | Georgian religious writer, hymnographer and translator | 10th century[112] |
Lady Ise (伊勢) | Japanese waka poet,[113] mother of Nakatsukasa[114] | c. 877 – c. 940[113] |
Isaac Israeli ben Solomon | Physician and philosopher, born in Egypt | 832–932[115] |
Israel the Grammarian | European scholar, poet and bishop | c. 895–c. 965[116] |
Izumi Shikibu (和泉式部) | Japanese waka poet | Born c. 976[117] |
Abraham ben Jacob | Spanish Jewish geographer | fl. second half of the 10th century[118] |
Jayadeva | Indian mathematician | Lived before 1073[119] |
Al-Karaji | Mathematician, lived in Baghdad | 953 – c. 1029[120] |
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin | Astronomer and number theorist from Khurasan | c. 900 – c. 971[121] |
Abu-Mahmud Khojandi | Astronomer and mathematician born in Khujand | c. 945 – 1000[122] |
Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi | Author of Mafātih al-'ulũm (Keys of the Sciences) | fl. c. 975[123] |
Ki no Tokibumi | Japanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber | fl. c. 950[124] |
Ki no Tomonori (紀 時文) | Japanese waka poet and one of the compilers of the Kokin Wakashū | c. 850 – c. 904[125] |
Ki no Tsurayuki (紀 貫之) | Japanese waka poet, critic and diarist; one of the compilers of the Kokin Wakashū | c. 872 – c. 945[126] |
Kishi Joō (徽子女王) | Japanese poet and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals | 929–985[127] |
Kiyohara no Motosuke (清原 元輔) | Japanese poet: one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber[124] and the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals, and father of Sei Shōnagon[128] | 908–990[124][128] |
Leo the Deacon | Byzantine historian | Born c. 950[129] |
Liutprand of Cremona | Italian historian and author | c. 922 – 972[130] |
Luo Yin (羅隱) | Japanese poet | 833–909[131] |
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi | Author of Kāmil al-Ṣinā'ah al-Tibbiyyah, a compendium; born near Shiraz | First quarter of the 10th century – 994[132] |
Abu Nasr Mansur | Astronomer, born in Gīlān | c. 950 – c. 1036[133] |
Mansur Al-Hallaj | Arabic-speaking mystic and author of the Ṭawāsin, a collection of 11 reflective essays; born near Beyza | 857–922[134] |
Ebn Meskavayh | Persian writer on topics including history, theology, philosophy and medicine | Died 1030[135] |
Symeon the Metaphrast | Principal compiler of the legends of saints in the Menologia of the Greek Orthodox Church | Second half of the 10th century[136] |
Mibu no Tadamine | Japanese waka poet[137] and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals | fl. 898–920[90] |
Michitsuna no Haha ( 藤原道綱母) | Author of Kagerō nikki (The Gossamer Years) | Died 995[138] |
Minamoto no Kintada (源 公忠) | Japanese poet and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals | 889–948[90] |
Minamoto no Muneyuki (源 宗于) | Japanese poet[139] | Died 939[140] |
Minamoto no Saneakira (源 信明) | Japanese poet | 916–970[141] |
Minamoto no Shigeyuki (源 重之) | Japanese poet | Died c. 1000[142] |
Minamoto no Shitagō (源 順) | Japanese poet: one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber[124] and the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals[90] | 911–983[90][124] |
Vācaspati Miśra | Indian polymath | 900–980[143] |
Muhammad bin Hani al Andalusi al Azdi | Poet born in Seville[144] | Died 973[145] |
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari | Writer on theology, literature and history, born in Tabriz | 839–923[146] |
Al-Muqaddasi | Arabian traveller and author of a Description of the Lands of Islam, an Arabic geography[147] | c. 946–7 – 1000[148] |
Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz | Writer and, for one day, caliph of the Abbasid dynasty | Died 908[149] |
Nagavarma I | Author of the Chandōmbudhi, the first treatise on Kannada metrics | Late 10th century[150] |
Nakatsukasa (中務) | One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals, daughter of Lady Ise | c. 912 – after 989[114] |
Al-Nayrizi | Astronomer and meteorologist probably from Neyriz | c. 865 – c. 922[151] |
Jacob ben Nissim | Philosopher, lived in Kairouan | 10th century[152] |
Nōin (能因) | Japanese poet | 988–1050?[153] |
Notker Labeo | German theologian, philologist, mathematician, astronomer, connoisseur of music, and poet | c. 950 – 1022[154] |
Odo of Cluny | Author of a biography of Gerald of Aurillac, a series of moral essays, some sermons, an epic poem and 12 choral antiphons | 878/9–942[155] |
Óengus mac Óengusa | Described in the Annals of the Four Masters as the "chief poet of Ireland" | Died 930[156] |
Ōnakatomi no Yorimoto (大中臣 頼基) | Japanese poet, one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals | Died 958[90] |
Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu (大中臣 能宣) | Japanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber | 922–991[124] |
Ono no Komachi (小野 小町) | Japanese poet | 834–900[157] |
Ōshikōchi no Mitsune (凡河内 躬恒) | Japanese waka poet | fl. 898–922[158] |
Adikavi Pampa | Kannada-language poet | 902–945[159] |
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī | Astronomer and mathematician from Tabaristan | c. 940 – c. 1000[160] |
Qusta ibn Luqa | Scholar of Greek Christian origin whose work included astronomy, mathematics, medicine and philosophy | Probably c. 820 – probably c. 912–913[161] |
Ratherius | Author of works including a criticism of the social classes of his time and two defences of his right to the Diocese of Liège | c. 887 – 974[162] |
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi | Physician, scientist, philosopher and author of alchemy and logic; born in Rey, Iran | 865–925[163] |
Regino of Prüm | Chronicler and author of works on ecclesiastical discipline and liturgical singing, born in Altrip | Died 915[164] |
Richerus | Chronicler from Reims | Died after 998[165] |
Ahmad ibn Rustah | Persian author of a geographical compendium | Died after 903[166] |
Al-Saghani | Mathematician and astronomer who flourished in Turkmenistan | Died 990[167] |
Ibn Sahl | Geometer | fl. late 10th century[168] |
Sakanoue no Mochiki | Japanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber | fl. c. 950[124] |
Sei Shōnagon (清少納言) | Japanese diarist and poet | c. 966 – c. 1025[169] |
Abu Sulayman Sijistani | Philosopher from Sijistan | c. 932 – c. 1000[170] |
Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani | Islamic philosopher | fl. 971[171] |
Sijzi | Geometer, astrologer and astronomer, born in Sijistan | c. 945 – c. 1020[172] |
Ibrahim ibn Sinan | Geometer from Baghdad | 908–946[173] |
Farrukhi Sistani | Court poet of Mahmud of Ghazni | 10th–11th centuries[174] |
Somadeva Suri | South Indian Jain monk and author of the Upāsakādyayana, a central text of Digambara śrāvakācāra literature | 10th century[175] |
Sosei (素性) | One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals | 859–923[90] |
Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi | Astronomer in Iran | 903–986[176] |
Sugawara no Michizane (菅原 道真/菅原 道眞) | Japanese statesman, historian and poet | 845–903[177] |
Symeon the Studite | "Spiritual father" of Symeon the New Theologian[178] and author of the "Ascetical Discourse", a narrative intended for monks[179] | 917 or 924[180] – c. 986–7[181] |
Ukhtanes of Sebastia | Chronicler of the history of Armenia | c. 935 – 1000[182] |
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi | Mathematician, possibly from Damascus | c. 920 – c. 980[183] |
Vaṭeśvara | Indian mathematician | Born 802 or 880[184] |
Wang Yucheng (王禹偁) | Chinese Song dynasty poet and official | 954–1001 |
Widukind of Corvey | Saxon historian | Died c. 1004[185] |
Xue Juzheng (薛居正) | Author of the Old History of the Five Dynasties, an account of China's Five Dynasties | 912–981[33] |
Ibn Yunus | Egyptian astronomer and astrologer | 950–1009[186] |
Ahmad ibn Yusuf | Egyptian mathematician | fl. c. 900–905, died 912/913[187] |
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi | Physician and author of Al-Tasrif, from Al-Andalus | 936–1013[188] |
See also
[edit]- 10th century in poetry
- 11th century in literature
- Early Medieval literature
- Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
- List of years in literature
Notes
[edit]- ^ Hafez, Ihsan; Stephenson, F. Richard; Orchiston, Wayne (31 August 2011). "'Abdul-Rahmān al-Şūfī and his Book of the Fixed Stars: A Journey of Re-discovery". In Orchiston, Wayne; Nakamura, Tsuko; Strom, Richard G. (eds.). Highlighting the History of Astronomy in the Asia-Pacific Region: Proceedings of the ICOA-6 Conference. New York: Springer. p. 121. ISBN 978-1441981608. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ Crowe, Felicity; Goddard, Jolyon; Holingum, Ben; MacEachern, Sally; Russell, Henry, eds. (1 September 2010). "Abu al-Qasim, Khalaf az-Zahrawi (936–1013)". Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. p. 81. ISBN 978-0761479291. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ "Joseph ben Gorion (Josephus Gorionides; referred to also as Yosippon and Pseudo-Josephus)". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
- ^ Zonta, Mauro (29 September 2005). "Microcosm/macrocosm". In Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven J.; Wallis, Faith (eds.). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 0415969301. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (6 November 2007). "Fragment of ancient parchment from Bible given to Jerusalem scholars". Haaretz. Tel Aviv. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ Waugh, Daniel C. "Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio". University of Washington. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
- ^ Sullivan, Denis F. (15 February 2009). "Byzantine military manuals: prescriptions, practice and pedagogy". In Stephenson, Paul (ed.). The Byzantine World. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-0415440103. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ Kelhoffer, James A. (2005). The Diet of John the Baptist: "Locusts and Wild Honey" in Synoptic and Patristic Interpretation. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 105. ISBN 3161484606. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ^ Sharples, R. W. (1995). Theophrastus of Eresus: Sources for His Life, Writings, Thought and Influence. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 121. ISBN 9004101748. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ McKinnell, John (2009). "The Fantasy Giantess: Brana in Hálfdanar saga Brönufǫstra". In Ney, Agneta; Jakobsson, Ármann; Lassen, Annette (eds.). Fornaldarsagaerne: Myter og virkelighed. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-8763525794. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
- ^ Abram, Christopher (5 May 2011). Myths of the Pagan North: The Gods of the Norsemen. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 47. ISBN 978-1847252470. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
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