2014 in paleontology

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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2014.

Plants[edit]

Cnidarians[edit]

Newly described cnidarians[edit]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Acanthophyllia indica^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Acanthophyllia patellata^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Acropora macrocalyx^[3]	Sp. nov	Valid^[4]	Wallace & Bosellini	Early Miocene (Burdigalian)		Italy	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Acropora piedmontensis^[3]	Sp. nov	Valid^[4]	Wallace & Bosellini	Early Miocene (Burdigalian)		Italy	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Acropora salentina^[3]	Sp. nov	Valid^[4]	Wallace & Bosellini	Oligocene (Chattian)		Italy	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Acropora slovenica^[3]	Sp. nov	Valid^[4]	Wallace & Bosellini	Oligocene (Rupelian)	Gornji Grad beds	Slovenia	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Anisocoenia bhimpuraensis^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Antillia kathiawarensis^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Antillocyathus gopiae^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Arctistrotion^[5]	Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Stevens	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		United States	A colonial coral belonging to the subclass Rugosa and the family Lithostrotionidae. The type species is Arctistrotion variabilis; genus also contains "Lithostrotionella" wahooensis Armstrong (1972) and Arctistrotion simplex.
Axophyllum cozari^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rodríguez & Somerville	Carboniferous (Viséan)		Spain	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Axophyllidae.
Axophyllum julianaense^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rodríguez & Somerville	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)		Spain	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Axophyllidae.
Axophyllum spinosum^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rodríguez & Somerville	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)		Spain	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Axophyllidae.
Axophyllum spiralum^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rodríguez & Somerville	Carboniferous (Viséan)		Spain	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Axophyllidae.
Balanophyllia feddeni^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Balanophyllia.
Cambroctoconus kyrgyzstanicus^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel in Geyer et al.	Cambrian (Amgan)		Kyrgyzstan	A stem-cnidarian, a species of Cambroctoconus.
Caryophyllia octamerala^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Caryophyllia.
Cyathoceras miocenica^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Cyphastrea stellata^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Dendrophyllia gajaensis^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Dendrophyllia.
Diploastrea gajaensis^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Diploastrea.
Diploastrea khatumbaensis^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Diploastrea.
Favia satyanarayanai^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Favia.
Galaxea indica^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Galaxea.
Haootia^[8]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Late Ediacaran	Fermeuse Formation	Canada	A probable cnidarian, possibly related to Medusozoa. The type species is Haootia quadriformis.
Halysites miyazakiensis^[9]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko & Adachi	Silurian (Ludlow)	Gionyama Formation	Japan	A tabulate coral belonging to the order Halysitida and the family Halysitidae.
Leptastrea lowraliensis^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Montastrea pandeyi^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Morenaphyllum^[6]	Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Rodríguez & Somerville	Carboniferous		Kazakhstan Spain	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Axophyllidae. The type species is M. antolinense; genus also includes new species M. boyerense, as well as "Carcinophyllum lonsdaleiforme" pauciseptata Bykova (1966) (raised to the rank of a distinct species).
Multithecopora tobinosuensis^[10]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko, Haikawa & Fujikawa	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Akiyoshi Limestone Group	Japan	A tabulate coral.
Paraheritschioides compositus^[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Stevens	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Wahoo Limestone	United States	A colonial coral belonging to the subclass Rugosa and the family Kleopatrinidae, a species of Paraheritschioides.
Paraheritschioides katvalae^[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Stevens	Carboniferous (Moscovian)	Saginaw Bay Formation	United States	A colonial coral belonging to the subclass Rugosa and the family Kleopatrinidae, a species of Paraheritschioides.
Pareynia viacrucense^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rodríguez & Somerville	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)		Spain	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Axophyllidae.
Sinobryon^[11]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baliński, Sun & Dzik	Ordovician (early Floian)	Fenxiang Formation	China	A hydrozoan, a member of Hydroidolina. The type species is Sinobryon elongatum.
Thamnopora itoae^[12]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko, Ibaraki & Tazawa	Devonian		Japan	A tabulate coral belonging to the group Favositida and the family Pachyporidae.
Thurispina^[13]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Weyer	Devonian (late Famennian)		Germany	A member of Rugosa. The type species is Thurispina jogi.
Triadufimia^[14]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Machłajewska	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)		Poland	A member of Rugosa belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Stereophrentidae. The type species is T. coepta.
Trochocyathus (Platycyathus) kaliae^[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.

Arthropods[edit]

Bryozoans[edit]

Newly described bryozoans[edit]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Cupuladria collyrida^[15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Herrera-Cubilla & Jackson	Pliocene	Bowden Formation	Jamaica	A species of Cupuladria.
Ernstipora^[16]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Suárez-Andrés & Wyse Jackson	Devonian (Emsian)		Spain	A bryozoan belonging to the group Fenestrata. Genus includes new species E. mackinneyi.
Pirabasoporella^[17]	Gen. et 3 sp. nov	Valid	Zágoršek et al.	Miocene	Baitoa Formation Chipola Formation Pirabas Formation	Brazil Dominican Republic United States	An ascophoran belonging to the family Jaculinidae. The type species is P. atalaiaensis; genus also includes P. baitoae and P. chipolae.
Pseudokololophos^[18]	Gen. et sp. nov.	Valid	Martha, Taylor, Matsuyama & Scholz	Early Cenomanian	Essen Greensand Formation	Germany	A cyclostome bryozoan. Genus includes new species P. radioporides.

Brachiopods[edit]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Acanthocrania elusa^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Akmolina? tubulus^[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival et al.	Cambrian (Furongian)	Sluice Box Formation	New Zealand	A brachiopod belonging to the group Acrotretida and the family Ephippelasmatidae.
Alpeis^[21]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Wangyuiidae. The type species is "Mimella" tolenensis Borissiak (1972).
Ashinaorthis^[21]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Taldyboi Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Plectorthidae. The type species is "Mimella" recta Klenina (1984).
Athyris africana^[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schemm-Gregory	Devonian (late Givetian)		Western Sahara	An athyridid brachiopod, a species of Athyris.
Beethovenia^[23]	Gen. et 3 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Pragian and Emsian)		Belgium France Spain Germany?	A strophodontid brachiopod. The type species is Beethovenia beethoveni; genus also includes new species B. bachi and B. brahmsi, as well as B. acutiplicata (Oehlert & Davoust, 1879) and possibly "Stropheodonta" steiningeri Drevermann (1907).
Bokotorthis minuta^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of the family Plaesiomyidae.
Boreadorthis sheehani^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom	A brachiopod.
Buminomena^[21]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Taldyboi Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Strophomenoidea belonging to the family Glyptomenidae. The type species is "Oepikina" abayi Klenina (1984).
Chaohochonetes^[24]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian) to Early Triassic	Talung Formation or Yinkeng Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Chonetidina and to the family Rugosochonetidae. The type species is C. triangusinuata.
Chonetoidea enbektenensis^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Xenambonitidae.
Christiania nilssoni sholeshookensis^[19]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Cirpa alkayae^[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vörös	Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)		Turkey	A wellerellid rhynchonellid brachiopod, a species of Cirpa.
Craniops pristina^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan
Cryptothyris magnifica^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Dalmanella kotyrzhalica^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Dalmanellidae.
Dedzetina major^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Diambonioidea koknaiensis^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Hesperomenidae.
Enbektenorthis^[21]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Wangyuiidae. The type species is E. molesta.
Eostropheodonta portfieldensis^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Fardenia gwaliae^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Foliomena xinjiangensis^[26]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhan et al.	Ordovician (late Katian)	Yinpingshan Formation	China
Gibbodouvillina^[27]	Gen et comb. nov	Valid	Jansen	Devonian		Germany Morocco Spain United Kingdom	A member of family Douvillinidae. The type species is "Strophomena" taeniolata G. & F. Sandberger (1856); genus also includes "Orthis" interstrialis Phillips (1841). Announced in 2013; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2014.
Gigastropheodonta^[27]	Gen et comb. nov	Valid	Jansen	Devonian		France Germany Morocco Spain United Kingdom	A member of family Strophodontidae. The type species is "Leptaena (Strophomena)" gigas McCoy (1852); genus also includes "Boucotstrophia" minor Jahnke (1981), "Boucotstrophia" velica García-Alcalde (1992) and "Boucotstrophia" jahnkei Aït-Malek, Racheboeuf & Lazreq (2000). Announced in 2013; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2014.
Glyptorthis splendens^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Gunnarella mcdermotti^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Harknessella stevensorum^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Holmerglossa^[21]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Ordovician	Taldyboi Formation Weston Formation	Kazakhstan United Kingdom	A member of the family Obolidae. The type species is "Pseudolingula" spatula Williams (1974).
Kassinella kasbalensis^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Hesperomenidae.
Kassinella tarimensis^[26]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhan et al.	Ordovician (late Katian)	Yinpingshan Formation	China
Kozlowskites botobaicus^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Sowerbyellidae.
Kullervo grandis^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Lambdarina jugowiensis^[28]	Sp. nov	Valid	Muszer	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Sokolec Beds	Poland	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Lambdarinidae.
Leangella (Leangella) bakanasensis^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Leptestiidae.
Leoniorthis rubeli^[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hints	Ordovician		Estonia Russia	A brachiopod belonging to the group Orthida and the family Orthidae.
Mackerrovia? jinei^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Maruia^[20]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Percival et al.	Cambrian (Furongian)	Sluice Box Formation	New Zealand	A brachiopod, possibly a member of Acrotretida. The type species is M. castellum.
Meekella? sparsiplicata^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Talung Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Orthotetida and to the family Meekellidae.
Mirilingula antipodes^[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival et al.	Cambrian (Furongian)	Sluice Box Formation	New Zealand	A brachiopod belonging to the group Linguloidea and the family Lingulellotretidae.
Neochonetes (Huangichonetes?) wufengensis^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Talung Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Chonetidina and to the family Rugosochonetidae.
Neochonetes (Zhongyingia?) liaoi^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian)	Talung Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Chonetidina and to the family Rugosochonetidae.
Neoplatystrophia deani^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Nicolella crabbi^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Nisusia granosa^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mao, Wang & Zhao	Cambrian	Kaili Formation	China	A brachiopod, a species of Nisusia.
Orbiculoidea liaoi^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Permian (Lopingian)		China	A brachiopod belonging to the family Discinidae.
Parapygmochonetes^[24]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Changxing Formation Talung Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Chonetidina and to the family Anopliidae. The type species is "Fusiproductus" baoqingensis Liao in Zhao et al. (1981); genus also includes new species P. parvulus He & Shi in He et al..
Paryphella majiashanensis^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Talung Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Productidina and to the family Productellidae.
Paryphella minuta^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)–earliest Triassic	Yinkeng Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Productidina and to the family Productellidae.
Phragmorthis eximia^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Phragmorthidae.
Plicostropheodonta crassicosta^[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Emsian)		Spain	A strophodontid brachiopod, a species of Plicostropheodonta.
Plicostropheodonta latronensis^[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Emsian)		Spain	A strophodontid brachiopod, a species of Plicostropheodonta.
Rhenostropheodonta^[27]	Gen et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Jansen	Devonian	Emsquarzit Formation Hohenrhein Formation Wiltz Formation	Germany	A member of family Strophodontidae. The type species is R. rhenana; genus also includes "Strophomena" piligera G. & F. Sandberger (1856). Announced in 2013; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2014.
Rogorthis^[29]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Hints	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Kandle Formation Pakri Formation	Estonia	A brachiopod belonging to the group Orthida and the family Orthidae. The type species is "Cyrtonotella" pakriensis Rubel (1961).
Rongatrypa^[21]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Dulankara Formation Liujiapo Formation Namas Formation Shiyanbe Formation Taldyboi Formation Tauken Formation	China Kazakhstan	A member of Atrypoidea belonging to the family Atrypinidae. The type species is "Nalivkinia (Pronalivkinia)" zvontsovi Nikitin, Popov & Bassett (2003); genus also includes "Rhynchotrema" instabilis Klenina (1984), "Rhynchotrema" rudis Rukavishnikova (1956) and "Nalivkinia (Anabaria)" xichuanensis Xu (1997).
Salopia posterior^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Sampo transversa^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Sericoidea minuta^[26]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhan et al.	Ordovician (late Katian)	Yinpingshan Formation	China
Spiriferellina fredericksi^[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tazawa	Permian (Wordian)		Japan Russia	A spiriferellinid spiriferinid brachiopod.
Strophomena (Tetraphalerella) namasensis^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Taldyboi Formation	Kazakhstan
Tethyochonetes rectangularis^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Talung Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Chonetidina and to the family Rugosochonetidae.
Tethyochonetes? sinuata^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		China	A brachiopod belonging the group Chonetidina and to the family Rugosochonetidae.
Tolen^[33]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Holmer, Popov & Bassett	Ordovician (Katian)	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A brachiopod belonging to the class Chileata and the order Chileida. The type species is T. multicostatus.
Trifissura^[33]	Gen. et comb et sp. nov	Valid	Holmer, Popov & Bassett	Silurian	Coalbrookdale Formation	Sweden United Kingdom	A brachiopod belonging to the class Chileata and the order Chileida. The type species is "Obolus" davidsoni var. transversus Salter in Davidson (1866) (raised to the rank of the separate species Trifissura transversa); genus also includes new species T. rigida.
Triplesia hintsae^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Wrightiops^[21]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Taldyboi Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of the family Craniopsidae. The type species is "Paracraniops" nikitini Goriansky (1972).

Molluscs[edit]

Echinoderms[edit]

Conodonts[edit]

Newly described conodonts[edit]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Acodus? chingizicus^[34]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tolmacheva	Ordovician (Tremadocian)		Kazakhstan
Acuminatella binodosa^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella constricta^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella curvata^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella denticulata^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella? extensa^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella longicarinata^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella? prima^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella sagittale^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella sinuosa^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Belodina longxianensis minor^[36]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Cai, Yuan & Wu	Late Ordovician	Lianglitag Formation	China	A subspecies of Belodina longxianensis.
Carnepigondolella anitae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Ludington Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Carnepigondolella gibsoni^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Ludington Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Carnepigondolella milanae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Carnepigondolella postsamueli^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Carnepigondolella spenceri^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Chiganodus^[34]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tolmacheva	Ordovician (Tremadocian)		Kazakhstan	The type species is C. parilis.
Cruxodus^[34]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tolmacheva	Early Ordovician		Kyrgyzstan	The type species is C. tretiakovi.
Furnishina holmi^[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bagnoli & Stouge	Cambrian (late Furongian)	Alum Shale Formation	Sweden	A species of Furnishina.
Gobduntaulepis^[38]	Nom. nov	Valid	Doweld	Early Ordovician		Uzbekistan	A replacement name for Acantholepis Pianovskij in Pianovskij, Pianovskaja & Aleksandrova, 1989 (preoccupied).
Hindeodus microdentatus^[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Permian–Triassic boundary		China	A species of Hindeodus.
Histiodella levis^[34]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tolmacheva	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Kazakhstan
Icriodella rhodesi^[40]	Sp. nov	Valid^[41]	Bergström & Ferretti	Late Ordovician	Keisley Limestone	United Kingdom	A species of Icriodella.
Kraussodontus ludingtonensis^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Ludington Formation Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Kraussodontus margaretae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Kraussodontus roberti^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Kraussodontus rosiae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Kraussodontus urbanae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Kraussodontus vancouverense^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Kraussodontus wendae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Metapolygnathus dylani^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Neogondolella prediscreta^[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Earliest Triassic		China	A species of Neogondolella.
Norigondolella norica^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parafurnishius^[42]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Early Triassic (Induan)	Feixianguan Formation	China	A member of Ellisoniidae. The type species is Parafurnishius xuanhanensis.
Parapetella beattyi^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella broatchae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella clareae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella columbiense^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella cordillerense^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella destinae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella elegantula^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella hillarae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella irwini^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella johnpauli^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella lanei^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella posterolata^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella prominens angulare^[35]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella prominens circulare^[35]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella prominens prominens^[35]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella pumilio^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella riteri^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella rubae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella willifordi^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Polygnathus alkhovikovae^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus aragonensis^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martínez-Pérez & Valenzuela-Ríos	Early Devonian	Basibé Formation	Spain	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus arthuri^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus bardashevi^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus carlsi^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martínez-Pérez & Valenzuela-Ríos	Early Devonian	Basibé Formation	Spain	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus communis longanensis^[45]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Qie et al.	Carboniferous (latest Tournaisian)	Long’an Formation	China	A polygnathid, a subspecies of Polygnathus communis.
Polygnathus dujieensis^[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qie et al.	Carboniferous (latest Tournaisian)	Long’an Formation	China	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus ivanowskyii^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus karsteni^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus lezhoevi^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus michaelmurphyi^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus ramoni^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martínez-Pérez & Valenzuela-Ríos	Early Devonian	Basibé Formation	Spain	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus settedabanicus^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus yakutensis^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Primatella bifida^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella circulare^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella elongata^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella mclearni^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella oblonga^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella ovale^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella posteroglobosa^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella rectangulare^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella rhomboidale^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella rotunda^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella stanleyi^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella subquadrata^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella triangulare^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella vanlierae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella deflecta^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella karenae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella kathleenae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella mcrobertsi^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella pardoneti^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella posteroexpansa^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Ludington Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella postlobata^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella praecommunisti curvata^[35]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella praecommunisti ornata^[35]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella roysi^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella sigmoidale^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella willistonense^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Siphonodella nandongensis^[46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Early Carboniferous	Baping Formation	China	A species of Siphonodella.
Westergaardodina asinina^[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bagnoli & Stouge	Cambrian (late Furongian)	Alum Shale Formation	Sweden	A species of Westergaardodina.

Fishes[edit]

Amphibians[edit]

Basalmost tetrapods[edit]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Weberepeton^[47]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Clément & Lebedev	Late Devonian (late Frasnian)	Probably Smota-Lovat' Formation	Russia	A member of Elginerpetontidae. The type species is Weberepeton sondalensis.

Temnospondyls[edit]

Research[edit]

Specimens of Micromelerpeton crederni with abnormalities in their limbs interpreted as a result of limb regeneration are described by Fröbisch, Bickelmann and Witzmann (2014).^[48]
Redescription of Mahavisaurus dentatus and Lyrosaurus australis and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the rhytidosteids is published by Maganuco, Pasini & Auditore (2014).^[49]

New taxa[edit]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Antarctosuchus^[50]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sidor, Steyer & Hammer	Middle Triassic	Fremouw Formation	Antarctica	A capitosauroid. The type species is Antarctosuchus polyodon.
Leptorophus raischi^[51]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schoch	Early Permian	Saar–Nahe Basin	Germany	A branchiosaurid, a species of Leptorophus.
Megalophthalma^[52]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[53]	Schoch, Milner & Witzmann	Middle Triassic (late Ladinian)	Erfurt Formation	Germany	A plagiosaurid. The type species is Megalophthalma ockerti.
Nanobamus^[54]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Schoch & Milner	Early Permian	Arroyo Formation	United States	An amphibamid. The type species is Nanobamus macrorhinus.

Chroniosuchians[edit]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Dromotectum abditum^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Shishkin, Novikov & Fortuny	Early Triassic		Russia	A bystrowianid chroniosuchian, a species of Dromotectum.
Dromotectum largum^[56]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Late Permian	Shangshihezi Formation	China	A bystrowianid chroniosuchian, a species of Dromotectum.
Jiyuanitectum^[56]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Late Permian	Shangshihezi Formation	China	A bystrowianid chroniosuchian. The type species is Jiyuanitectum flatum.
Vyushkoviana^[55]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shishkin, Novikov & Fortuny	Early Triassic		Russia	A bystrowianid chroniosuchian. The type species is Vyushkoviana operta.

Lissamphibians[edit]

Research[edit]

The humerus bone of a large calyptocephalellid anuran, apparently one of the largest fossil anurans known to date, is described by Otero et al. (2014) from the Eocene of Chile.^[57]

New taxa[edit]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Eopelobates deani^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Roček et al.	Early middle Eocene	Green River Formation	United States	A relative of the European spadefoot toads, a species of Eopelobates.

Reptiles[edit]

Synapsids[edit]

Non-mammalian synapsids[edit]

Research[edit]

A study on the diel activity patterns of non-mammalian synapsids is published by Angielczyk & Schmitz (2014).^[59]
The presence of plicidentine (infolded dentine around the base of the tooth root) is reported in the maxillary and dentary teeth of Ianthodon, Sphenacodon, Secodontosaurus and Dimetrodon by Brink, LeBlanc & Reisz (2014).^[60]
A study of the anatomy of nasal cavity of Brasilitherium riograndensis is published by Ruf et al. (2014).^[61]
A study of the anatomy of the therocephalian Simorhinella baini and a taxonomic re-evaluation of the family Lycosuchidae is published by Abdala et al. (2014).^[62]

New taxa[edit]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Abajudon^[63]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Angielczyk et al.	Permian	Madumabisa Mudstone^[64] Ruhuhu Formation	Tanzania Zambia^[64]	A dicynodont of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Abajudon kaayai.
Alierasaurus^[65]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Romano & Nicosia	Permian	Cala del Vino Formation	Italy	A caseid. The type species is Alierasaurus ronchii.
Botucaraitherium^[66]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Soares, Martinelli & De Oliveira	Late Triassic (possibly early Norian)	Riograndia Assemblage Zone of the Candelária Sequence (Caturrita Formation)	Brazil	A prozostrodontian cynodont. The type species is Botucaraitherium belarminoi.
Eocasea^[67]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Reisz & Fröbisch	Carboniferous (late Pennsylvanian)	Calhoun Shale	United States	A member of Caseidae . The type species is Eocasea martini.
Sungeodon^[68]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Maisch & Matzke	Early Triassic	Jiucaiyuan Formation	China	A kannemeyeriiform dicynodont . The type species is Sungeodon kimkraemerae.

Mammals[edit]

Other animals[edit]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Archiasterella charma^[69]	Sp. nov	Valid	Moore, Li & Porter	Early Cambrian	Puerto Blanco Formation^[70] Shiyantou Formation	China Mexico^[70]	A member of Chancelloriida.
Ascarites rufferi^[71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Da Silva et al.	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Sítio Cortado site	Brazil	An ascaridid nematode found in a cynodont coprolite, a species of Ascarites.
Ashetscolex^[72]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Muir et al.	Ordovician (earliest Floian)	Tonggao Formation	China	A palaeoscolecid worm. The type species is Ashetscolex nuppus.
Atraktoprion podolicus^[73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Szaniawski & Drygant	Early Devonian (middle Lochkovian to Pragian)		Ukraine	An atraktoprionid polychaete, a species of Atraktoprion.
Attenuella^[74]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Malinky	Cambrian (Furongian)	Mendha Formation	United States	A member of Hyolitha. The type species is "Hyolithes" attenuatus Walcott (1890).
Bicoelia corticifera^[75]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan & Link	Late Triassic (Norian)	Kasımlar Formation	Turkey	A demosponge belonging to the order Agelasida and the family Preperonidellidae.
Brevaspidella^[76]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen	Late Ordovician		Germany Netherlands Sweden	A demosponge belonging to the family Anthaspidellidae. The type species is B. dispersa.
Bubiites^[77]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Cambrian (Terreneuvian)	Zhujiaqing Formation	China	A sclerite of an animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is B. simplex.
Cambroskiadeion^[78]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Moore, Porter & Li	Early Cambrian	Dengying Formation	China	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement with a cap-shaped shell. The type species is Cambroskiadeion xiaowanense.
Claviconchella^[77]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Cambrian (Terreneuvian)	Zhujiaqing Formation	China	A sclerite of an animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is C. qianyii.
Conchicolites crispisulcans^[79]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vinn, Jarochowska & Munnecke	Silurian (Wenlock)	Halla Formation	Sweden	A member of Cornulitida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Conchicolites.
Eklexibella^[80]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Keupp, Gründel & Wiese	Early Jurassic (late Pliensbachian)		Germany	A terebellid polychaete. Genus contains two species: Eklexibella buttenheimensis and Eklexibella johanni.
Enalikter^[81]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Siveter et al.	Silurian	Herefordshire Lagerstätte	United Kingdom	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement; it might be a megacheiran arthropod^[81]^[82] or an annelid.^[83] The type species is Enalikter aphson.
Eopriapulites^[84]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu & Xiao in Liu et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)	Kuanchuanpu Formation	China	A priapulid-like scalidophoran. The type species is Eopriapulites sphinx.
Eximipriapulus^[85]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ma et al.	Cambrian	Chengjiang Lagerstätte	China	A member of Priapulida. The type species is Eximipriapulus globocaudatus.
Filihernodia^[86]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Taylor & Wilson in Frey et al.	Early Devonian (Pragian)		Morocco	A reptariid hederellid. The type species is Filihernodia buccina.
Haplistion toftanum^[87]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A haplistiid spirosclerophorid demosponge, a species of Haplistion.
Haydenoconus^[74]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Malinky	Cambrian (Miaolingian and Furongian)		United States	A member of Hyolitha belonging to the family Angusticornidae. The type species is "Hyolithes" gallatinensis Resser (1938); genus also includes "Hyolithes" prolixus Resser (1939).
Hyalonema vetteri^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Janussen	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)	Arnager Formation	Denmark	A hexactinellid sponge, a species of Hyalonema.
Lindstroemispongia^[87]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	An astylospongiid streptosclerophorid demosponge. The type species is Lindstroemispongia cylindrata.
Lyrarapax^[89]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cong et al.	Early Cambrian		China	A member of Anomalocarididae (a group of animals with uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly stem-arthropods). The type species is Lyrarapax unguispinus.
Multistella leipnitzae^[87]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	An anthaspidellid orchocladine demosponge, a species of Multistella.
Nesonektris^[90]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	García-Bellido et al.	Cambrian	Emu Bay Shale	Australia	A member of Vetulicolida. The type species is Nesonektris aldridgei.
Nidelric^[91]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hou et al.	Early Cambrian	Heilinpu Formation	China	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement; a member of Chancelloriida or a chancelloriid-like animal. The type species is Nidelric pugio.
Norvegiograptus^[92]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Early Ordovician		China Norway	A graptolite belonging to the family Dichograptidae. A new genus for "Didymograptus" liber Monsen (1937); genus also includes "Didymograptus" enshiensis Ni in Mu et al. (1979).
Oikozetetes mounti^[93]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jacquet, Brock & Paterson	Early Cambrian	Mernmerna Formation	Australia	A member of Halkieriidae (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Oikozetetes.
Opetionella incompta^[87]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A demosponge, possibly a member of the group Hadromerida; a species of Opetionella.
Paleoxyuris^[94]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hugot et al.	Triassic	Sítio Cortado site	Brazil	A heteroxynematid oxyurid nematode known from an egg found in a cynodont coprolite. The type species is Paleoxyuris cockburni.
Phragmodictya jinshaensis^[95]	Sp. nov	Valid	Xinglian et al.	Cambrian		China	A hexactinellid sponge, a species of Phragmodictya.
Polychaetaspis kozlowskii^[73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Szaniawski & Drygant	Early Devonian (early Lochkovian)		Ukraine	A polychaetaspid polychaete, a species of Polychaetaspis.
Postperissocoelia^[87]	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian		Canada Sweden	A streptosolenid orchocladine demosponge. A new genus for "Perissocoelia" spinosa Rigby & Chatterton (1989); genus also contains new species Postperissocoelia gnisvardensis.
Pseudoperipatus^[96]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Haug & Haug	Cambrian	Burgess Shale	Canada	A cycloneuralian worm. The type species is Pseudoperipatus hintelmannae.
Sanduscolex^[72]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Muir et al.	Ordovician (earliest Floian)	Tonggao Formation	China	A palaeoscolecid worm. The type species is Sanduscolex regularis.
Urphaenomenospongia^[87]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A glass sponge, possibly a member of Lyssacinosida. The type species is Urphaenomenospongia euplectelloides.
Waflascolex^[97]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Ordovician (Tremadocian)		China	A palaeoscolecid worm. The type species is Waflascolex changdensis.
Wiwaxia foliosa^[98]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Cambrian	Hongjingshao Formation	China	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Wiwaxia.
Yuganotheca^[99]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zhang, Li & Holmer in Zhang et al.	Cambrian	Heilinpu Formation	China	A member of Lophophorata of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Yuganotheca elegans.

Other organisms[edit]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Cyathus dominicanus^[100]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Eocene or Miocene	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A fungus, a species of Cyathus.
Elainabella^[101]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rowland & Rodriguez	Ediacaran	Deep Spring Formation	United States	A multicellular alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species E. deepspringensis.
Eopalaeoaplysina^[102]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Anderson & Beauchamp	Carboniferous (Moscovian to Kasimovian)	Belcourt Formation Ely Limestone Nansen Formation	Canada United States	A red alga, a relative of Palaeoaplysina. Genus includes new species E. daviesi.
Helmutella^[103]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Krings & Taylor	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A fungus described on the basis of a reproductive unit. Genus includes new species H. devonica.
Nidula baltica^[100]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Eocene	Baltic amber	Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast)	A fungus, a species of Nidula.
Nilpenia^[104]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Droser et al.	Precambrian	Ediacara Fossil Site at Nilpena, Flinders Ranges	Australia	"An organism of unknown affinities with a growth pattern convergent on that of extant fungi, lichens and encrusting algae".^[104] The type species is Nilpenia rossi.
Palaeogaster^[105]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar, Alfredo & Baseia	Early Cretaceous (late Albian)		Myanmar	A fungus belonging to the group Sclerodermatineae. The type species is Palaeogaster micromorpha.
Plexus^[106]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Joel, Droser & Gehling	Precambrian		Australia	A tubular, serially divided organism with a bilateral morphology of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Plexus ricei.
Wutubus^[107]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Precambrian	Dengying Formation	China	An annulated tubular organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Wutubus annularis.
Xylaria antiqua^[108]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Eocene or Miocene		Dominican Republic	A fungus belonging to the family Xylariaceae found in Dominican amber, a species of Xylaria.

References[edit]

^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Ratan Lal Jain (2014). "Neogene fossils from Kathiawar, Gujarat, India with special emphasis on taxonomic description of molluscs and corals". Palaeontologia Indica. New Series. 55: 1–470. ISSN 0970-0528.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Carden C. Wallace; Francesca R. Bosellini (2014). "Acropora (Scleractinia) from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe: species longevity, origination and turnover following the Eocene–Oligocene transition". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (6): 447–469. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.930525. hdl:11380/1071886. S2CID 128879139.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d http://zoobank.org/References/CF79D0FC-86C8-4898-B4C0-82C570045F52 ^{[dead link]}
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