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2U, Inc.

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2U, Inc.
Formerly2Tor Inc. (2008–2012)
Company typePrivate
Founded2008; 16 years ago (2008)
Founders
HeadquartersLanham, Maryland, U.S.
Area served
Global
Key people
Services
RevenueDecrease US$946 million (2023)
Negative increase US$−226 million (2023)
Negative increase US$−318 million (2023)
Total assetsDecrease US$1.46 billion (2023)
Total equityDecrease US$219 million (2023)
Number of employees
2,961 (2022)
Subsidiaries
Website2u.com
Footnotes / references
[1]

2U, Inc. is an American educational technology company that contracts with non-profit colleges and universities to build, deliver and support online degree and non-degree programs.[2][3] It is also the parent company of edX.[4] On February 12, 2024, 2U announced "there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern."[5]

History

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2U was founded in 2008 by John Katzman (who founded The Princeton Review and later, Noodle) originally naming it 2tor (pronounced "Tutor") after his dog Tor.[6] Katzman recruited colleagues including Chip Paucek (former CEO of Hooked on Phonics), and technology entrepreneur Jeremy Johnson to be co-founders.[7] Katzman was the CEO through 2012, when he became chairman and appointed Paucek as CEO.[8] He started 2U because he saw that few highly ranked universities offered online instruction.

Prior to starting up the company, Katzman pledged to donate $1.5 million for an endowed chair at the University of Southern California (USC).[9]

Katzman funded 2U in 2009 through the launch of its first online teaching degree with the University of Southern California.[10] In 2010, 2U partnered again with USC to offer an online degree in social work.[11] This partnership resulted in a 2022 class action lawsuit.[12]

In 2011, Georgetown University's School of Nursing and Health partnered with 2U to offer a degree program. The Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina started offering an online MBA through 2U the same year.[11] In March 2011, the company raised a $32.5 million Series C, bringing its total funding to $65 million.[13]

In February 2014, 2U announced that Sallie Krawcheck, a former executive at Bank of America Corp. and Citigroup Inc., and Earl Lewis, president of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, were nominated to join the board of 2U.[14] On March 28, 2U went public and raised $119 million by offering 9.2 million shares at $13 per share.[15] By July, other schools such as Syracuse University, Northwestern University, and the University of California, Berkeley signed on with 2U to create online graduate degree programs.[16]

In March 2015, Yale University and 2U announced that they were partnering in order to offer a full-time, online master of medical science degree. By 2015, about 12,300 students were enrolled in 2U partner programs.[17]

Growth through acquisition (2017-2021)

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Starting in 2017, 2U diversified its strategy and acquired education companies GetSmarter, and later Trilogy Education, firms offering short-term non-credit training programs.[18] Also in 2017, Paucek earned an MBA online from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, through the school's partnership with 2U.[19] In late 2017, former Obama administration official Valerie Jarrett joined 2U's board.[20]

In 2018, 2U launched the Harvard Business Analytics Program (HBAP) in conjunction with Harvard University. Students in this program had an average of 17.5 years of work experience, were an average of 42 years old, and paid $50,000 in tuition.[11] The company also moved into a new headquarters.[21]

In early 2019, 2U announced that it had entered a partnership with EGADE Business School at Tecnológico de Monterrey in Mexico to offer an online MBA program. 2U also partnered with Tecnológico de Monterrey and the Washington University School of Law to offer an online master of laws program.[22][23] On August 6, 2U announced its first undergraduate program, offering a degree in data science and business analytics, as well as six other degrees, from the University of London (UoL), with its member institution London School of Economics (LSE).[24] UoL, LSE and 2U planned to keep the cost of the three-year degree at $26,000, far lower than most of 2U's other programs.[18] In September, 2U created a "Framework for Transparency", with a commitment to publishing transparent data on topics including university oversight and accountability, access, quality and outcomes.[25]

In 2020, Senators Elizabeth Warren and Sherrod Brown called for 2U and four other online program managers to disclose the terms of their contracts with colleges and universities in order to determine whether they were violating laws meant to safeguard consumers from predatory enrollment practices.[26] In June, 2U announced that it would offer $3 million in scholarships in increments of $2,500 to under-represented demographics, and the recipients would have to demonstrate both need and merit. The scholarships could be applied to about 100 different programs with a strong emphasis on technical training.[27] Later that year, 2U announced a partnership with Netflix and Norfolk State University, to offer free online tech bootcamps to current students and alumni. In November, 2U published its first transparency report, which showed it had invested $1.3B in its non-profit partners' degree programs, and 72% of students graduate from those programs.[28]

2U strongly benefited from the shift to online learning brought on by the response to COVID-19, with a large growth in gross revenue in 2020. The company also reduced its debt. 2U was servicing more than 275,000 students as of late 2020.[29] 2U said that the pandemic also increased interest in its revenue-sharing pricing model from new and existing clients.[30] Also in 2020, the London School of Economics agreed to expand its scope business with 2U to include two additional undergraduate degrees in mathematics and finance.[18] In September, 2U and Columbia University's engineering school announced an expansion of their work together, where 2U would help launch the Columbia Artificial Intelligence Program, an online program targeted at working executives.[31]

Before the start of the 2020–2021 academic year, Boston, Massachusetts-based Simmons University announced that it would be delivering hundreds of courses online in order to cope with the COVID-19 crisis. The expanded agreement with Simmons also provided for the creation of additional degree programs aimed at non-traditional students, with lower tuition than in-person programs. Simmons received services from 2U on a revenue-share basis.[30]

In June 2021, 2U announced a strategic agreement with education assistance benefits manager Guild Education.[32] The same year, 2U purchased massive open online course (MOOC) provider edX for $800 million cash.[33] Also in June, Netflix and 2U announced an expansion of their boot camps for Talladega College, St. Edward's University, Marymount University, and Edward Waters College.[34]

Downsizing and reorganization (2021-present)

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In October 2021, Valerie Jarrett resigned from the 2U Board.[35] In November 2021, a Wall Street Journal exposé found that 2U often used aggressive means to recruit students for the University of Southern California masters in social work and that "USC social-work graduates who took out federal loans borrowed a median $112,000. Half of them were earning $52,000 or less annually two years later."[36]

In 2022, the company was criticized for its online program manager contracts in which it licenses its courses, through a revenue-sharing agreement, to participating colleges and for its student recruitment practices.[37][38]

On May 16, 2022, Bloomberg reported that Indian education tech company Byju's was in talks to acquire 2U, along with fellow US education technology company Chegg.[39] In June 2022, it was reported that Byju's had put forward an offer of more than US$1 billion to acquire 2U.[40] On July 28, 2022, Paucek announced that the company would layoff 20% of its workforce "across the board".[41] In December 2022, a class action suit was filed against 2U and the University of Southern California "defrauded students by using misleading U.S. News & World Report rankings to promote the courses."[42]

In 2023 2U sued the US Department of Education for establishing new rules to provide more oversight of third-party servicers.[43] On September 28, 2023, Chip Paucek announced organizational changes in the company that would require more layoffs.[44] In November, 2U announced that the University of Southern California would be severing ties with the company.[45][46] 2U shares dropped 57 percent that day.[47] On November 17, 2023, Paul Lalljie, 2U's CFO, replaced Chip Paucek as CEO.[48] The Chief Legal Officer Matt Norden became CFO.[49] On January 3, 2024, as part of the continued shake up, Chief Revenue Officer Harsha Mokkarala resigned.[50] Andrew Hermalyn was appointed President of the Degree Program Segment and Aaron McCullough was appointed President of the Alternative Credential Segment.[51]

On July 25, 2024, 2U filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. The company plans to continue operating as a private company which will eliminate over $450 million of its debt.[52]

Finances

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2U's largest outside shareholder is ARK Invest.[53] 2U's shares are worth less than $15 million and the company has more than $900 million in debt.[54] 2U has never made an annual profit.[55]

Business model

[edit]

2U has operated as an online program manager. 2U has about 70 clients, mostly highly regarded universities, including Harvard University, Yale University, MIT, University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, Georgia Tech, University of California, Berkeley, Rice University, University of North Carolina, and University of Texas.[56]

2U signs long-term contracts, typically 10 years in length, with its client institutions. Students pay standard tuition. 2U gets paid through revenue sharing.[57]

Subsidiaries

[edit]

GetSmarter

[edit]

In early 2017, as its first acquisition, 2U acquired GetSmarter for $103 million and a $20 million earn-out. GetSmarter was founded in 2008 in South Africa by Sam and Robert Paddock. It offers short-term online courses in partnership with major universities. In 2016, GetSmarter had $17 million in revenue and roughly 400 employees. At the time of its acquisition, GetSmarter continued to operate as an independent firm.[58]

Trilogy Education Services

[edit]
Main article: Trilogy Education Services

Trilogy Education Services is a New York City-based 2U subsidiary that offers non-credit professional training programs, colloquially known as coding bootcamps, through affiliate universities.[59] In-person courses are held on the affiliate university campus.[59] Revenue from the tuition is shared with the affiliate university. Graduates receive a professional certificate from the partner school and career counseling. The partner schools do not regard program graduates as university alumni.[59][60]

Trilogy Education Services was founded in 2015.[60] In June 2017, the company received $30 million in a Series A funding round, followed by $50 million in Series B funding round in May 2018. It was bought by 2U in April 2019 for $750 million in cash and stock.[61]

edX

[edit]
Main article: edX

In 2021, 2U announced it would purchase edX, a MOOC provider created by MIT and Harvard in 2012.[62] MOOCS like edX have typically had low completion rates. In the journal Science, Justin Reich and José Ruipérez-Valiente state that "MOOCs 'will not transform higher education and probably will not disappear entirely either." Instead, they predict that the field will coalesce 'around a different, much older business model: helping universities outsource their online master's degrees for professionals.'"[63]

Recognition in the media

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In May 2012, Forbes named 2U as one of the ten "Start-Ups Changing the World".[64]

In 2014, Inc. Magazine named 2U one of ten "Tech Companies Helping Humanity".[16]

In 2016, 2U was listed as a "Most Innovative Company" by Fast Company.[65]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "2U Inc. 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. March 6, 2024.
  2. ^ "2tor gets $10M credit line - Washington Business Journal". Bizjournals.com. April 18, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  3. ^ Alyson Shontell, provided by (April 18, 2012). "There Are A Million Education Startups And No One To Acquire Them". Sfgate.com. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  4. ^ Hill, Phil. "What a New Strategy at 2U Means for the Future of Online Higher Education". www.edsurge.com. Ed Surge. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  5. ^ Jacob, Denny. "2U Warns of Substantial Doubt of Ability to Continue as Going Concern". www.marketwatch.com/. MarketWatch. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  6. ^ "Education Technology Companies Play the Name Game". The NY Times. August 3, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  7. ^ Joyner, April (July 2, 2012). "The 28-Year-Old Bringing Respect to Online Higher Ed". Inc.
  8. ^ Johnson, Stevan (August 1, 2019). "As Competition Mounts, 2U Signals Big Changes for Online Education". Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved August 2, 2019. It's becoming obvious that all schools are going online. We believe this represents a new reality in the marketplace, and requires us and others to adjust to it."– Chip Paucek, CEO
  9. ^ "Princeton Review Founder Establishes Endowed Chair at USC". today.usc.edu. USC Today. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  10. ^ "USC ed dean: 2U made growing our program possible". Higher Ed Dive. August 29, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  11. ^ a b c GRUSHKA-COCKAYNE, YAEL; LAKHANI, KARIM R (January 21, 2019). "2U: Higher Education Rewired". Harvard Business Review. Harvard Business School.(subscription required)
  12. ^ "2U and USC part ways on most online degree programs". Higher Ed Dive. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  13. ^ Schonfeld, Erick (2011-03-15). "2tor Raises $32.5 Million Series C To Make Online Education Great". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  14. ^ "Krawcheck Nominated to Board of 2U Ahead of Education Firm's IPO". Bloomberg. February 24, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  15. ^ Flook, Bill. "2U goes public, rings opening bell on NASDAQ". Baltimore Business Journal.
  16. ^ a b Kerpen, Dave (July 24, 2014). "10 Tech Companies Helping Humanity". Inc.com.
  17. ^ Monir, Malak (March 12, 2015). "Yale to offer full-time master's program online". USA Today. Gannett Co. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
  18. ^ a b c Lederman, Doug (August 6, 2019). "2U Goes Undergrad". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  19. ^ "Christopher "Chip" Paucek". Nasdaq. The Motley Fool. March 31, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  20. ^ "Valerie Jarrett to Join 2U Board of Directors". Fortune. December 7, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  21. ^ Fox, Bob. "CEOs Talk Workplace: Interview with 2U CEO Chip Paucek". www.workdesign.com. Work Design. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  22. ^ Staff (February 11, 2019). "2U's Busy 2019 So Far Includes Partnerships, Global Expansion and a Minority Acquisition". EdSurge. EdSurge, Inc. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
  23. ^ "Mexican Business School to Start Online MBA with 2U". Inside Higher Ed. February 14, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  24. ^ Schwartz, Natalie. "2U plans 6 more bachelor's degrees with London School of Economics". Higher Ed Dive. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  25. ^ "2U Calls for Transparency in Online Program Management". Campus Technology. September 12, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  26. ^ Schwartz, Natalie. "Democratic congressional inquiry targets OPMs". educationdive.com.
  27. ^ Kidwai, Aman (June 23, 2020). "2U commits $3M for underrepresented students to pursue technical training". HR Dive. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  28. ^ "New 'Transparency' Report from 2U". Campus Technology. November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  29. ^ Guzman, Zack (October 29, 2020). "'We're removing the stigma of online education long term': 2U CEO". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  30. ^ a b Schwartz, Natalie (October 20, 2020). "Colleges look to OPMs as pandemic intensifies shift online". Higher Ed Dive. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  31. ^ Kelly, Rhea (1 September 2020). "Columbia Partners with 2U on Artificial Intelligence Program". Campus Technology. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  32. ^ McKenzie, Lindsay. "2U, Guild Tap Deeper Into Adult Education Market". Inside Higher Ed. Inside Higher Education. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  33. ^ Lederman, Doug. "2U, edX to Combine to Create Online Learning Giant". Inside Higher Ed. Inside Higher Education. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  34. ^ "Talladega College is one of four schools to benefit from Netflix academic program". Anniston Star. June 25, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.(subscription required)
  35. ^ "2U 8K". www.sec.gov. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  36. ^ Bannon, Lisa; Fuller, Andrea (November 9, 2021). "USC Pushed a $115,000 Online Degree. Graduates Got Low Salaries, Huge Debts". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  37. ^ Bannon, Andrea Fuller and Lisa (14 January 2022). "Democratic Senators Probe Whether Online Degree Programs Contribute to High Student Debt Loads". Wall Street Journal.
  38. ^ Schwartz, Natalie (February 7, 2022). "The chess game behind senators' inquiry into OPMs". Higher Ed Dive.
  39. ^ Saritha Rai (May 16, 2022). "India's Byju's Eyes Chegg or 2U as It Weighs US AcquisitionThem". Bloomberg. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  40. ^ Saritha Rai (June 28, 2022). "Byju's Said to Offer Over $1 Billion for 2U to Expand in US". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022.
  41. ^ "2U is laying off 20% of its workforce – e3d news". Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  42. ^ Korn, Melissa. "University of Southern California Sued Over Education-School Rankings Claims". www.wsj.com. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  43. ^ Lederman, Doug. "2U Sues Education Department Over Outsourcing Guidance". Inside Higher Ed. Inside Higher Education. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  44. ^ Paucek, Christopher. "Organizational Changes at 2U". 2u.com/latest/organizational-changes-2u/. 2U. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  45. ^ Hamilton, Matt; Ryan, Harriet. "USC cuts ties to controversial online degree company 2U". LA Times. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  46. ^ "Education company 2U and leader Chip Paucek part ways after high profile USC partnership ends". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  47. ^ Piazza, Jake. "Shares of ed-tech company 2U plummet 57%, fall below $1 for much of day". CNBC. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  48. ^ "2U, Inc. Announces Leadership Transition". 2u.com. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  49. ^ "2U's chief legal officer appointed CFO". www.complianceweek.com. Compliance Week. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  50. ^ "2U chief revenue officer Harsha Mokkarala departs amid continued leadership shakeup". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  51. ^ "2U Announces New Organizational Structure and Leadership Appointments". PR Newswire. PR Newswire. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  52. ^ Korn, Melissa (July 25, 2024). "2U, Once a Giant in Online Education, Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  53. ^ "TWOU Institutional Ownership - 2U Inc". intel.io. Fintel. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  54. ^ Hill, Phil. "2U / edX Facing Additional Existential Changes". onedtech.philhillaa.com. Phil On Tech. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  55. ^ Schwartz, Natalie. "2U says reorienting around edX is putting it on a path to profitability". highereddive.com. Higher Ed Dive. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  56. ^ "Transparency Report" (PDF). 2U. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  57. ^ Hall, Stephanie; Dudley, Taela (12 September 2019). "Dear Colleges: Take Control of Your Online Courses". tcf.org. The Century Foundation. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  58. ^ Howard, Caroline (May 2, 2017). "EdTech Giant 2U Acquires GetSmarter For $103 Million". Forbes. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  59. ^ a b c "Trilogy Education's Unique Approach To Coding Boot Camps Helps It Raise $50 Million". forbes.com. May 31, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  60. ^ a b "Trilogy Education Services Raises $30 million to provide skill-based training". venturebeat.com. June 6, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  61. ^ "Online Enabler Aims for Lifelong Learning". www.insidehighered.com. April 9, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  62. ^ Whitford, Emma. "2U and edX Merger Benefits Both". www.insidehighered.com. Inside Higher Education. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
  63. ^ Shaw, Jonathan (10 January 2019). "Can MOOCs Predict the Future of Online Education?". /www.harvardmagazine.com. Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  64. ^ Pozin, Ilya. "10 Startups Changing the World And What We Can Learn From Them". Forbes.com.
  65. ^ "2U: Most Innovative Company". Fast Company. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
[edit]
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