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Project 985

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Project 985
Formation4 May 1998; 26 years ago (1998-05-04)
Defunct2016; 8 years ago (2016)
Region
China (39 universities nationwide)

Project 985 (Chinese: 985工程) was a higher education development and sponsorship scheme of the Chinese central government for creating world-class higher education institutions, initiated in May 1998. There were 39 universities selected to be part of this program.[1][2][3][4]

Project 211 and Project 985 were both initiated by the Jiang Zemin Administration in 1990s. They were nullified in 2016 and replaced by the Double First-Class Construction in 2017, under the Xi Jinping Administration.[5][6]

History

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On May 4, 1998, Jiang Zemin stated at the 100th anniversary of Peking University that, "in order to achieve modernization, our country must have several first-class universities with world-leading levels."[7]

In January 1999, the State Council of China issued the "Education Revitalization Action Plan for the 21st Century" drafted by the Ministry of Education, deciding to focus on supporting several higher education institutions to create world-class universities and high-level universities. This plan was later referred as the "985 Project," named after Jiang Zemin's speech at the 100th anniversary of Peking University (in May 1998).[8][9][10][4]

The name derives from the date of the announcement, May 1998, or 98/5 according to the Chinese date format.[11] The project involves both national and local governments allocating large amounts of funding to certain universities in order to build new research centers, improve facilities, hold international conferences, attract world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad.[12]

On June 7, 2016, the Ministry of Education under Xi Jinping nullified the two projects by invalidating the fundamental documents "Measures for the Implementation and Management of Project 211 Construction" and "Opinions on the Continued Implementation of Project 985 Construction Projects." However, in China, the names 985 and 211 are still commonly used to refer to top universities within mainland China.[13][14][15]

List of Project-985 universities

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There were 39 public universities selected by the Chinese central government.[1]

Province/Municipality City University Year Founded
Northern China (10)
Beijing (8) Beijing (8) Peking University 1898
Tsinghua University 1911
Renmin University of China 1937
Beijing Normal University 1902
Beihang University 1952
Beijing Institute of Technology 1940
China Agricultural University 1905
Minzu University of China 1941
Tianjin (2) Tianjin (2) Nankai University 1919
Tianjin University 1895
Northeastern China (4)
Liaoning (2) Dalian Dalian University of Technology 1949
Shenyang Northeastern University 1923
Heilongjiang Harbin Harbin Institute of Technology 1920
Jilin Changchun Jilin University 1946
Eastern China (11)
Shanghai (4) Shanghai (4) Fudan University 1905
Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1896
Tongji University 1907
East China Normal University 1951
Jiangsu (2) Nanjing (2) Nanjing University 1902
Southeast University 1902
Shandong (2) Jinan Shandong University 1901
Qingdao Ocean University of China 1924
Anhui Hefei University of Science and Technology of China 1958
Zhejiang Hangzhou Zhejiang University 1897
Fujian Xiamen Xiamen University 1921
Southern China (2)
Guangdong (2) Guangzhou (2) Sun Yat-sen University 1924
South China University of Technology 1952
Southwestern China (3)
Sichuan (2) Chengdu (2) Sichuan University 1896
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China 1956
Chongqing Chongqing Chongqing University 1929
Central China (5)
Hunan (3) Changsha (3) Hunan University 1903
Central South University 2000
National University of Defense Technology 1953
Hubei (2) Wuhan (2) Wuhan University 1893
Huazhong University of Science and Technology 1953
Northwestern China (4)
Shaanxi (3) Xi'an (2) Northwestern Polytechnical University 1938
Xi'an Jiaotong University 1896
Xianyang Northwest A&F University 1934
Gansu Lanzhou Lanzhou University 1909

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b ""985工程"学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  2. ^ ""985"、"211"和"双一流"有什么区别? —中国教育在线". gaokao.eol.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  3. ^ "科学网—公众迷恋大学"帽子"本质是期待高质量教育". news.sciencenet.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  4. ^ a b "我国"985 工程"的运行机制与投入成效分析:基于国际比较与实证研究的视角" (PDF). 北京大学教育经济研究所. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  5. ^ "教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  6. ^ ""985""211"工程将废除 教育部:年内启动"双一流"_新闻频道_中华网". news.china.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  7. ^ "江泽民:在庆祝北京大学建校一百周年大会上的讲话_改革大数据服务平台". ReformData.org. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  8. ^ Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. ""211工程"与"985工程" - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  9. ^ State Council of the People's Republic of China. "国务院批转教育部2003—2007年教育振兴行动计划的通知 Notice of the State Council on approving and forwarding the Ministry of Education's 2003-2007 Education Revitalization Action Plan". Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  10. ^ ""985"、"211"和"双一流"有什么区别? —中国教育在线". gaokao.eol.cn. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  11. ^ "Project 211 and 985". China Education Center Ltd. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  12. ^ "International Rankings and Chinese Higher Education Reform". World Education News and Reviews. Archived from the original on June 27, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  13. ^ "教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  14. ^ "涉及985和211工程,教育部宣布失效一批规范性文件-东北农业大学". wwwold.neau.edu.cn. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  15. ^ "教育部宣布211、985工程多份文件失效!(附全国211、985工程大学清单)_生物探索". www.biodiscover.com. Retrieved October 30, 2023.