Jump to content

List of animal names

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Animal names)

Mother sea otter with sleeping pup, Morro Bay, California

In the English language, many animals have different names depending on whether they are male, female, young, domesticated, or in groups.

The best-known source of many English words used for collective groupings of animals is The Book of Saint Albans, an essay on hunting published in 1486 and attributed to Juliana Berners.[1] Most terms used here may be found in common dictionaries and general information web sites.[2][3][4]

Generic terms

[edit]

The terms in this table apply to many or all taxons in a particular biological family, class, or clade.

Scientific term Trivial name Young Female Male Collective noun Collateral adjective
Aves bird chick hen cock, rooster flock avian
Bovinae cattle; ox,[5] cow calf cow (bred), heifer (not bred) bull (intact), bullock[6] or steer (castrated) herd bovine
Canidae dog puppy, pup,[7] cub, whelp bitch dog pack canine
Cetacea whale, dolphin, porpoise calf cow bull pod cetacean
Equidae horse colt (male), filly (female), foal jenny (asses), mare (other equids) jack (asses), stallion (other equids), gelding (castrated horse) herd equine
Felidae cat kitten (non-big cats, such as Felis, Lynx, Puma,[8] etc.), cub (big cats, Panthera, and also Puma) queen tom, king clowder (small cats), pride (big cats) feline
Suidae pig piglet sow boar drift or drove porcine
Procyonidae Raccoon family of Carnivorans cub, kit sow boar gaze, smack, committee procyonine, nasuine, others
Viverridae Civet family of Carnivorans cub, kit sow boar viverrine
Mustelidae Ferret family of Carnivorans (large: badgers & wolverines; small: weasels & ferrets) kit sow (large) or jill (small) boar (large) or hob,[9] jack (small) colony (large) or business (small) musteline
Leporidae rabbits & hares nestling jill jack nest or band leporine
Osteichthyes bony fish hatchling, fry, fingerling school, shoal piscine, ichthyic

Terms by species or taxon

[edit]

Usage of collective nouns

[edit]

Merriam-Webster writes that most terms of venery fell out of use in the 16th century, including a "murder" for crows. It goes on to say that some of the terms in The Book of Saint Albans were "rather fanciful", explaining that the book extended collective nouns to people of specific professions, such as a "poverty" of pipers. It concludes that for lexicographers, many of these do not satisfy criteria for entry by being "used consistently in running prose" without meriting explanation. Some terms that were listed as commonly used were "herd", "flock", "school", and "swarm".[119]

Writing for Audubon, Nicholas Lund says that many such terms are not used in actuality. When he interviewed scientists who specialize in studying specific animals, they had not heard of these terms, such as a "bask" of crocodiles or "wisdom" of wombats, being applied in their fields. Lund noted that the common plural nouns for animals were "flock" for birds and "herd" for cows, conceding that for certain animals in small groups, there was currency in usage such as a "pod" of whales or "gaggle" of geese.[120]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The term flange was originally used to denote a group of baboons in a Not the Nine O'Clock News comedy sketch entitled "Gerald the Intelligent Gorilla" where it was used for comic effect. It has since been used in the scientific literature for a collection of baboons.
  2. ^ A worker bee is a sexually undeveloped female.
  3. ^ Castrated male cattle are steers in the United States or bullocks in the United Kingdom. Oxen are draft animals that are (if male) usually castrated but not necessarily. A young cow that has not given birth is a heifer. See Cattle for more names. Cows is often used informally to refer to cattle in general.
  4. ^ Bovine refers to all species of genus Bos.
  5. ^ The term aerie is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but, in modern usage, does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint.[68] Aerie also refers to hawks and other birds of prey nesting high on a mountain top.[68] Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  6. ^ The term cast is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but, in modern usage, does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint.[68] Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  7. ^ The term flight is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only "hawks of the wrist" to include goshawks and sparrowhawks.[68] Hawks of the wrist are true hawks in the genus Accipiter.
  8. ^ The term leash is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but, in modern usage, does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint.[68] Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  9. ^ The term staff is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but, in modern usage, does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint.[68] Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Woop Studios; Jay Sacher (2013), A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras, Chronicle Books, p. 9, ISBN 978-1-4521-2952-5, archived from the original on 2015-09-15, retrieved 2015-07-02
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "What do you call a group of ...?". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Dictionary.com Animal Names". Archived from the original on 2007-11-14.
  4. ^ a b c "Merriam Webster Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  5. ^ "Ox | mammal, Bos taurus | Britannica". 19 June 2023.
  6. ^ "Bullock Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary".
  7. ^ a b c d e "the definition of pup". Archived from the original on 2009-11-24. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  8. ^ "A Rare Look Inside the Secret Lives of Cougar Families". National Geographic Society. 29 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-01-14. Retrieved 2019-01-14.
  9. ^ "About Ferrets". South Cheshire Ferret Rescue. Archived from the original on 2020-03-18. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  10. ^ "Albatross". National Geographic Animals. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
  11. ^ Riddell, Te Aorere. Toroa: The Royal Albatross. Huia, 2003. 11. Print.
  12. ^ a b c Ivan G. Sparkes, Dictionary of Collective Nouns and Group Terms.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf "San Diego Zoo". archived copy of Animal group names. Zoological Society of San Diego. Archived from the original on 2012-01-27. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
  14. ^ "Glossary of Alpaca Terms". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "AskOxford: A". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd "Common Questions: What Do You Call a Group of...?". Animal Congregations, or What Do You Call a Group of...?. U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Archived from the original on 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology By Valerius Geist, 1998, ISBN 0-8117-0496-3
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Beat about the Bush: Mammals Archived 2015-09-10 at the Wayback Machine, by Trevor Carnaby, published by Jacana Media, 2008-01-01, page 362. ISBN 978-1-77009-240-2.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i Berners, Dame Juliana (1881) [First published 1486]. The Boke of Saint Albans. Introduction by William Blades (reproduction ed.). London: Elliot Stock. Archived from the original on 2011-12-28. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
  20. ^ "Definition of BABUINA". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "AskOxford: B". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  22. ^ Thomson, Donald A. (2000). "school+of+barracuda"&pg=PA288 Reef fishes of the Sea of Cortez : the rocky-shore fishes of the Gulf of California (Rev. ed., 1st University of Texas Press ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-292-78155-9. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cirelli, Cheryl. "YourDictionary.com List of Names for Groups of Animals". Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  24. ^ Campbell, Charles A.R. (2002). "cloud+of+bats"&pg=PA128 Bats, mosquitoes and dollars. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-89875-932-7.
  25. ^ Brown, Michael J. (1997). "flock+of+bats"&pg=PA62 Durio, a bibliographic review. New Delhi, India: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Office for South Asia. p. 62. ISBN 978-92-9043-318-7.
  26. ^ a b c d e "the definition of cub". Archived from the original on 2009-12-03. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  27. ^ a b c Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Porcine Precision: A Sounder of Swine". Archived from the original on 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  28. ^ "Monarch butterfly, facts and photos". Animals. 2010-11-11. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  29. ^ Hayden, Tyler. "A Multicolored Kaleidoscope: Watch colorful butterflies flutters in our Butterfly Pavilion". Natural History Museums of Los Angeles County. County of Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
  30. ^ "Butterflies and Moths of North America | collecting and sharing data about Lepidoptera". www.butterfliesandmoths.org. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  31. ^ "gib - Definition, meaning & more - Collins Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  32. ^ "AskOxford: C". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
  33. ^ "kindle". Archived from the original on 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2013-04-15 – via The Free Dictionary.
  34. ^ Malamud, Randy (2012). An introduction to animals and visual culture. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. ISBN 9781137009838.
  35. ^ a b c d "the definition of calf". Archived from the original on 2009-12-03. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  36. ^ a b c d "the definition of cow". Archived from the original on 2009-12-08. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  37. ^ Caro, T.M. (1994). Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains : group living in an asocial species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-226-09434-2. Archived from the original on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
  38. ^ a b "chattering". Archived from the original on 2013-03-10. Retrieved 2013-01-22 – via The Free Dictionary.
  39. ^ "clattering". Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-01-22 – via The Free Dictionary.
  40. ^ a b c d e f Universe in Your Pocket by Joel Levy, published by Barnes & Noble, Inc.
  41. ^ Gray, p. 594 Archived 2015-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ a b c d Berners, Dame Juliana (1881) [1486]. The Boke of Saint Albans. Introduction by William Blades. London: Elliot Stock. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
  43. ^ a b c d e f "What do you call a group of ...?". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  44. ^ a b c Strutt, Joseph (1801). The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England. London: J. White. p. 28.
  45. ^ a b "Sege". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-02-13 – via The Free Dictionary.
  46. ^ a b "Siege". Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-02-13 – via The Free Dictionary.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "AskOxford: D". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-07-10. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
  48. ^ "Whelp | Definition of whelp by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  49. ^ American Kennel Club (2014-10-30). "Boxer Dog Breed Information - American Kennel Club". Akc.org. Archived from the original on 2015-02-08. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  50. ^ "The Boxer Dog - Energetic Comedian". The-puppy-dog-place.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  51. ^ "cowardice of curs". Metaphordogs.org. 2010-01-09. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  52. ^ "Cry - definition of cry by The Free Dictionary". Thefreedictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  53. ^ American Kennel Club. "Learn - American Kennel Club". Akc.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-01. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  54. ^ "Shark utilization, marketing and trade". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
  55. ^ "Battle to save NY pod of dolphins". BBC News. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  56. ^ "A Pod of Dolphins – NASA Mars Collection". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  57. ^ a b "the definition of bull". Archived from the original on 2009-12-02. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  58. ^ "A Flamboyance of Flamingos and Other Brilliant Bird Group Names". Dictionary.com. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  59. ^ a b "Talk to the animals: The art and humour of the collective noun". The Independent. 2010-11-27. Archived from the original on 2018-04-24. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  60. ^ Munroe, Susan (2013). "Giant Pandas at the Toronto Zoo". Canada Onlibe. Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "AskOxford: G". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  62. ^ Handley, Julia (2010). "tower+of+giraffes"&pg=PA52 Little things. [S.l.]: Authorhouse. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4520-6170-2.
  63. ^ Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Whence the Wildebeest: An Implausibility of Gnus". Archived from the original on 2014-04-28. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
  64. ^ "Species Profile: Guanaco". Concervación Patagonia. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  65. ^ Mobley, Jason A. (2009). "guinea+fowl"+flock&pg=PA291 Birds of the world. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-7614-7775-4.
  66. ^ Lynn-Allen, Lieut.-Colonel B. G. (1951). Shot-gun and Sunlight - The Game Birds of East Africa. London: Batchworth Press. Archived from the original on 2015-09-10. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "AskOxford: H". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2006-06-16. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Cast and Let Fly: A Kettle of Hawks". Archived from the original on 2014-05-07. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
  69. ^ Alina Bradford (2014-07-23). "Facts About Ibex". livescience.com. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  70. ^ a b "What is a group of jaguars called?". Ask.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02.
  71. ^ International Wildlife Encyclopedia By Robert Burton, 2002, vol. 8, ISBN 0-7614-7266-5, p. 1322 Archived 2015-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
  72. ^ "Kangaroo Facts". Aussie Animals. Archived from the original on 2024-05-02. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  73. ^ "Strange collective animal names". mnn.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
  74. ^ a b c d e f "San Diego Zoo". Zoological Society of San Diego. Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
  75. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Common Questions: What Do You Call a Group of...?". archived copy of Animal Congregations, or What Do You Call a Group of.....?. U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
  76. ^ "Sawt", The Free Dictionary, retrieved 2019-05-25
  77. ^ Bradley Trevor Greive, Mitsuaki Iwago (2003). Priceless : the vanishing beauty of a fragile planet. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-7407-2695-8. Archived from the original on 2015-09-10. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
  78. ^ McArdle, John E. (1981). Functional morphology of the hip and thigh of the lorisiformes. Vol. 17. Basel, München [usw.]: Karger. pp. 1–132. ISBN 978-3-8055-1767-6. PMID 7226807. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  79. ^ "Tim The Yowie Man: Call of the wild". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  80. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000. Houghton Mifflin Company, [1] Archived 2013-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
  81. ^ a b c d e f g h "Narwhal". Natural History on the Net. 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  82. ^ a b "Narwhal". www.acsonline.org. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  83. ^ Brockes, J.; Kumar, A. (2005). "Newts". Current Biology. 15 (2): R42-4. Bibcode:2005CBio...15..R42B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.049. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 15668151.
  84. ^ "22 Octopus Facts That Are Definitely Worth Ogling". News.distractify.com. 2014-10-06. Archived from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  85. ^ "What is a group of octopus called?". Quizzes.ask.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-14. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  86. ^ "Opossums | National Geographic". Animals. 2010-11-11. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  87. ^ "Javelina". Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  88. ^ a b c d e Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "International Bureaucrats Agree: A Waddle of Penguins". Archived from the original on 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  89. ^ "Penguin.net.nz - Frequently asked questions". www.penguin.net.nz. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  90. ^ "gilt - Definition, meaning & more - Collins Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  91. ^ "HOG - meaning in the Cambridge Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  92. ^ "barrow - Definition, meaning & more - Collins Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  93. ^ Strom, Stephanie (2014-01-20). "Demand Grows for Hogs That Are Raised Humanely Outdoors". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  94. ^ a b c "Animal Groups". thealmightyguru.com. Archived from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
  95. ^ Laugesen, Amanda (2022-11-01). "On the hunt for collective nouns for our Australian animals". ANU Reporter. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  96. ^ a b c Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Goddess of the Dawn: An Aurora of Polar Bears". Archived from the original on 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
  97. ^ "Meet our "Cute" prehensile-tailed porcupette, Fofo!". Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  98. ^ Vitek, N. S.; et al. (2024). "An extinct north American porcupine with a South American tail". Current Biology. 34 (12): 2712–2718. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.069.
  99. ^ Woop Studios; Jay Sacher (2013), A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras, Chronicle Books, p. 160, ISBN 978-1-4521-2952-5, archived from the original on 2015-09-15, retrieved 2015-07-02
  100. ^ "mischief - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Archived from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
  101. ^ "ABC Creature Features—Rats". ABC. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07.
  102. ^ Lester, Paula (2017-09-13). "Collective nouns for birds: Why we call it a murder of crows, murmuration of starlings and a conspiracy of ravens". Country Life.
  103. ^ "Rhinoceroses - info and games". sheppardsoftware.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
  104. ^ Lilford, F.L.S. 1894-5. Notes on the Ornithology of Northamptonshire and Neighborhood for 1893. Journal of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society. Vol 8 p54.
  105. ^ "parr". Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-13 – via The Free Dictionary.
  106. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "AskOxford: S". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on June 16, 2007. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  107. ^ Florida Museum of Natural History. "Shark Biology". Archived from the original on 2014-01-18. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  108. ^ "Definition of FOLD". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  109. ^ "Escargatoire". Archived from the original on 2015-10-28. Retrieved 2015-10-11 – via The Free Dictionary.
  110. ^ Simpson, J. A. (1996). The Compact Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford UK: Clarendon Press. p. 1620. ISBN 0-19-861258-3.
  111. ^ "What is a group of sea stars called?". Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  112. ^ "How Do Stingrays Take Care of Their Young?". Sciencing.
  113. ^ Bartlett's Roget's Thesaurus. Little, Brown. 2003-09-02. ISBN 978-0-316-73587-2.
  114. ^ Robertson, John G. (1991). Robertson's Words for a Modern Age: A Cross Reference of Latin and Greek Combining Elements. Senior Scribe Publications. ISBN 978-0-9630919-0-1.
  115. ^ "Bale - definition of bale by The Free Dictionary". Thefreedictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  116. ^ Woop Studios; Jay Sacher (2013), A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras, Chronicle Books, p. 213, ISBN 978-1-4521-2952-5, archived from the original on 2015-09-15, retrieved 2015-07-02
  117. ^ a b c "AskOxford: Z". Retrieved 2010-06-22.[dead link]
  118. ^ "dazzle", Wiktionary, 2022-02-16, retrieved 2022-02-24
  119. ^ "A Drudge of Lexicographers Presents: Collective Nouns". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
  120. ^ Lund, Nicholas (December 2015). "No, It's Not Actually a Murder of Crows". Audubon. Retrieved 2020-05-01.

Further reading

[edit]