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Imaging of engineered E. coli Nissle 1917 in the mouse gut

Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a technology developed over the past decades (1990's and onward).[1][2][3][when?] that allows for the noninvasive study of ongoing biological processes[4][1][5][6][7] Recently, bioluminescence tomography (BLT) has become possible and several systems have become commercially available. In 2011, PerkinElmer acquired one of the most popular lines of optical imaging systems with bioluminescence from Caliper Life Sciences.[8]

Background

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Bioluminescence is the process of light emission in living organisms. Bioluminescence imaging utilizes native light emission from one of several organisms which bioluminesce, also known as luciferase enzymes.[9][10][11] The three main sources are the North American firefly, the sea pansy (and related marine organisms), and bacteria like Photorhabdus luminescens and Vibrio fischeri. The DNA encoding the luminescent protein is incorporated into the laboratory animal either via a viral vector or by creating a transgenic animal. Rodent models of cancer spread can be studied through bioluminescence imaging, e.g. for mouse models of breast cancer metastasis.

Systems derived from the three groups above differ in key ways:

  • Firefly luciferase requires D-luciferin to be injected into the subject prior to imaging. The peak emission wavelength is about 560 nm. Due to the attenuation of blue-green light in tissues, the red-shift (compared to the other systems) of this emission makes detection of firefly luciferase much more sensitive in vivo.
  • Renilla luciferase (from the Sea pansy) requires its substrate, coelenterazine, to be injected as well. As opposed to luciferin, coelenterazine has a lower bioavailability (likely due to MDR1 transporting it out of mammalian cells). Additionally, the peak emission wavelength is about 480 nm.
  • Bacterial luciferase has an advantage in that the lux  operon used to express it also encodes the enzymes required for substrate biosynthesis. Although originally believed to be functional only in prokaryotic organisms, where it is widely used for developing bioluminescent pathogens, it has been genetically engineered to work in mammalian expression systems as well.[12][13] This luciferase reaction has a peak wavelength of about 490 nm.

While the total amount of light emitted from bioluminescence is typically small and not detected by the human eye, an ultra-sensitive CCD camera can image bioluminescence from an external vantage point.

Applications

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Common applications of BLI include in vivo studies of infection[14] (with bioluminescent pathogens), cancer progression (using a bioluminescent cancer cell line), and reconstitution kinetics (using bioluminescent stem cells).[15]

Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have shown that bioluminescence imaging can be used to determine the effectiveness of cancer drugs that choke off a tumor's blood supply. The technique requires luciferin to be added to the bloodstream, which carries it to cells throughout the body. When luciferin reaches cells that have been altered to carry the firefly gene, those cells emit light.[16]

The BLT inverse problem of 3D reconstruction of the distribution of bioluminescent molecules from data measured on the animal surface is inherently ill-posed. The first small animal study using BLT was conducted by researchers at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA in 2005. Following this development, many research groups in USA and China have built systems that enable BLT.

Mustard plants have had the gene that makes fireflies' tails glow added to them so that the plants glow when touched. The effect lasts for an hour, but an utra-sensitive camera is needed to see the glow.[17]

Autoluminograph

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An autoluminograph is a photograph produced by placing a light emitting object directly on a piece of film. A famous example is an autoluminograph published in Science magazine in 1986[18] of a glowing transgenic tobacco plant bearing the luciferase gene of fireflies placed on Kodak Ektachrome 200 film.

Induced metabolic bioluminescence imaging

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Induced metabolic bioluminescence imaging (imBI) is used to obtain a metabolic snapshot of biological tissues.[19] Metabolites that may be quantified through imBI include glucose, lactate, pyruvate, ATP, glucose-6-phosphate, or D2-hydroxygluturate.[20] imBI can be used to determine the lactate concentration of tumors or to measure the metabolism of the brain.[20][19]

References

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  1. ^ a b Zambito G, Chawda C, Mezzanotte L (August 2021). "Emerging tools for bioluminescence imaging". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. Chemical Genetics and Epigenetics * Molecular Imaging. 63: 86–94. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.02.005. PMID 33770744. S2CID 232377256.
  2. ^ Contag CH, Bachmann MH (2002-08-01). "Advances in in vivo bioluminescence imaging of gene expression". Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 4 (1): 235–260. doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.111901.093336. PMID 12117758.
  3. ^ Mezzanotte L, van 't Root M, Karatas H, Goun EA, Löwik CW (July 2017). "In Vivo Molecular Bioluminescence Imaging: New Tools and Applications". Trends in Biotechnology. 35 (7): 640–652. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.03.012. PMID 28501458.
  4. ^ Brennan CK, Ornelas MY, Yao ZW, Prescher JA (August 2021). "Multicomponent Bioluminescence Imaging with Naphthylamino Luciferins". ChemBioChem. 22 (16): 2650–2654. doi:10.1002/cbic.202100202. PMC 8496354. PMID 34139065.
  5. ^ Syed AJ, Anderson JC (May 2021). "Applications of bioluminescence in biotechnology and beyond". Chemical Society Reviews. 50 (9): 5668–5705. doi:10.1039/D0CS01492C. PMID 33735357. S2CID 232304401.
  6. ^ Thorne N, Inglese J, Auld DS (June 2010). "Illuminating insights into firefly luciferase and other bioluminescent reporters used in chemical biology". Chemistry & Biology. 17 (6): 646–657. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.05.012. PMC 2925662. PMID 20609414.
  7. ^ Yeh HW, Ai HW (June 2019). "Development and Applications of Bioluminescent and Chemiluminescent Reporters and Biosensors". Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry. 12 (1): 129–150. Bibcode:2019ARAC...12..129Y. doi:10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115027. PMC 6565457. PMID 30786216.
  8. ^ "PerkinElmer to Acquire Caliper Life Sciences for $600M in Cash". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (GEN). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 8 September 2011. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
  9. ^ Prescher JA, Contag CH (February 2010). "Guided by the light: visualizing biomolecular processes in living animals with bioluminescence". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 14 (1): 80–89. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.11.001. PMID 19962933.
  10. ^ Branchini BR, Behney CE, Southworth TL, Fontaine DM, Gulick AM, Vinyard DJ, Brudvig GW (June 2015). "Experimental Support for a Single Electron-Transfer Oxidation Mechanism in Firefly Bioluminescence". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 137 (24): 7592–7595. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b03820. PMID 26057379.
  11. ^ Rathbun CM, Porterfield WB, Jones KA, Sagoe MJ, Reyes MR, Hua CT, Prescher JA (December 2017). "Parallel Screening for Rapid Identification of Orthogonal Bioluminescent Tools". ACS Central Science. 3 (12): 1254–1261. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.7b00394. PMC 5746862. PMID 29296665.
  12. ^ Close DM, Patterson SS, Ripp S, Baek SJ, Sanseverino J, Sayler GS (August 2010). Pan X (ed.). "Autonomous bioluminescent expression of the bacterial luciferase gene cassette (lux) in a mammalian cell line". PLOS ONE. 5 (8): e12441. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512441C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012441. PMC 2929204. PMID 20805991.
  13. ^ Close DM, Hahn RE, Patterson SS, Baek SJ, Ripp SA, Sayler GS (April 2011). "Comparison of human optimized bacterial luciferase, firefly luciferase, and green fluorescent protein for continuous imaging of cell culture and animal models". Journal of Biomedical Optics. 16 (4): 047003–047003–10. Bibcode:2011JBO....16d7003C. doi:10.1117/1.3564910. PMC 3094131. PMID 21529093.
  14. ^ Xiong YQ, Willard J, Kadurugamuwa JL, Yu J, Francis KP, Bayer AS (January 2005). "Real-time in vivo bioluminescent imaging for evaluating the efficacy of antibiotics in a rat Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis model". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 49 (1): 380–387. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.1.380-387.2005. PMC 538900. PMID 15616318.
  15. ^ Di Rocco G, Gentile A, Antonini A, Truffa S, Piaggio G, Capogrossi MC, Toietta G (1 September 2012). "Analysis of biodistribution and engraftment into the liver of genetically modified mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue". Cell Transplantation. 21 (9): 1997–2008. doi:10.3727/096368911X637452. PMID 22469297. S2CID 21603693.
  16. ^ Zhao D, Richer E, Antich PP, Mason RP (July 2008). "Antivascular effects of combretastatin A4 phosphate in breast cancer xenograft assessed using dynamic bioluminescence imaging and confirmed by MRI". FASEB Journal. 22 (7): 2445–2451. doi:10.1096/fj.07-103713. PMC 4426986. PMID 18263704.
  17. ^ Riley C (17 May 2000). "Glowing plants reveal touch sensitivity". BBC News.
  18. ^ Ow DW, DE Wet JR, Helinski DR, Howell SH, Wood KV, Deluca M (November 1986). "Transient and stable expression of the firefly luciferase gene in plant cells and transgenic plants". Science. 234 (4778). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 856–859. Bibcode:1986Sci...234..856O. doi:10.1126/science.234.4778.856. PMID 17758108. S2CID 32603977.
  19. ^ a b Walenta S, Voelxen NF, Sattler UG, Mueller-Klieser W (2014). "Localizing and Quantifying Metabolites in Situ with Luminometry: Induced Metabolic Bioluminescence Imaging (ImBI)". Brain Energy Metabolism. Neuromethods. Vol. 90. pp. 195–216. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1059-5_9. ISBN 978-1-4939-1058-8.
  20. ^ a b Parks SK, Mueller-Klieser W, Pouysségur J (2020). "Lactate and Acidity in the Cancer Microenvironment". Annual Review of Cancer Biology. 4: 141–158. doi:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033556.

Further reading

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