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C Line (Los Angeles Metro)

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C Line
C Line train operating in the median of Interstate 105, which it parallels for most of its length
Overview
Other name(s)Green Line (1995–2020)
OwnerLos Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Line number803
Termini
Stations14
Websitemetro.net/riding/guide/c-line
Service
TypeLight rail
SystemLos Angeles Metro Rail
Depot(s)Division 22 (Hawthorne)
Rolling stockKinki Sharyo P3010 running in 1 or 2 car consists
Daily ridership21,902 (weekday, May 2024) Increase[1]
Ridership6,262,604 (2023) Increase 10.4%
History
OpenedAugust 12, 1995; 29 years ago (1995-08-12)[2]
Technical
Line length19.3 miles (31.1 km)[3]
Number of tracks2
CharacterFully grade-separated, mostly in freeway median
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
ElectrificationOverhead line, 750 V DC
Operating speed65 mph (105 km/h) (max.)
34.4 mph (55.4 km/h) (avg.)
Route map
Map C Line highlighted in green
Legend
 Redondo Beach
Division 22 Maintenance
and Storage Facility
 Douglas
El Segundo
Mariposa
to Aviation/​Century (2024)
 Aviation/LAX
Los Angeles International Airport (via Los Angeles International Airport#LAX Shuttle routes)
I-105 (1961).svg I-105
I-405 (1961).svg I-405
 Hawthorne/​Lennox
Crenshaw
Vermont/Athens
Harbor Freeway
I-110 (1961).svg I-110
J Line 
 Avalon
Willowbrook/​Rosa Parks
A Line 
 Long Beach Boulevard
I-710 (1961).svg I-710
 Lakewood Boulevard
I-605 (1961).svg I-605
 Norwalk
I-105 (1961).svg I-105
Multiple services
sharing tracks
Handicapped/disabled access
All stations
are accessible
Parking
All stations have parking
except for Mariposa
This diagram:

The C Line (formerly the Green Line from 1995 to 2020) is a 19.3-mile (31.1 km) light rail line running between Redondo Beach and Norwalk within Los Angeles County, California. It is one of six lines forming the Los Angeles Metro Rail system and opened on August 12, 1995. Along the route, the line serves the cities of Downey, El Segundo, Hawthorne, Norwalk and Lynwood, the Los Angeles community of Westchester, and several unincorporated communities in the South Los Angeles region including Athens, Del Aire, and Willowbrook. The fully grade-separated route (essentially a light metro) runs mainly in the median strip of Interstate 105 (the Century Freeway) for its latitude portion and on an elevated viaduct for its western leg. A free shuttle bus to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) is available at Aviation/LAX station.

Starting November 3, 2024, the C and K lines will undergo service changes to accommodate pre-revenue testing at the upcoming LAX/Metro Transit Center station, scheduled to open in 2025. The C Line's western terminus will be redirected to Aviation/Century station and a southern segment of the K Line will be created between Aviation/Century station and Redondo Beach station. Once LAX/Metro Transit Center station opens, the C Line will terminate at this station, and the K Line will operate as a single, continuous service through it. The LAX Automated People Mover, which will offer a connection to the airport's terminals, will begin service at LAX/Metro Transit Center station in 2026.

Service description

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Route description

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Map showing C Line route and stations

The entire route of the C Line is grade-separated, with its tracks following the median of Interstate 105 (the Century Freeway) and on an elevated guideway. The line begins in the west at Redondo Beach station, then heads roughly north through El Segundo. At Aviation/LAX station, passengers can transfer to any one of several bus lines from different operators, including LAX Shuttle Route M, which provides free service to Los Angeles International Airport. From here, the C Line heads east in the median of the Century Freeway, with a connection to the J Line bus rapid transit line at Harbor Freeway station. It then continues to a major transfer connection at Willowbrook/Rosa Parks station (transfer point to the light rail A Line). Finally, the line terminates in Norwalk, at Norwalk station, just east of the San Gabriel River Freeway (I-605). A non-revenue connector at Willowbrook/Rosa Parks station allows trains to transfer to A Line tracks for maintenance and other non-revenue operations.

Passengers can reach Downtown Los Angeles by connecting with the bus rapid transit J Line at Harbor Freeway station, the light rail A Line at Willowbrook/Rosa Parks station, or Metro Bus Express route 460 at Norwalk station. Metrolink service to Downtown Los Angeles via Union Station, Perris, and Oceanside, as well as other cities in Orange County and Riverside County, can be accessed from the C by transferring to Norwalk Transit route 4 and disembarking at Norwalk/Santa Fe Springs station.

Starting November 3, 2024, the C Line will be redirected to begin at Aviation/Century station, situated on a viaduct above Century Boulevard and shared with the K Line. The line will then briefly enter an open trench as it passes close to the LAX runways[4] before connecting to the existing C Line at a wye west of Aviation/LAX station and continuing along its current route to Norwalk station. The K Line will subsume the westernmost segment of the C Line west of the wye, running south before ending at Redondo Beach station. All of this will begin on November 3, 2024.[5][6][7] Until this extension opens, Metro is operating a bus shuttle called the "C & K Line Link" from Westchester/Veterans to Aviation/LAX.

Hours and frequency

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C Line service hours are approximately from 4:00 a.m. until 12:30 a.m. daily. Trains operate every 10 minutes throughout the day. Night and early morning weekend service is every 20 minutes.[8]

Time 4-7A 8A-6P 7P 8-12A
Weekdays 10 10-20 20
Weekends/Holidays 20 10 10-20 20

Speed

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The C Line is the fastest light rail line in the Los Angeles Metro Rail network because trains can operate at speeds up to 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) for most of their route as trains run in the median of the I-105 freeway, not having at-grade street service like other lines such as the A Line. The line has complete grade separation, relatively long station spacing, and a primarily straight alignment.

The C Line takes 34 minutes[9] to travel 19.5 miles (31.4 km), at an average speed of 34.4 miles per hour (55.4 km/h). This is 43% faster than the A Line, and 81% faster than the E Line.

Station listing

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The C Line consists of the following 14 stations (from west to east):

Station Date Opened City/Neighborhood Major connections and notes[10][11]
Redondo Beach[a] August 12, 1995[2] Hawthorne and Redondo Beach[b] Park and ride: 340 spaces
Douglas[a] El Segundo Park and ride: 30 spaces
El Segundo[a] Park and ride: 93 spaces
Mariposa[a]
LAX/Metro Transit Center[c] 2025[7] Los Angeles (Westchester) K Line 
LAX Automated People Mover LAX Automated People Mover (2026)[12]
Aviation/​Century[c] November 3, 2024[6] K Line 
Aviation/LAX August 12, 1995[2] Westchester and Del Aire Los Angeles International Airport LAX via LAX Shuttle
K Line  via C & K Line Link
Park and ride: 435 spaces
Hawthorne/​Lennox Hawthorne SoFi Stadium via shuttle bus
Park and ride: 362 spaces
Crenshaw Park and ride: 506 spaces
Vermont/Athens Athens Park and ride: 155 spaces
Harbor Freeway South Los Angeles J Line 
Park and ride: 253 spaces
Avalon Park and ride: 160 spaces
Willowbrook/​Rosa Parks July 14, 1990[d] Willowbrook A Line 
Park and ride: 234 spaces
Long Beach Boulevard August 12, 1995[2] Lynwood Park and ride: 635 spaces
Lakewood Boulevard Downey Park and ride: 403 spaces
Norwalk Norwalk Park and ride: 1,759 spaces
  1. ^ a b c d The station will become part of the K Line when the connection with that line opens in November 2024.
  2. ^ The station straddles two cities. The north end of the station is in the city of Hawthorne, and the south end of the station is in the city of Redondo Beach.
  3. ^ a b The station will become part of the C Line after the connection with the K Line opens in November 2024.
  4. ^ The station opened with the A Line on July 14, 1990, while the C Line platform opened on August 12, 1995.[2]

Ridership

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Annual ridership
Year Ridership %±
2009 11,721,935 —
2010 12,241,883 +4.4%
2011 12,808,530 +4.6%
2012 13,931,830 +8.8%
2013 13,499,453 −3.1%
2014 12,967,235 −3.9%
2015 12,058,903 −7.0%
2016 10,980,323 −8.9%
2017 9,961,716 −9.3%
2018 9,510,211 −4.5%
2019 9,131,806 −4.0%
2020 4,757,506 −47.9%
2021 4,430,484 −6.9%
2022 5,670,634 +28.0%
2023 6,262,604 +10.4%
Source: Metro[13]

History

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Main article: History of Los Angeles Metro Rail and Busway
The C Line was built with the construction of the I-105 freeway.

In 1972, Caltrans signed a consent decree to allow construction of the fiercely opposed Century Freeway (Interstate 105), which included provisions for a transit corridor in the freeway's median as a way to help communities impacted by the new freeway.

Construction began in 1987 on the corridor as a light rail line, envisioned as a connection with the bedroom communities in the Gateway Cities along the Century Freeway with the then-burgeoning aerospace center in El Segundo. The section in El Segundo would be fully elevated and follow the route of the Harbor Subdivision.

From the beginning of the project, several compromises were made. Because Caltrans dropped a plan for the freeway to cross through Norwalk to Interstate 5, the line was denied a connection to the then-new Norwalk/Santa Fe Springs Metrolink station.[14] Additionally, although planners planned to add a spur to LAX, they did not include it in the initial project over fears that commuters would not use the line if they had to go through the airport on the way to work.[15] The proposed extension to LAX was further complicated by concerns from the Federal Aviation Administration that the overhead lines of the rail line would interfere with the landing paths of airplanes.[16] Amid ambivalence at LAX and L.A. City Hall, the plans to extend the line to the airport were shelved.

The line opened on August 12, 1995, more than a year late and $950 million over budget.[2] By that time, the Cold War was over, and the aerospace sector in El Segundo was hemorrhaging jobs.[15] The collapse of jobs in the area and the compromises made during construction limited the line's utility, earning it the nickname "the train to nowhere."[15]

When the C Line began service, it operated with only one-car trains. However, since its opening, ridership continued growing steadily, peaking at nearly 13 million riders in 2014, prompting Metro to operate two-car trains. The increase was driven by the 5,100 park-and-ride spaces and slowing traffic on the 105 freeway.[17] Ridership on the C Line has not been as high as the A Line, although it did have higher ridership than the L Line (then known as the Gold Line) until 2013.[18][19] Regardless, Metro can only operate two-car trains on the C Line, since the five Metro-built stations west of the freeway only have room for two-car trains.[17]

One of the lessons learned from the line, and the Harbor Transitway built at the same time, was that freeway median stations offer a poor rider experience, requiring customers to descend from bridges or climb stairs from dimly lit underpasses to isolated stations in the middle of a noisy and exhaust-ridden freeway.[17] While stations generally have elevators as a necessary accessibility accommodation, these sometimes fail,[20] and have been known for having sanitation issues; escalators are also often out for maintenance or, with the C Line in particular, only available downward.

Future developments

[edit]

Overhead line replacement

[edit]

Beginning on August 12, 2023, Metro began a multi-phased project to gradually replace the aging overhead lines on the almost 30-year-old C Line. This will involve closures on segments of the line at different time periods. The first of these closures ran from August 12 to August 19, between Redondo Beach and Hawthorne/​Lennox stations, and August 20 to September 24 between Redondo Beach and Aviation/LAX stations. Service was replaced in the meantime by temporary bus shuttles.[21]

Integration with the K Line

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Graphics depicting the three options for future C and K Line service patterns

Varying service patterns have been proposed for integrating the completed K Line into the rest of the system throughout its planning and construction, all of which have involved sharing trackage and infrastructure facilities with the existing C Line. Although some early proposals would've sent trains through all three directions of the wye that will connect the existing C Line with the new segment, this was rejected by Metro because it would cause too much wear and tear on the track switch mechanisms.[22][23]

The debate over service patterns proved somewhat contentious, as the final pattern must balance the needs of riders, operational needs, and the political constituencies of Metro's board members.[24] In 2018, with the line then scheduled to open within the year, the Metro Board of Directors overrode a recommendation by operations staff that would've had a single line operating between Expo/Crenshaw and Norwalk station. Passengers from the Redondo Beach area would have been served by a shuttle to the LAX area, where they would need to transfer to another train to continue east or north. Instead, board members approved a one-year pilot of a configuration that would combine an Expo-to-Norwalk line with another line that would connect Redondo Beach with Willowbrook/Rosa Parks station, allowing transfers to the A and J Lines.[25][26] The approved plan would incur higher operating expenses, but board members argued it would retain better transfer opportunities for South Bay residents.[27]

Ongoing construction delays led to a reassessment of that plan in 2022. Metro recommended public outreach aimed at reformulating the operating plan before the connection to the C Line opens in 2023;[28] in March 2023, Metro indicated that it would recommend Option 2 in the figure above, in which the K Line would run north-south from Expo/Crenshaw to Redondo Beach, and the C Line would run from Norwalk to LAX.[29] On June 22, 2023, Metro's board of directors officially approved the implementation of Option 2 based on staff recommendation and public opinion.[5]

Platform extensions

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While most stations on the C Line were built to accommodate three-car trains, the stations built west of the Interstate 105 alignment were only built to accommodate two-car trains. To enable increased capacity of the line, Metro plans to lengthen the platforms at Aviation/LAX, Mariposa, Douglas, and Redondo Beach. The project would also add traction power substations and replace catenary wire and track ties.[30] In April 2023, the state awarded Metro $95 million for the project, which is expected to cost $141 million. The project is expected to be complete in time for the 2028 Summer Olympics.[31]

Southern Extension to South Bay

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Main article: C Line Extension
The future South Bay C Line Extension will extend the Metro C Line from these stub tracks at the southern end of the Redondo Beach station to Torrance.

Metro is currently working on the initial environmental study of a corridor extension of the C Line from its Redondo terminus toward the southeast. The C Line Extension would roughly follow the Harbor Subdivision ROW into the South Bay, to the Torrance Regional Transit Center (RTC).[32] Metro and the public are considering two alternatives in the DEIR: an elevated light-rail extension along Hawthorne Boulevard, and an at-grade extension along a BNSF line beside Condon Avenue. The study of the South Bay Extension will lead to the publication of a Draft Environmental Impact Report (DEIR). The study was expected to be completed in 2011. The project was placed on hold in the spring of 2012 due to uncertain funding. With the passage of Measure M in 2016, $619 million was cited for the Green Line Extension south, and the study resumed. The DEIR was released in January 2023.[33] The study area includes the former Harbor Subdivisions right of way. The extension study includes the Redondo Beach station to the Torrance Transit Center, a 4.5-mile (7.2 km) extension study area.[34]

According to the LA County Expenditure Plan (Measure M), groundbreaking for the project is scheduled for 2026, with an expected opening in 2030–2033. The timeline is expected to be accelerated under the Twenty-eight by '28 initiative.[35]

The project will become an extension of the K Line upon the completion of LAX/Metro Transit Center station in late 2024, which will become the C Line's new western terminus and allow K Line trains to terminate at Redondo Beach station.[5]

Eastern Extension to Norwalk/Santa Fe Springs station

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The C Line's eastern terminus is 2.8 miles (4.5 km) west of the Norwalk/Santa Fe Springs Metrolink station, which is served by several Metrolink lines and sees heavy use.[36] Norwalk/Santa Fe Springs is also a proposed station on the California High-Speed Rail project.[37] Bus service, primarily via Norwalk Transit line 4, is provided between the Metrolink station and the C Line terminus. Still, schedules are not coordinated with the C Line's arrivals. While plans exist to close the gap,[38] available Measure M funding allows the operation to start in roughly 2052.[39][40][41]

Southeast Gateway Line interchange station

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Main article: I-105/C Line station

A new infill station is planned to be constructed between Long Beach Boulevard and Lakewood Boulevard in order to provide an interchange with the forthcoming Southeast Gateway Line. It is expected to open with the new service in 2035.

Operations

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On Metro Rail's internal timetables, the C Line is numbered line 803.

Maintenance facilities

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The C Line is operated out of Division 22 (Hawthorne Yard & Shop) and Division 16 (Southwestern Yard). These yards stores the fleet used on the C line. Light maintenance is done on the fleet in Division 22, and heavier maintenance is done in Division 16. Division 22 is located between Redondo Beach and Douglas stations. Trains enter the yard via a junction halfway between the two stations. Norwalk-bound trains (Northbound) may enter, but no exit track exists to continue north. Redondo Beach-bound trains (Southbound) may enter and exit the Yard to continue south. Division 16 is located on the completed section of the K Line near the future site of LAX/Metro Transit Center station in Westchester.

Rolling stock

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As of 2024, the Kinki Sharyo P3010 is the only rolling stock to serve the C Line.

At the time the Green Line opened, the line used a fleet of Nippon Sharyo P2020 light rail vehicles, which were very similar to the older Nippon Sharyo P865 vehicles used on the Blue Line (now known as A Line). In late 2001, the P2020 fleet was transferred to the Blue Line, and the Green Line received new Siemens P2000 railcars that have been operating on the line ever since, until its removal in 2024 and subsequent transfer to the A Line. Since 2019, newer Kinki Sharyo P3010 trains were added to the Green Line alongside P2000s to supplement the fleet and have been used since then. Trains are limited to two-car sets due to platform length limitations at some stations along the line. Trains are limited to two-car sets due to platform length limitations at some stations along the line.[42]

Incidents

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  • On February 22, 2015, a train near the Hawthorne/Lennox station struck and killed a man who was trespassing onto the tracks.[43][44]
  • On August 24, 2018, a collision involving a tanker truck on the westbound lanes of the I-105 between Vermont Avenue and Crenshaw Boulevard exploded with flames that crawled onto the tracks and damaged the catenary system. The rail line and the freeway were closed for cleanup and repairs.[45]

References

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  1. ^ "Interactive Estimated Ridership Stats". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Green Light for the Green Line". The Los Angeles Times. August 12, 1995. p. 334. Retrieved June 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  3. ^ "Facts at a Glance". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  4. ^ Cho, Aileen (January 31, 2018). "Above, Below and Through: How They Build L.A.'s New Light Rail Line". Engineering News-Record. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c "Board of Directors - Regular Board Meeting". Metro. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  6. ^ a b Hymon, Steve (October 14, 2024). "Changes are coming Sunday, Nov. 3, to the C and K Lines as we open the new Aviation/Century Station". Metro The Source. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
  7. ^ a b "Two big changes are coming soon to the C and K Lines Nov. 3". Instagram. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  8. ^ "Metro C Line schedule". December 10, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  9. ^ "Maps & Timetables". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  10. ^ "Metro C Line (Green)". www.metro.net. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  11. ^ "Metro Parking Lots by Line". www.metro.net. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  12. ^ "Fitch Downgrades LINXS (LAX People Mover Project) Sr Revs to BB+; Rating Outlook Negative". Fitch Ratings. January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
  13. ^ "Metro Ridership". Metro.net. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 2023. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  14. ^ Weikel, Dan (January 10, 2016). "Closing 2.8-mile transit gap in Norwalk could smooth regional commute". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  15. ^ a b c Simon, Richard (August 12, 1995). "Is New Green Line a Road to Nowhere?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  16. ^ Maddaus, Gene (January 9, 2008). "Why Green Line stopped short of LAX". Los Angeles Daily News. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  17. ^ a b c Hymon, Steve (August 12, 2020). "The Green Line is 25 years old. Some thoughts on that". The Source. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  18. ^ "Ridership Statistics – Rail Ridership Estimates". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 20, 2013. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
  19. ^ "Monthly Ridership Plot" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. November 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  20. ^ Los Angeles Metro Elevators. "MetroLAelevators". Twitter. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  21. ^ Hinton, Lexi (August 7, 2023). "Service Advisory: C Line overhead power replacement project set to begin this Saturday, August 12". The Source. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  22. ^ Sumers, Brian (January 21, 2014). "Metro breaks ground on new $2 billion L.A. Crenshaw/LAX Line". Daily Breeze. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  23. ^ "City Council approves long-awaited people mover to LAX". Los Angeles Times. April 11, 2018. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  24. ^ "Crenshaw/LAX Line Operations Plan Being Debated, Will Affect Green Line". streetsblog.org. June 22, 2018. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  25. ^ Chiland, Elijah (July 3, 2018). "Will the Crenshaw Line strand South Bay riders?". Curbed LA. Archived from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  26. ^ StreetsblogLA (December 6, 2018). "Metro bd mtg: Barger votes yes. Hahn Crenshaw/Green C3 motion passes 7-4-2 (Ridley-Thomas, Kuehl abstained)". twitter.com. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  27. ^ "Crenshaw/LAX Line and Green Line Operating Plan Presentation – Sports Competitions – American Football". Scribd. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  28. ^ "Crenshaw/LAX Line Operating Plan Update" (PDF). Metro. April 21, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  29. ^ "C & K Line Operating Plan Update" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
  30. ^ Sharp, Steven (January 14, 2020). "Metro Seeks State Funds to Extend Green Line Platforms". Urbanize Los Angeles. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  31. ^ Steven, Sharp (April 25, 2023). "State awards more funding for L.A. area transportation projects". Urbanize Los Angeles. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
  32. ^ Brightwell, Eric (October 13, 2013). "Exploring The South Bay Metro Green Line Extension". KCET. Archived from the original on November 21, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  33. ^ "Green Line Extension to Torrance". Archived from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
  34. ^ "Project 2018-0317". Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
  35. ^ Sharp, Steven (October 27, 2017). "Here are the 28 Projects that Metro Could Complete Before the 2028 Olympics". Urbanize Los Angeles. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  36. ^ Weikel, Dan (January 10, 2016). "Closing 2.8-mile transit gap in Norwalk could smooth regional commute". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
  37. ^ "Southern California". California High-Speed Rail. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  38. ^ "Norwalk Green Line Extension Study". Southern California Association of Governments. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017.
  39. ^ Broverman, Neal (January 12, 2017). "A New Metro Extension Could Seamlessly Connect L.A. and the O.C." Los Angeles Magazine. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  40. ^ Hymon, Steve (November 8, 2016). "Measure M project descriptions". Metro. The Source. Archived from the original on September 8, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  41. ^ "Figure 8. Major Transit Projects". 2020 Long Range Transportation Plan (PDF) (Report). Metro. 2020. p. 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  42. ^ Nelson, Laura J. (November 24, 2018). "Westside and South Bay clash over how to connect two rail lines". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  43. ^ "Pedestrian fatally struck by Green Line train in Hawthorne". ABC 7. KABC-TV. 2019. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  44. ^ "Man struck, killed by Metro Green Line train in Hawthorne". Daily Breeze. February 23, 2015. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  45. ^ Serna, Joseph; Reyes-Velarde, Alejandra (August 24, 2018). "Eastbound lanes of 105 Freeway in Hawthorne reopened after fiery crash that killed two". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
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