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Caecilia gens

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Lucius Caecilius Jucundus, a Pompeian banker.

The gens Caecilia was a plebeian[i] family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in history as early as the fifth century BC, but the first of the Caecilii who obtained the consulship was Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter, in 284 BC.[1][2] The Caecilii Metelli were one of the most powerful families of the late Republic, from the decades before the First Punic War down to the time of Augustus.

Origin

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Like other Roman families in the later times of the Republic, the Caecilii traced their origin to a mythical personage, Caeculus, the founder of Praeneste. He was said to be the son of Vulcan, and engendered by a spark; a similar story was told of Servius Tullius. He was exposed as an infant, but preserved by his divine father, and raised by maidens. He grew up amongst the shepherds, and became a highwayman. Coming of age, he called upon the people of the countryside to build a new town, convincing them with the aid of a miracle. An alternative tradition claimed that the Caecilii were descended from Caecas, one of the companions of Aeneas, who came with him to Italy after the sack of Troy.[3][4][5][1][6][7]

Praenomina

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The praenomina used by the Caecilii during the Republic are Lucius, Quintus, Gaius, and Marcus. Titus appears only towards the very end of the Republic, and is not known to have been used by the great house of the Caecilii Metelli.

Branches and cognomina

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The cognomina of this gens under the Republic are Bassus, Denter, Cornutus, Metellus, Niger, and Rufus, of which the Metelli are the best known. From the consulship of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter, the family of the Metelli became one of the most distinguished at Rome. In the latter half of the second century BC, it obtained an extraordinary number of the highest offices of the state. Quintus Metellus, who was consul in 143 BC, had four sons, who were raised to the consulship in succession; and his brother, Lucius Metellus, who was consul in 142, had two sons, who were likewise elevated to the same dignity.

The Metelli were distinguished as a family for their unwavering support of the party of the Optimates. The etymology of their name is quite uncertain. Festus connects it, probably from mere similarity of sound, with mercenarii. The history of the family is very difficult to trace, and in many parts conjectural. It is treated at length by Drumann.[8][9][10]

The victory of the consul L. Caecilius Metellus against Hasdrubal's elephants at Panormus in 251 seems to have left a durable impression on the Caecili Metelli, as many of them featured an elephant on the coins they minted. In fact, elephants are so often used on their coins that it might have become their emblem.[11]

Members

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This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.

Caecilii Metelli

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Denarius of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, 81 BC. The obverse depicts a head of Pietas, alluding to the agnomen, Pius. The elephant on the reverse commemorates the capture of Carthaginian elephants by Lucius Caecilius Metellus at Panormus in 251 BC.[12]
Denarius of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio, c. 46 BC. The obverse depicts the head of Jupiter. The elephant on the reverse may also allude to Africa, since the coin was minted there before the Battle of Thapsus.[13]

Caecilii Dentri

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Denarius of Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius, 125 BC. The reverse depicts the triumph of his ancestor Lucius Caecilius Metellus, with the elephants he had captured at the Battle of Panormus.[34]
  • Lucius Caecilius Denter, praetor in 182 BC, obtained Sicilia for his province.[35]
  • Marcus Caecilius Denter, one of the ambassadors sent to Perseus in 173 BC to inspect the affairs of Macedonia, and to Alexandria to renew the friendship with Ptolemaeus.[36]

Caecilii Cornuti

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  • Marcus Caecilius Cornutus, praetor before 90 BC, then legate in 89 and 88 during the Marsic War. He escaped the purges of Marius in 87 through a ruse of his slaves, who passed him off for dead, before spiriting him off to Gaul.[37][38]
  • Gaius Caecilius Cornutus, tribune of the plebs in 61 BC, praetor in 57, and promagistrate the following year in Bithynia and Pontus. He helped Cicero to return from exile during his praetorship, who affectionately called him a "quasi-Cato" for his Optimate ideas. He was probably the historian Cornutus, known from only three fragments, which deal with the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey.[39][40][41]
  • Marcus Caecilius Cornutus, praetor urbanus in 43 BC, committed suicide when Octavian seized Rome after the Battle of Mutina.[42]
  • Marcus Caecilius M. f. Cornutus, a member of the College of Arvales in 21–20 BC, but perhaps as early as 29, when Augustus re-established the college.[43]
  • Marcus Caecilius M. f. M. n. Cornutus, succeeded his father as Arval. He was of praetorian rank in the reign of Tiberius but, unjustly accused in connection with a plot against the Emperor, put an end to his own life in AD 24.[44][45]

Others

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ The appearance of Titus Caecilius, a patrician consular tribune for the year 444 BC in Livy, is a false reading for Titus Cloelius.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 526 ("Caecilia Gens").
  2. ^ Livy, iv. 7.
  3. ^ Festus, s. v. Caeculus.
  4. ^ Servius, vii. 678.
  5. ^ Solinus, ii. 9.
  6. ^ Hartung, Die Religion der Römer, vol. i, pp. 88 ff.
  7. ^ Klausen, Aeneas und die Penaten, pp. 761 ff.
  8. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, pp. 1055, 1056 ("Metellus").
  9. ^ Festus, p. 146 (ed. Müller).
  10. ^ Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. ii, pp. 17–58.
  11. ^ Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, pp. 287, 288, 292, 293, 387, 388, 390, 471.
  12. ^ Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 390.
  13. ^ Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 471.
  14. ^ Polybius, i. 39, 40.
  15. ^ Livy, xxiv. 18, 43.
  16. ^ Valerius Maximus, ii. 9. § 7.
  17. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 260, 261 (note 2), 264.
  18. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 531–533 (note 1).
  19. ^ RE III.1 (1897), col. 1234 ('Caecilius 132')
  20. ^ RE, vol. III (1), col. 1208; supplement III, col. 222 (Caecilius 85).
  21. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 26, 30 (note 7), 41, 45 (note 5); vol. III, p. 37.
  22. ^ Waterfield, Plutarch: Roman Lives, p. 481.
  23. ^ Drumann, Geschichte Roms, ii. 57.
  24. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, xv. 21. § 2.
  25. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, ii. 1. § 1.
  26. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Caesar", 35, "The Life of Pompeius", 62.
  27. ^ Cassius Dio, xli. 17.
  28. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, ii. 41.
  29. ^ Caesar, De Bello Civili, i. 33.
  30. ^ Lucan, iii. 114 ff.
  31. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, x. 4, 8.
  32. ^ Cassius Dio, lv. 30.
  33. ^ Fasti Capitolini, AE 1927, 101; 1940, 59, 60.
  34. ^ Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, pp. 292, 293.
  35. ^ Livy, xxxix. 56, xl. 1.
  36. ^ Livy, xlii. 6.
  37. ^ RE, vol. iii.1, col. 1200; supplement i, col. 267 (Caecilius 44).
  38. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 26, 30 (note 2), 31 (note 13), 36, 43, 45 (note 11).
  39. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, i. 14.
  40. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 179, 200, 210.
  41. ^ B. M. Levick in Cornell, Fragments, vol. I, pp. 426–428; vol. II, pp. 848–851; vol. III, p. 519. Levick writes that Marcus Caecilius Cornutus, the Arval of 21 BC is another, but less likely possibility.
  42. ^ Broughton, vol. II, p. 338.
  43. ^ Rüpke, Fasti Sacerdotum, pp. 578, 579.
  44. ^ Tacitus, Annales, iv. 28.
  45. ^ Rüpke, Fasti Sacerdotum, p. 579.
  46. ^ Pliny the Elder, vii. 74.
  47. ^ Livy, iv. 16.
  48. ^ Cicero, Divinatio in Caecilium.
  49. ^ Cicero, Pro Sulla, 22, 23; Post Reditum in Senatu, 9; Pro Milone 14; Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem, iii. 3. § 2.
  50. ^ Asconius Pedianus, In Ciceronis Pro Milone, p. 48 (ed. Orelli).
  51. ^ Quintus Tullius Cicero, De Petitione Consulatus, 2.
  52. ^ Asconius Pedianus, In Ciceronis In Toga Candida, 84 (ed. Orelli).
  53. ^ Cornelius Nepos, The Life of Atticus, 5.
  54. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, i. 1, 12, ii. 19, 20, iii. 20.
  55. ^ Caesar, De Bello Civili, i. 46.
  56. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, xi. 23, xii. 52, xiii. 7.
  57. ^ a b Appian, Bellum Civile, ii. 113, 117.
  58. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, xv. 17, xvi. 4.
  59. ^ Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. iii, 2nd ed. (ed. P. Groebe, 1906), pp. 632, 633
  60. ^ Shackleton Bailey 1976, p. 105.
  61. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, iv. 15.
  62. ^ Pliny the Elder, xxviii. 57.
  63. ^ Tacitus, Historiae, ii. 60, iii. 68.
  64. ^ Cassius Dio, lxv. 17.
  65. ^ Cassius Dio, lxvii. 13.
  66. ^ Suetonius, "The Life of Domitian", 8.
  67. ^ Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, iii. 8.
  68. ^ Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen, pp. 202 ff.
  69. ^ CIL III, 5182
  70. ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae, i. 13.
  71. ^ Minucius Felix, Octavius.
  72. ^ Bähr, Die Christlich-Römische Theologie, § 19.

Bibliography

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  • Polybius, Historiae (The Histories).
  • Marcus Tullius Cicero, Divinatio in Quintum Caecilium, Epistulae ad Atticum, Epistulae ad Familiares, Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem, Post Reditum in Senatu, Pro Milone, Pro Sulla.
  • Quintus Tullius Cicero, De Petitione Consulatus (attributed).
  • Gaius Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Civili (Commentaries on the Civil War).
  • Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus (On the Lives of Famous Men).
  • Titus Livius (Livy), History of Rome.
  • Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings).
  • Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (Lucan), Pharsalia.
  • Quintus Asconius Pedianus, Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis In Toga Candida (Commentary on Cicero's Oration In Toga Candida), Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis Pro Milone (Commentary on Cicero's Oration Pro Milone).
  • Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Historia Naturalis (Natural History).
  • Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger), Epistulae (Letters).
  • Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales, Historiae.
  • Plutarchus, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans.
  • Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, De Vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars).
  • Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Civile (The Civil War).
  • Sextus Pompeius Festus, Epitome de M. Verrio Flacco de Verborum Significatu (Epitome of Marcus Verrius Flaccus' On the Meaning of Words).
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae (The Banquet of the Learned).
  • Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), Roman History.
  • Gaius Julius Solinus, De Mirabilis Mundi (On the Wonders of the World).
  • Marcus Minucius Felix, Octavius.
  • Maurus Servius Honoratus (Servius), Ad Virgilii Aeneidem Commentarii (Commentary on Vergil's Aeneid).
  • Johann Adam Hartung, Die Religion der Römer (The Religion of the Romans), Palm und Enke, Erlangen (1836).
  • Johann Christian Felix Bähr, Die Christlich-Römische Theologie, Christian Friedrich Müller, Karlsruhe (1837).
  • Rudolf Heinrich Klausen, Aeneas und die Penaten, Friedrich and Andreas Perthes, Hamburg and Gotha (1839).
  • Wilhelm Drumann, Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergang von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, oder: Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen, Königsberg (1834–1844).
  • Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
  • Broughton, T. Robert S. (1952–1986). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. American Philological Association.
  • Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974, 2001).
  • Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antonien (The Consulate and Senatorial State under the Antonines), Rudolf Habelt, Bonn (1977).
  • Robin Waterfield, Plutarch: Roman Lives, Oxford University Press (1999).
  • Jörg Rüpke, Anne Glock, David Richardson (translator), Fasti Sacerdotum: A Prosopography of Pagan, Jewish, and Christian Religious Officials in the City of Rome, 300 BC to AD 499, Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Tim Cornell (editor), The Fragments of the Roman Historians, Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Shackleton Bailey, David Roy (1976). Two Studies in Roman Nomenclature. American Philological Association. ISBN 978-0-89192-180-6.
  • August Pauly; Georg Wissowa; Wilhelm Kroll; Kurt Witte; Karl Mittelhaus; Konrat Ziegler, eds. (1894–1980). Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler.