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Port of Vancouver

Coordinates: 49°17′17″N 123°06′46″W / 49.28795°N 123.11267°W / 49.28795; -123.11267
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This article is about the modern port. For the pre-merger port authority, see Port of Vancouver (1964–2008). For the port of Vancouver, Washington, see Port of Vancouver USA.
Port of Vancouver
Map
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Location
CountryCanada
LocationVancouver, British Columbia
Coordinates49°16′37″N 123°07′15″W / 49.27694°N 123.12083°W / 49.27694; -123.12083
UN/LOCODECAVAN[1]
Details
Opened2008 (as amalgamation of former Port of Vancouver, North Fraser Port Authority and Fraser River Port Authority)
Size of harbour16,000 hectares
Land area1,000 hectares
Size350 kilometres
No. of berths57[2]
Draft depth18.4 m.[2]
ChairJudy Rogers
Statistics
Annual cargo tonnage141 million metric revenue tons[3]
Annual container volume3.5 million TEU[3]
Passenger traffic810,090 passengers
307 sailings[3]
Foreign vessel calls2,834[3]
Major marine terminals27
Website
www.portvancouver.com

The Port of Vancouver is the largest port in Canada and the fourth largest in North America by tonnes of cargo, facilitating trade between Canada and more than 170 world economies. The port is managed by the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, which was created in 2008 as an amalgamation of the former Port of Vancouver, the North Fraser Port Authority, and the Fraser River Port Authority. It is the principal authority for shipping and port-related land and sea use in the Metro Vancouver region.

History

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Deltaport/Roberts Bank Superport aerial view 2014

Predecessors

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Prior to the formation of the new authority, there were three separate port authorities in the Metro Vancouver region: the Port of Vancouver, which was the largest port in Canada; the Fraser River Port Authority; and the North Fraser Port Authority.

The Vancouver Port Authority was responsible for the Port of Vancouver, which was the largest port in Canada and the Pacific Northwest. The port had 25 major terminals. The port first began operations with the opening of Ballantyne Pier in 1923.[4] In 2005/2006, the port handled 79.4 million tonnes of cargo,[5] 1.8 million containers, 910,172 cruise passengers, and 2,677 foreign vessels.[6] The authority was responsible for 233 km of coastline from Vancouver to the Canada–United States border.[7]

The Fraser River Port Authority was created in 1913 to manage ports along the Fraser River. It was the second largest port in Vancouver and extended along the main arm of the river eastward to the Fraser Valley at Kanaka Creek, and north along the Pitt River to Pitt Lake. The Port's jurisdiction encompassed 270 kilometres of shoreline that border nine different municipalities in the Lower Mainland.[8] In 2007, the port handled 36 million tonnes of cargo, 191,000 TEUs of containerized cargo, and 573 cargo vessels. The cargo at the port consisted of logs, cement, general cargo, steel, and automobiles.[9] Its tenants included several large auto ports, making it the largest auto port in Canada.[10]

The North Fraser Port Authority was incorporated in 1913 as the North Fraser Harbour Commissioners.[11] It was the smallest of the three ports and was located on the north arm of the Fraser River from the University of British Columbia to New Westminster. The traffic of the port mainly consisted of logs and wood fibre. The port covered around 920 hectares of land and water lots and it handled nearly 18 million tonnes of cargo in 2004.[10]

Merger

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Although the ports were financially self-sufficient, the federal legislation governing the authorities generated some inefficiency because the legally separate port authorities were forced to compete with each other economically for business. This came to the attention of the local media in 2006 when it was found that the recently expanded Fraser Surrey Docks, operated by the Fraser River Port Authority in New Westminster, were sitting idle after their principal shipping partner, CP Ships, relocated to the Port of Vancouver, which was already nearing capacity.[12] Some critics opposed the possible merger as they felt the new authority would not recognize the unique concerns of the Fraser River.[13]

To increase the efficiency of the ports of Metro Vancouver, the federal Minister of Transport permitted the three authorities to study the benefits of amalgamating in June 2006. The resulting report highlighted several benefits of amalgamation, and on June 16, Transport Canada granted a "certificate of intent to amalgamate port authorities". On December 21, 2007, the government of Canada published a certificate of amalgamation that allowed the three port authorities to merge into one effective January 1, 2008. The resulting entity became known as Port Metro Vancouver.[14]

Post-merger

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Since 2013, the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority also merged with Canada Place Corporation, which formerly operated Canada Place as a subsidiary of Port of Vancouver.[15]

On April 6, 2016, the port authority dropped "Port Metro Vancouver" from its branding and re-adopted "Port of Vancouver" to refer to Vancouver's port, while using "Vancouver Fraser Port Authority" when referencing activities or decisions of the port authority.[16]

Responsibility

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The Port of Vancouver is managed by the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, formerly called Port Metro Vancouver. It was created with the responsibility for the stewardship of the federal port lands in and around Vancouver, British Columbia. It was created as a financially self-sufficient company that is accountable to the federal minister of transport and operates pursuant to the Canada Marine Act. The port authority and port terminals and tenants are responsible for the efficient and reliable movement of goods and passengers, integrating environmental, social and economic sustainability initiatives into all areas of port operations.[17]

In 2014, the Port of Vancouver was the fourth largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 29th in the world in terms of total cargo and 44th in the world by container traffic.[18] The port enables the trade of approximately $240 billion in goods. Port activities sustain 115,300 jobs, $7 billion in wages, and $11.9 billion in GDP across Canada.[19]

Major initiatives

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The Container Capacity Improvement Program (CCIP) is the port's long-term strategy to meet anticipated growth in container traffic, which is expected to triple by the year 2030. The program consists of projects that both improve the efficiency of existing infrastructure and explore opportunities to build new infrastructure as demand rises. CCIP projects include the Deltaport Terminal Road and Rail Improvement Project (DTRRIP) and the proposed Roberts Bank Terminal 2 project.[20]

DTTRIP will result in infrastructure upgrades that would increase Deltaport's container capacity by 600,000 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units), within the terminal's existing footprint. The Roberts Bank Terminal 2 project is a proposed marine container terminal that could provide an additional capacity of 2.4 million TEUs per year to meet forecasted demand until 2030.[21]

North Shore Trade Area projects

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  • Western Level Lower Level Route Extension
  • Pemberton Avenue Grade Separation
  • Low Level Road Realignment[22]
  • Neptune/Cargill Grade Separation
  • Brooksbank Avenue Underpass[23]
  • Lynn Creek Rail Bridge Addition [23]

South Shore Trade Area projects

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  • Powell Street Grade Separation
  • Stewart Street/Victoria Overpass

Environmental initiatives

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Terminals and facilities

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Ship loading sulfur (brimstone).
Warehouse to stock goods before or after loading.

Port of Vancouver offers 30 deep-sea and domestic marine terminals that service five business sectors: automobiles, break-bulk, bulk, containers, and cruise.

Automobile terminals

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Break-bulk terminals

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Bulk terminals

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Container terminals

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Cruise terminals

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Incidents

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In January 2019, the cargo ship Ever Summit crashed into a crane. There was no death or injuries.[26]

Smuggling

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The port of Vancouver is controlled by the East End Vancouver chapter of the Hells Angels.[27] In August 1994, a report co-written by Mike Toddington and Gary Fotia of the Canada Ports Police stated: "The Hells Angels have extensively infiltrated the operations of the port. Angels are among the first to board arriving ships. They unload the goods, place them for storage, load them onto trucks and prepare the necessary documents for shipping".[27] Local 502 of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) was "littered with members and associates of the Angels. They are placed in key positions that enable them to commit crimes".[27] In 1994, ten "full patch" Hells Angels worked at the port of Vancouver along with at least 30 people with Hells Angels associations.[27] John Bryce, the president of the East End chapter, was a full time employee of the Port of Vancouver as was Robert Robinson and Al Debruyn of the White Rock chapter.[27] Fotia told the journalists Julian Sher and William Marsden: "They're [the Hells Angels] in key positions to have anything moved to where they want it to be moved".[28] Toddington noted that a number of the Hells Angels worked as foremen and that "you could have people putting the containers anywhere they want".[28] In July 1997, the government of Jean Chretien abolished the Canada Ports Police and replaced the ports police with private security guards.[29] The private security guards were and are paid low wages, which saved money as compared to the salaries of the Ports Police, but also made them open to corruption.[29] Furthermore, the private security guards had no weapons, no powers of arrest, and no powers of investigation with the security guards required to report to the local police forces if they saw anything suspicious on the docks.[29] The decision to disband the Canada Ports Police to save $11 million per year has been widely condemned by the police chiefs in port cities as marking the effective end of any effort to stop drug smuggling.[29] Peter Bell, the senior strategic intelligence analyst for the B.C. Organized Crime Agency stated in 2003 that the Hells Angel control not only the waterfront, but also the trucking, maintenance, laundry and garbage services at the port of Vancouver.[30] Bell stated "We see a gathering of players when a certain vessel arrives".[30] Bell noted that a ship came in from Asia in the summer of 2002 at the Fraser Surrey port, a number of Hells Angels who worked as foremen at the Delta and Vancouver ports suddenly moved over to the Fraser Surrey port.[30] Bell stated of the way that a senior foreman and a Hells Angel suddenly took a demotion to work as a junior foreman at the Fraser Surrey port: "It stinks. It sends alarm bells off to use; we knew something was going on".[31] In September 2010, a government report stated: "“The presence of numerous members of organized crime groups (OCGs) as dockside employees of the Port of Vancouver, coupled with the ability to access the port by members of OCGs employed in the trucking industry creates a high-risk for smuggling at the port."[32] A Transport Canada report in 2012 stated that the a number of Mexican cartels such as the Sinaloa Cartel, Los Zetas, the Knights Templar Cartel and the South Pacific Cartel are smuggling cocaine into Canada via the port of Vancouver.[32]

The port of Vancouver is used to smuggle cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin into Canada while also being used to smuggle cocaine and methamphetamine into Australia, New Zealand, and Southeast Asia.[33] Superintendent Mike Porteous of the Vancouver police stated in 2014: "Vancouver is an international hub for distribution to Southeast Asia and other countries across the water, where as you know the prices are significantly higher".[33] Andy Smith, the president of the British Columbia Maritime Employers' Association, stated in May 2015 about the employment of Hells Angels at the port: "Yes, we are aware of who they are. They make no secret of it".[32] A number of high-profile Hells Angels such as Larry Amero, Vince Brienza, Norm Krogstad, John Bryce, and Gino Zumpano have worked at the port of Vancouver.[32] The hiring of workers at the port is controlled by the ILWU and the B.C. Maritime Employers' Association is merely responsible for training workers sponsored by current members of the ILWU.[32] Several people on the executive board of local 502 of the ILWU have criminal records or ties to organized crime.[32] A report by Transport Canada in April 2017 stated that Port of Vancouver is corrupt as the reported concluded: "To facilitate their smuggling activities, OCGs [organized crime groups] are involved in the corruption of port workers, and have embedded members and associates within port facilities by way of legitimate employment... That it is certain that organized crime groups and transnational criminal organizations will continue to exploit vulnerabilities at B.C.’s marine ports to facilitate smuggling both into and out of Canada (emphasis in the original)".[34]

Australian officials have complained that most of the cocaine and methamphetamine in Australia comes from the port of Vancouver.[35] Commander Clint Sims of the Australian Border Force told Kim Bolan, the crime correspondent of The Vancouver Sun that gangsters': "...tend to use some of the more trusted countries, if you like, that have good reputations around the world and also have a high volume of legitimate cargo coming out to transship illicit goods. We see cartels, particularly from Mexico, moving drugs to countries like Canada for that reason".[35] Assistant Commissioner Mike Pannett of the Australian Federal Police told Bolan that: "Vancouver port is a significant location for us as far as importation of drugs and transshipment of drugs. We see transshipments through a whole lot of ports. Vancouver is one of the bigger ones obviously".[35] Michael Outram, the commissioner of the Australian Border Force stated: "Our per capita drug-consumption rate is amongst the highest in the world. And we also pay very high prices in Australia compared to a lot of other countries. So that makes, unfortunately, the illicit drug market in Australia very lucrative for organized crime and transnational organized crime. We’ve seen some high numbers of detections and seizures at the border".[35] In Australia, one kilogram of methamphetamine sells for $200,000 Australian dollars ($180, 000 Canadian dollars) while in Canada one kilogram of methamphetamine sells between $3, 500-$4, 000 Canadian dollars.[35] The Canadian Hells Angels have identified as key figures in smuggling drugs into Australia via the port of Vancouver along with the Australian Comanchero gang who distribute the drugs once they arrived in Australia.[35]

In January 2024, Mike Farnworth, the Solicitor-General of British Columbia, asked the federal government of Justin Trudeau to restore the Canada Ports Police, stating the "ports are a porous sieve for a lot of criminal activity that is taking place in this country, and we need to be doing a far better job of getting a handle on it than we have been to date".[36] Farnworth stated that the way that Hells Angels control the port of Vancouver to smuggle drugs into Canada and out to nations such as Australia and New Zealand were a serious concern that could be best addressed by restoring the Canada Ports Police.[36] On 23 August 2024, the city of Delta passed a resolution asking for the federal and provincial governments to reestablish the Ports Police under the grounds that smuggling at the Deltaport was rampant.[37] George Harvie, the mayor of Delta, stated to the journalists Srushti Gangdev and Charles Brockman: "It’s no surprise we’re having such vast quantities coming in, because it’s very low risk for the cartels and the gangs that are shipping these products into our country; there’s very little risk for them to be actually caught".[37] Peter German, an expert on money laundering stated for all of the year 2020 106 kilograms of methamphetamines worth $13.5 million were seized by officials at the Deltaport.[37] By contrast, German noted that in 2023 one shipment of 6,330 kilograms of methamphetamine worth $1.5 billion dollars were seized by officials on a container ship that was destined for Australia at the Deltaport.[37] German noted that the drug seizures represented only a small fraction of the drugs that were either shipped out or shipped in. German told Ganddev and Brockman: "Of great concern is the reality that Canada, once a source country for marijuana, nicknamed ‘B.C. bud,’ is now producing deadly drugs for export".[37]

See also

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Books

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  • Sher, Julian; Marsden, William (2003). The Road To Hell How the Biker Gangs Are Conquering Canada. Toronto: Alfred Knopf. ISBN 0-676-97598-4.

References

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  1. ^ "UNLOCODE (CA) - CANADA". Unece.org. UNECE. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Port of Vancouver, Canada". Findaport.com. Shipping Guides Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d Vancouver Fraser Port Authority (1 May 2023). Port of Vancouver 2022 statistics overview (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  4. ^ “Port of Vancouver – Yesterday." Archived 2006-03-28 at the Wayback Machine [video] Port of Vancouver [website].
  5. ^ "2007 Manitoba Transportation Report" (PDF). University of Manitoba. March 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-25. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  6. ^ Ginnell, Kevin; Smith, Patrick; Oberlander, H. Peter (December 2008). "Data" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08 – via CORE.
  7. ^ "BC talks about a 'super port authority'". Ajot.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  8. ^ "Fraser River Port - Review and History". World Port Source. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  9. ^ "Fraser River Port - Port Commerce". World Port Source. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  10. ^ a b "BC talks about a 'super port authority'". Ajot.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  11. ^ Branch, Legislative Services (2015-08-18). "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Consolidated Acts". Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  12. ^ Anderson, Fiona (21 June 2006). "Container docks in Surrey idle after $190m expansion". The Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, BC. p. A1. ProQuest 242157951.
  13. ^ "Canada.Com". O.canada.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2022.[failed verification]
  14. ^ "Corporate – Amalgamation". Port Metro Vancouver. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009.
  15. ^ "Canada Place Corporation". Canadaplace.ca. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  16. ^ "Port authority makes name change to provide clarity". Port of Vancouver. 6 April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  17. ^ "About us". Portvancouver.com. 2016-05-31. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  18. ^ "American Association of Port Authorities - World Port Rankings (2016)" (XLSX). Aapa.files.cms-plus.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  19. ^ "2008 PMV Economic Impact Study". Portmetrovancouver.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-26. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  20. ^ "Port poised to begin expansion talks in earnest". Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  21. ^ Gyarmati, Sandor. "Deadline for feedback on T2 is drawing near". Delta-optimist.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
  22. ^ "Low level road". Port Metro Vancouver. Archived from the original on 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
  23. ^ a b "Lynn Creek Rail Bridge & Brooksbank Ave Project". Port Metro Vancouver. Archived from the original on 2012-11-18. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
  24. ^ "Enhancing Cetacean Habitat and Observation (ECHO) Program" (Press release). Port of Vancouver. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  25. ^ "ECHO Program research, reports, and peer-reviewed papers" (Press release). Port of Vancouver. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  26. ^ "Crane collapse cripples freight as 'The Beast' works to restore Vancouver port terminal". Cbc.ca. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  27. ^ a b c d e Sher & Marsden 2003, p. 181.
  28. ^ a b Sher & Marsden 2003, p. 182.
  29. ^ a b c d Sher & Marsden 2003, p. 193.
  30. ^ a b c Sher & Marsden 2003, p. 333.
  31. ^ Sher & Marsden 2003, p. 333-334.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Bolan, Kim (9 May 2015). "How Hells Angels and criminal gangs came to control much of the Vancouver docks". The National Post. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  33. ^ a b Bolan, Kim (10 December 2014). "Cartel connection: How Mexico's drug gangs set up shop in Vancouver". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  34. ^ Edwards, Peter (27 February 2018). "Organized criminals and associates work on Vancouver docks, government files say". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  35. ^ a b c d e f Bolan, Kim (22 January 2024). "Lethal Exports: B.C. gangsters at the centre of a global drug trade". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  36. ^ a b Bolan, Kim (30 January 2024). "Port police should be reinstated to combat organized crime: B.C. Solicitor-General Mike Farnworth". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  37. ^ a b c d e Gangdev, Srushti; Brockman, Charles (23 August 2023). "Delta mayor wants to reintroduce dedicated port police". City News. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
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49°17′17″N 123°06′46″W / 49.28795°N 123.11267°W / 49.28795; -123.11267

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