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Community of Common Destiny

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Community of Common Destiny
Simplified Chinese人类命运共同体
Traditional Chinese人類命運共同體
Literal meaningmankind shared-destiny community
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinrénlèi mìngyùn gòngtóngtǐ
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Community of common destiny for mankind, officially translated as community with a shared future for mankind[1][2] or human community with a shared future,[3] is a political slogan used by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to describe a stated foreign-policy goal of the People's Republic of China.[4] The phrase was first used by former CCP General Secretary Hu Jintao and has been frequently cited by current General Secretary Xi Jinping.[5][6] As the term's usage in English has increased, "shared future" has become more frequently used than "common destiny," as the latter arguably implies a predetermined path.[7] The phrase was included in the CCP Constitution in 1997, and the preamble of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China when the Constitution was amended in 2018.[7]

Usage by the CCP

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See also: Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party and Socialism with Chinese characteristics

The CCP has used this slogan to express its aim of creating a “new framework” of international relations which would promote and improve global governance.[8][5] Some Chinese analysts have hailed the expression as the first major amendment of China's foreign policy in more than four decades, shifting from being nation-oriented to focusing on the whole of humankind.[9] By 2023, the Community of Shared Future for Mankind had become China's most important foreign policy formulation in the Xi Jinping era.[10]: 6  As part of its effort to develop the Chinese Dream, China seeks to use to Community of Shared Future for Mankind as a mechanism to expand its network of foreign relationships.[10]: 6 

Chinese government officials have sought international recognition for the slogan and have argued that China will adhere to a peaceful development policy and has no intention to change the international order.[4] Government officials, especially diplomats, use the phrase to create a sense of a mission that is beneficial to other countries and not just China itself.[11]

Development

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The phrase "community of common destiny" first appeared in a report delivered by former CCP General Secretary Hu Jintao to the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 2007, referring to shared blood and common destiny of mainland China and Taiwan.[12]: 170 [13] In his 2012 report to the 18th National Congress, Hu broadened the expression by adding “for all mankind” to emphasize that "mankind has only one earth to live on, and countries have only one world to share" and called for the building of a “harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.” Hu envisioned a new type of more equitable and balanced global development partnership that would stick together in times of difficulty, both sharing rights and shouldering obligations, and boosting the common interests of mankind.[14][non-primary source needed]

When Xi Jinping met with foreigners for the first time after taking office as General Secretary of the CCP in November 2012, he said that the international community has increasingly become a community with shared future, with each having a stake in others.[15][16]

Xi used the slogan in an international arena at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in March 2013, and again in a speech to the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland in January 2017, which "won him high credits at home and abroad".[6]

International opposition led to the removal of the phrase from most of the draft resolutions, but it survived in two 2017 resolutions authored by the Chinese delegation: one on "no first placement of weapons in outer space", aimed at preventing an arms race in outer space, and a second on "further practical measures for the prevention of an arms race in outer space."[17][18][19] Chinese officials subsequently cited the two UN resolutions in “an attempt to demonstrate that the concept has been broadly accepted by the international community.”[6] However, when similar resolutions were approved in the 2018 session of the General Assembly, the controversial language was removed.[20][21] Delegations from multiple countries subsequently banded together to oppose Chinese efforts to include the phrase in other multilateral documents.[22]

On March 11, 2018, the constitutional amendment adopted at the first meeting of the 13th National People's Congress of China added a sentence that promoted the building of a community with a shared future while developing diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries.[23]

In August 2018, Yang Jiechi, wrote that "Building a community of common destiny for mankind is the overall goal of China's foreign affairs work in the new era" and requires a "new type of international relations."[24]

Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi used the phrase at the 2020 Munich Security Conference.[11]

The term is frequently used in conjunction with diplomatic initiatives and is also associated with the Belt and Road Initiative.[25][26]: 35 

International usage

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In a speech at the United Nations in 2017, Xi described that principles underpinning the common destiny for humankind as: (1) bolstering the UN as the highest authority in international affairs, (2) equality of sovereignty among countries, which according to Xi entails non-interference with countries' internal affairs and equal rights and opportunities for all countries to participate in international organizations, and (3) democratization of international relations, which Xi contrasted with "hegemonism of one country" or "joint governance by several parties."[12]: 171 

Beginning in 2017, Chinese diplomats at the UN sought to have the phrase inserted into several UN General Assembly resolutions. Several other countries, including India and the United States, resisted this language, calling it inappropriate for multilateral resolutions to include the political ideology of one country.[22] As a result of sustained Chinese government's efforts, in 2017 the phrase was incorporated by the United Nations into the resolution on the UN Commission for Social Development.[7] It has also been used by the UN Disarmament Commission, the Human Rights Council, and the UN General Assembly First Commission.[7]

The China–Arab States Cooperation Forum action plan following the 2020 meeting called for preserving the sovereignty and stability of the Arab states based on principles of non-interference and the Community of Shared Future for Mankind.[10]: 57 

As part of a group of cooperation agreements announced during a December 2023 visit by Xi to Vietnam, China and Vietnam issued a joint statement to support building a community of shared future for humankind.[27]

Interpretations

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According to academics Xu Jin and Guo Chu, the Community concept initially developed because of China's increasing international economic interests and has since broadened to become increasingly based on political and security understandings.[10]: 7 

The British journalist Bill Hayton has argued that the CCP's vision of a "community with a shared future" represents "an attack on the multilateral order of international organizations, alliances and shared sovereignty that has attempted to manage the world since 1945."[28] Some have argued that Xi's community of common destiny for mankind would replace the established international order, grounded in free and sovereign nation-states that abide by commonly accepted international laws, with a unity of nations whose economic dependence on China leads them to defer to Chinese political demands.[29][30][31] Historian Steve Tsang states that the concept presumes a vision of tianxia over and above the liberal international order.[12]

Academic Jeremy Garlick writes that the framing of the concept conveys the idea that China can help develop and lead regional groupings of countries which do not depend on the United States or the West for their funding or organization.[32]: 36  In this view, the concept signals a shift towards a more active role for China in world affairs.[32]: 36 

See also

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Wikisource has original text related to this article:

References

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  1. ^ "The Elements of the China Challenge" (PDF). United States Department of State (Wikisource). 17 November 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  2. ^ "Xi urges BRICS countries to advance building of community with shared future for mankind". xinhuanet.com. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 2022-03-06. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
  3. ^ Xi, Jinping (16 October 2022). "Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects". Qiushi. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  4. ^ a b Zhang, Denghua (May 2018). "The Concept of 'Community of Common Destiny' in China's Diplomacy: Meaning, Motives and Implications". Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies. 5 (2): 196–207. doi:10.1002/app5.231. hdl:1885/255057.
  5. ^ a b Chan, Stella (August 25, 2021). "Community of Common Destiny for Mankind". China Media Project. Archived from the original on 2021-08-26. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
  6. ^ a b c Gao, Charlotte. "'A Community of Shared Future': One Short Phrase for UN, One Big Victory for China?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2018-12-14. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  7. ^ a b c d Zhao, Suisheng (2023). The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 240. doi:10.1515/9781503634152. ISBN 978-1-5036-3088-8. OCLC 1331741429.
  8. ^ Ding, Jun; Cheng, Hongjin (December 2017). "China's Proposition to Build a Community of Shared Future for Mankind and the Middle East Governance". Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies. 11 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1080/25765949.2017.12023314. ISSN 2576-5949.
  9. ^ "The Rising Nepal: Community Of Shared Future For Mankind". The Rising Nepal. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  10. ^ a b c d Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.
  11. ^ a b Mitter, Rana (2020). China's Good War: How World War II is Shaping a New Nationalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 119–120. doi:10.2307/j.ctv322v52h. ISBN 978-0-674-98426-4. JSTOR j.ctv322v52h. OCLC 1141442704.
  12. ^ a b c Tsang, Steve; Cheung, Olivia (2024-01-09). The Political Thought of Xi Jinping (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197689363.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-768936-3.
  13. ^ "Full text of Hu Jintao's report at 17th Party Congress". China Daily. October 24, 2007. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  14. ^ "十八大报告全文英汉对照 Full text of Hu's report at 18th Party Congress". 2012-12-12. Archived from the original on 2018-10-08.
  15. ^ 求是理论网. "人类命运共同体的价值观基础". Qiushi. Archived from the original on 2019-09-17. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  16. ^ "听，习总书记论改革开放". China Central Television. Archived from the original on 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  17. ^ "Seventy-Second Session of the General Assembly – UNODA". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2018-10-08. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  18. ^ "United Nations Official Document". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2018-10-08. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  19. ^ "United Nations Official Document". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2018-10-08. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  20. ^ "United Nations Official Document". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  21. ^ "United Nations Official Document". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 2021-11-26. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  22. ^ a b Mitra, Devirupa. "Explained: Why India Joined the West to Object to a Phrase in the Final UN75 Declaration". The Wire. Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  23. ^ "（两会受权发布）中华人民共和国宪法修正案-新华网". Xinhua News Agency (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-03-17. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  24. ^ Yang, Jiechi (2018-08-01). "求是 ["Seeking truth"]". Qiushi. Archived from the original on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  25. ^ Mardell, Jacob (September 20, 2024). "PRC Partnership Diplomacy in the New Era". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  26. ^ Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/jj.11589102. ISBN 9780300266900. JSTOR jj.11589102.
  27. ^ Guarascio, Francesco; Vu, Khanh; Nguyen, Phuong (December 12, 2023). "Vietnam Boosts China Ties as 'Bamboo Diplomacy' Follows US Upgrade". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 13, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  28. ^ Hayton, Bill (2 October 2020). The Invention of China. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-300-23482-4.
  29. ^ Rolland, Nadège (March 13, 2020). "A 'China Model?' Beijing's Promotion of Alternative Global Norms and Standards". United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Archived from the original on 2020-04-27.
  30. ^ Tobin, Liza (2018). "Xi's Vision for Transforming Global Governance: A Strategic Challenge for Washington and Its Allies (November 2018)". Texas National Security Review. The University Of Texas At Austin, The University Of Texas At Austin. doi:10.26153/TSW/863. Archived from the original on 2022-08-13. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  31. ^ Doshi, Rush (2021-06-25). The Long Game: China's Grand Strategy to Displace American Order. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-752791-7.
  32. ^ a b Garlick, Jeremy (2024). Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-25231-8.

Further reading

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