Kott language
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Kott | |
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Kot, Kottish[1] | |
kottuen | |
Native to | Russia |
Region | originally Kan and Biryusa rivers, Agul in 19th century |
Ethnicity | Kott, Asan |
Extinct | 1850s |
Dené–Yeniseian?
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Early form | Old Kott
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Dialects | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | zko |
zko.html | |
Glottolog | kott1239 |
Map of pre-contact Yeniseian languages. |
The Kott (Kot) language (Russian: Коттский язык) is an extinct Yeniseian language that was formerly spoken in central Siberia by the banks of the Mana River, a tributary of the Yenisei river. It became extinct in the 1850s. Kott was closely related to Ket, still spoken farther north along the Yenisei river. Assan, a close relative, is sometimes considered a dialect of Kott.[4]
Geography
[edit]Kott was spoken to the southeast of Krasnoyarsk, in the Biryusa and Kan river basins. However, hydronyms indicate a much wider area in the past, ranging from the Uda and Chuna rivers in the east to the Tom in the west.[5]
Etymology
[edit]The term kott may be derived from Buryat qota 'town', applied to neighbouring non-pastoral peoples, including the last few Kotts.[6]
Documentation
[edit]One of the earliest written records of Kott is in 1791, with the publication of Peter Simon Pallas's Сравнительный словарь всѣхъ языковъ и нарѣчій, по азбучному порядку расположенный, a comparative dictionary of various world languages and dialects. In 1858, Matthias Castrén published the grammar and dictionary (Versuch einer jenissei-ostjakischen und kottischen Sprachlehre), which included material on the Kott and Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) languages, recording two different dialects of Kott in the 1840s.[2] There also exists two books written by Heinrich Werner about the Kott language, namely Коттский язык (Kottskij jazyk), which includes a 110-page Russian-Kott glossary,[7] and Abriß der kottischen Grammatik.[4]
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]In multisyllabic words, vowel length is phonemic.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i [i] | (ɨ [ɨ])1 | u [u] |
Close-mid | e [e] | o [o] | |
Open-mid | ɛ [ɛ] | ɔ [ɔ] | |
Open | ä [æ] | a [a] |
- [ɨ] is only attested in a few words dated to the 18th century, and can be considered an allophone of [i].[4]
Vajda 2024 gives a different vowel system for Kott, based off of Castrén 1858.[6]
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i [i] | î [iː] | u [u] | û [uː] | ||
Mid | e [e] | ê [eː] | o [o] | ô [oː] | ||
Open | a [a] | â [aː] |
Consonants
[edit]Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Laryngeal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Occlusive | voiceless | plain | p [p] | t [t] | tʼ [tʲ] | k [k] | q [q] | [ʔ] | |
aspirated | pʰ [pʰ] | tʰ [tʰ] | |||||||
voiced | b [b] | d [d] | dʼ [dʲ] | g [g] | G [ɢ] | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | f [f] | s [s] š [ʃ] | x [x] | X [χ] | ħ [ħ] | h [h] | ||
voiced | R [ʀ] | ||||||||
Affricate | voiceless | č [t͡ʃ] | |||||||
voiced | dž [d͡ʒ] | ||||||||
Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | nʼ [nʲ] | ŋ [ŋ] | |||||
Approximant | j [j] | ||||||||
Lateral | l [l] lʼ [lʲ] | ||||||||
Trill | r [r] |
Labial | Dental | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal/ Pharyngeal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | plain | p [p] | t [t] | tʼ [tʲ] | k [k] | q [q] | ʔ [ʔ] | |
aspirated | pʰ [pʰ] | tʰ [tʰ] | |||||||
voiced | b [b] | d [d] | dʼ [dʲ] | g [g] | G [ɢ] | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | f [f] | s [s] | š [ʃ] | j [j] | x [x] | χ [χ] | h [h] | |
voiced | |||||||||
Affricate | č [t͡ʃ] | ||||||||
Lateral | l [l] | lʼ [lʲ] | |||||||
Trill | r [r] | ||||||||
Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | nʼ [nʲ] | ŋ [ŋ] |
Influence from Turkic
[edit]Kott had been influenced by Turkic languages, and had borrowed some words from Turkic languages. For example Kott baktîr- ‘to praise’ comes from Proto-Turkic *paktïr (based on phonetics, likely loaned from Kumandin or Shor), or Kott kolá ‘copper, brass’ comes from Proto-Turkic *kola (of which the source is not phonetically identifiable).[8] At the time of its extinction, it was also loaning words from Russian.
Grammar
[edit]Kott has special end markings to indicate that the noun being described is a hydronym which are -šet/čet.[4][2]
Kott typically uses SVO word order, and is agglutinative.
Case
[edit]Kott has 7 cases. The dative, ablative and locative cases developed from possesed nouns, similarly to Ket and Yugh.
singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
feminine and
neuter |
masculine | inanimate | animate | |
Basic | -∅ | |||
Genitive | =i | =aː | =ŋ | =i |
Dative | =iga | =aːʔa | =ŋa | =iga |
Locative | =ihaːt | =aːhaːt | =ŋhaː ~ =ŋaːt | =ihaːt |
Ablative | =ičaŋ | =aːčaŋ | =nčaŋ | =ičaŋ |
Instrumental | =oː | =oː | =oː | =oː |
Comitative | =oš (=aš) | =oš (=aš) | =oš (=aš) | =oš (=aš) |
References
[edit]- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin George (1963). "The consonantal system of Old Chinese. Part II" (PDF). Asia Major. 9: 206–265. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Georg, Stefan; Georg, Stefan (2007). Introduction, phonology, morphology. A descriptive grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) / Stefan Georg. Folkestone: Global Oriental. ISBN 978-1-901903-58-4.
- ^ a b c Fortescue, Michael D.; Vajda, Edward J. (2022). Mid-holocene language connections between Asia and North America. Brill's studies in the indigenous languages of the Americas. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-43681-7.
- ^ a b c d e f Werner, Heinrich (1997). Abriß der kottischen Grammatik [Kott Grammar Outline] (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 13. ISBN 3-447-03971-X.
- ^ "КОТТСКИЙ ЯЗЫК • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия". old.bigenc.ru. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ a b Vajda, Edward (2024-02-19), Vajda, Edward (ed.), "8 The Yeniseian language family", The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia, De Gruyter, pp. 365–480, doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008, ISBN 978-3-11-055621-6, retrieved 2024-06-26
- ^ a b c Verner, G. K. (Г. К. Вернер) (1990). Kottsky yazyk Коттский язык [Kott Language] (in Russian). Rostov-na-Donu: Izdatel'stvo rostovskogo universiteta. ISBN 5-7507-0357-6.
- ^ Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2015). "Some Remarks on Turkic Elements of Mongolic Origin in Yeniseian". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia. 20 (2): 111–126. doi:10.4467/20843836SE.15.008.2794.
External links
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